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Crow Case

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Caso Crown Cork & Seal en 1989

1. Identificar los rasgos estructurales del sector de envases de metal a finales de los años ochenta

Representan un volumen importante e negocio, en concreto el 61% del total de productos envasados en EE.UU. en 1989, muy por encima del plástico que representaba un 18% y del vidrio que representaba un 21%.

5 empresas dominaban el sector y representaban el 61% del mercado con una participación de $ 12.200 millones. El 39% restante del mercado era abastecido por unas 100 empresas.

Se trata de un mercado maduro, muy competitivo donde la rentabilidad se obtenía con grandes lotes de artículos estándares, esto significaba que debido a la necesidad de cubrir la mayor parte posible de la capacidad productiva de una empresa, solía hacerse descuentos para los grandes pedidos.

Los márgenes caían desde 1986 debido al incremento del precio de la materia prima (alrededor de un 15%) sin posibilidad de trasladarlo a los clientes, debido a la producción propia de envases por parte de uno de los nichos de clientes más importantes (las cerveceras), y a la concentración de las embotelladoras de refrescos.

Los clientes más importantes están muy concentrados y son grandes empresas con altas capacidades de negociación.

Se prima la calidad del producto y el servicio. El envase representa aproximadamente el 45% del total de la bebida envasada.

El transporte representa un 7,5% del producto (envase), lo que llevaba a que las empresas cambien su estrategia de ubicación histórica de estar cerca del proveedor de materias primas a estar cerca del cliente.

Se requiere líneas costosas de producción para hacer entable las operaciones de la empresa. La eficiencia en una fábrica se encontraba cuando había entre 3 ó 4 líneas.

Existían amenazas graves a la actual industria de hojalata. Esta se configuraba como las nuevas tendencias del sector y eran.

- La creciente amenaza de fabricación propia de los envases por parte de los propios clientes

- La introducción del plástico como alternativa en 1989

- L importante penetración y competencia que resultaba el vidrio dentro de un nicho de mercado tan importante como el de la cerveza (los clientes hablan del encanto del cuello largo de las botellas de cristal de cerveza…)

Otras tendencias que el sector introducía eran:

- La sustitución de los envases metálicos por los de aluminio (más ligeros y alteraban menos el sabor de las bebidas/alimentos)

- Diversificación y concentración. Los principales productores de la industria están en un proceso de concentración (con infructuoso resultado) y de diversificación de actividades, algunas de ellas totalmente ajenas a la industria del envasado (citar algunas como seguros, energía, fotograbados, etc.)

2. ¿qué razones explican el éxito de Crown Cork en este sector?

Hay dos etapas muy diferentes en la historia de Crown. La primera liderada por McManus quien tomo la empresa en la década de los 30 y consiguió ser el mayor vendedor de tapones de botellas del mundo. Sin embargo, su estilo de dirección paternalista no permitió una sucesión a su muerte, sumiendo a la empresa en una casi quiebra. Las características de gestión de esta etapa son: personalista, paternal, con grandes ineficiencias productivas, grandes stocks, exceso de personal, poca o nula inversión en activos fijos, básicamente debido al gran porcentaje de dividendos que se reparten los accionistas (descapitalizan la empresa).

En 1957 y cuando la empresa está al borde de la quiebra, es John Connelly quien se hace cargo de la empresa asumiendo la presencia e impulsando a esta a la etapa más fructífera de la misma. Su estrategia es sencilla y se basa en un plan que denomina “simplemente sentido común”

Las líneas estratégicas de Connelly son la distribución nacional en los EE.UU. y las inversiones en el extranjero. De las primeras busca estar cerca del cliente (no sólo de uno) y reducir considerablemente tanto el coste del transporte como la capacidad de respuesta al cliente. De la segunda busca seguir rentabilizando el obsoleto parque de maquinarias actual y el futuro, llevándolo a países donde la competitividad no sea tan alta como la estadounidense y pueda seguir produciendo y obteniendo beneficios con maquinaria totalmente amortizada.

Estas líneas estratégicas las basa en la eficiencia de costes y en el servicio al cliente. En cuanto al primer concepto (eficiencia de costes), racionaliza los costes operativos de la empresa, reduciendo la mano de obra, eliminando stocks que utiliza para pagar las deudas bancarias a corto plazo, elimina el departamento de investigación (no busca ser el innovador a través de la investigación fuera de la realidad, prefiere estar en un cómodo segundo puesto y que se equivoquen y arriesguen los demás), etc. centraliza toda la administración, etc. Cree que la eficiencia en la producción se debe alcanzar mejorando las operaciones y eliminando errores (lo que hoy conoceríamos como organizaciones que aprenden) y no con despidos de trabajadores.

Su filosofía de estar siempre enfocado al cliente, sólo a través de la calidad y del servicio al cliente se consigue serle útil.

Y lo que es muy importante, un liderazgo indiscutible que lo basa en el rigor y en no pedir a los demás algo que él no esté dispuesto a realizar, pero también exige a los demás aquello que el ofrece a la empresa. Los colaboradores lo ven como un líder indiscutible al que seguir sin rechistar.

Otro de sus grandes logros es ofrecer responsabilidades y capacidad de decisión a sus mando intermedios, haciéndose responsables de buena parte de la cuenta de gastos de la sociedad.

Los resultados no se hicieron de esperar, las acciones de Crown en 1957 se vendían por $10 y 32 años después a $ 30.000. El ROE alrededor del 15,8% y Fortune 500 lo sitúa en el puesto 114 de su ranking de rentabilidad para el accionista.

3. ¿Qué cambios están teniendo lugar en el sector

A principios de la década de los 80 existe un estancamiento general de las ventas del sector, reforzado por una apreciación del dólar, una penetración implacable del plástico y una saturación del mercado de envases metálicos.

La competencia tampoco estaba estable. Multitud de fusiones entre empresas (muchas de ellas con resultados negativos) y diversificaciones en productos dentro y fuera de la propia industria hacía que ésta estuviese convulsa.

Ante esta situación Avery se planteaba la posibilidad de transformar una amenaza (el plástico) en una oportunidad (los tapones y envases) a través de una reconversión de alguna de las líneas. Del mismo modo podría entenderse el vidrio, para los envases de cerveza, como una buena línea de diversificación de producto.

Otro de los atractivos de inversión lo ofrecía la diversificación fuera de la actual mundo de los envases, sin olvidar una posible oferta de compra sobre Continental Can.

4. ¿Cómo debería Avery responder a los mismos?

A la vista de los datos obrantes y de la experiencia de empresas de la competencia, creo que Crown debería diversificar actividades a través de la ampliación de líneas dentro del sector, es decir, sustituyendo alguna de las líneas de envasado de metal y aluminio por otras de plástico y vidrio. Las líneas que sustituye puede continuar situándolas fuera de sus fronteras en países donde puedan ser eficientes y optener beneficios por ellas.

Diversificar en productos o servicios fuera de su sector puede representarles un duro traspiés al igual que les ha sucedido a la competencia, ya que desconoce el mercado, clientes y no tiene una experiencia de innovación que le permita estar en determinados sectores.

Por otra parte, la adquisición de parte de Continental lo veo incompatible con la inversión de las nuevas líneas de plástico y vidrio. Además, tampoco conviene olvidar que el mercado de envases se encuentra en un momento con mayor oferta que demanda y eso puede llevar a que fabricantes con menor capacidad financiera inicie una temeraria carrera de descuentos para no tener que cerrar su empres. Si se produce, esto puede arrastrar los precios a la baja y recortaría los márgenes de la empresa, a la vez que podría dificultar rentabilizar la compra de Continental.

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