...GCSE ADDITIONAL SCIENCE B Additional Science B Unit 1 Modules B3, C3, P3 Specimen Paper Candidates answer on the question paper: Additional materials: ruler (cm/mm), calculator F Candidate Number B623/01 60 mins Candidate Name Centre Number TIME 60 mins INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • • • • Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Answer all the questions. Write your answers on the dotted lines unless the question says otherwise. Use blue or black ink. Pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Read each question carefully and make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. There is a space after most questions. Use it to do your working. In many questions marks will be given for a correct method even if the answer is incorrect. Do not write in the bar code. Do not write in the grey area between the pages. DO NOT WRITE IN THE AREA OUTSIDE THE BOX BORDERING EACH PAGE. ANY WRITING IN THIS AREA WILL NOT BE MARKED. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 60. This specimen paper consists of 25 printed pages. © OCR 2005 Registered Charity Number: 1066969 BLANK PAGE Specimen Paper: Additional Science B 1 Answer all questions. Section 1 1. (a) Janet’s class is investigating the directions that roots and shoots grow. They grow bean seeds in jam jars. They put...
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...Emerging Road Safety Problems in Urban Areas of Bangladesh Dr. Md. Mazharul Hoque1, S. M. Sohel Mahmud2, Abdus Shakur Qazi2 ABSTRACT: Developing countries like Bangladesh are experiencing very serious road safety problems. Latest studies revealed that there are 10000-12000 deaths from road traffic injuries each year in Bangladesh, nearly 25 percent occurring in the urban areas. Urban road accidents are a very serious and growing problem with vast majority of road accident fatalities comprising vulnerable road users viz. pedestrians, bi-cyclists and motorcyclists. Indeed, in urban areas of Bangladesh pedestrians represent often up to 70 percent of the total road accident fatalities. Their involvement varies between 35 and 62 percent of the road accident fatalities in the medium sized cities. This paper aims to present an overview of the dimensions and characteristics of the road traffic accident problems in Bangladesh, with a special reference to the situation in urban areas, metropolitan cities in particular. The paper also highlights the key safety issues and priority measures for mitigating urban road safety problems in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION The combination of rapid urbanization and motorization has been a key cause of numerous transport problems in developing cities of Asia. Indeed, the rapid urbanization process, high vehicular population growth and that of the mobility, inadequate transportation facilities and policies, varied traffic mix with over concentration of non-motorized...
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...Running Head: Factors Affecting Highway Safety Silent Killers: Non-Conventional Factors That Affect Highway Safety Khris Downey Harding University Abstract At some point traffic safety will affect everyone. During his or her lifetime each individual will be a driver, passenger, or pedestrian. Modern day society is one dominated by the automobile. Motor vehicle accidents are the number one cause of death for people ages 1-34 (U.S. Department, 2002). In the year 2000 there were 41,611 traffic fatalities in the United States (U.S. Department, 2000) or approximately 2 fatalities every 20 minutes. During the time necessary to read this chapter two or three individuals will die in traffic related accidents. Research Design Over the past several decades, motor vehicle transportation has become the most popular mode of transportation in the United States. For the estimated 282,124,631 (U.S. Census Bureau) people living in the United States there are 221, 475, 173 registered vehicles (National Highway), that is 78.5 registered vehicles per 100 people. It is no wonder traffic safety is a growing concern throughout the United States. Americans are becoming increasingly sensitive to the dangers associated with motor vehicles. Automobile safety features are top considerations for many American automobile buyers. In a recent national survey (Home and Away) 83% of automobile buyers listed safety...
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...[Type the document title] Literature Review: Road Traffic Accidents 9/17/2011 Student Name: University: Table of Contents INTRODUCTION TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 4 Safety 4 Safety of Roads 4 Safety condition of Vehicles 5 Road Traffic Accidents 5 Major Causes of Road Traffic Accidents 7 Improper maintenance of vehicle 8 Red Light Running 9 Use of Mobile Phones while driving 10 Drunk driving 11 Avoiding Seat Belt or Helmets 11 Youth races and careless driving 11 Improper road structure 12 Effects of Traffic Accidents 13 Social Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents 13 Economic Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents 14 Ways for controlling the traffic accidents 14 INTRODDUCTION INTO THE CEASES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JEDDAH CITY 18 History of the problem in Saudi Arabia 18 The Roads and Public Transport in Saudi Arabia 19 The causes of the Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia 19 The effects of the Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia 20 Jeddah City 22 Population 22 Economy 22 Society 22 Road &Traffic Laws in Saudi Arabia (Jeddah) 23 THE USED METHDOLGIES AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 23 The different used methodologies for gathering the data 23 Analysis of international data 24 Analysis Middle East data 27 Analysis Saudi Arabia and Jeddah data 28 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 29 REFERENCES 31 Literature Review INTRODUCTION TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Safety According to Security Industry Association (SIA 160), safety...
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...Mandatory License Testing: Requiring skills testing for all drivers Every year automobile manufacturers make improvements to vehicles in order to reduce the risk and severity of occupant injury in the event of a crash. They have added automated driver support features such as backup cameras, and blind spot warning systems. Recently they have introduced collision avoidance systems which automatically apply the brakes in order to prevent impacts or lessen speed in impacts have been added. These improvements do help but crashes still occur and the other vehicles are caught up in traffic jams due to blocked lanes or motorists slowing to see what happened, and sometimes additional collisions occur in those traffic jams; only making traffic conditions worse. All of these systems fail to address the core issue, the drivers which control the vehicles. Research would suggest that all drivers should be required to take knowledge and road skills tests as part of license renewal, because it will take too long for all vehicles to have safety systems, the current license renewal procedures target the wrong driving population, and do not remove unsafe drivers from the road. The NHTSA has required that all vehicles less than 10,000 pounds have a backup camera as standard equipment by 2018 (Barth, 2014), and 20 automotive manufactures and the United States government agreed to make automated braking systems standard equipment in all cars by the year 2022 (Chappell, 2016). These improvements...
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...Seatbelt Injuries In Motor Vehicle Accidents Peter Pan Southeastern College NUR 2237C Instructor: Captain Hook Seatbelt Injuries In Motor Vehicle Accidents One of the most common types of personal harm experienced from a motor vehicle accident is seatbelt injury. During an automobile accident, the body is thrown frontwards and sideward that could cause harm mostly to the chest, abdomen & shoulders. This will of course have an effect on the body and in occasional cases, can cause internal injuries as well such as spinal cord injury (Achildi, et al., 2007), aortic separation, and intra-abdominal trauma such as colon perforation or mesentery rupture; even though they may feel uninjured. There is less likelihood to be seriously injured if a seat belt is being worn than if no seat belt is utilized at all. Unfortunately, injuries can still occur even if a seat belt is used and should be treated expeditiously prior to injuries worsening. Notwithstanding it being Florida law, seat belts reduce the risk of serious damage and could save a life in the event of a car accident. Seat belts however, could cause misalignment of the spinal column and rib cage that can pull and orpinch nerves that connected the injured regions. In addition, numerous government agencies including the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC, 2014) have concluded that wearing a seat or lap belt while traveling in automobilesdoes save lives. Let us examine this objectively,...
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...Science – Physics Assignment Most effective Safety Feature Brayden Kyte 10B Aim: To investigate and analyse quantitatively the effectiveness of various safety features in a model automobile involved in a head on collision. Research Question: How do safety features of a vehicle such as seatbelts, crumple zones and airbags, reduce the impact force and forward momentum applied to the driver of the vehicle and which one is most effective? Hypothesis: The crumple zone of the model car will prove to be the most effective in slowing momentum more effectively because it will absorb most of the impact force, therefore transferring less force, and velocity to the plasticine man. Justification: Research has shown that in instances of forward collision, crumple zones will assist in avoiding fatalities in forward collision. The goal for this structure is to crush in a relatively gradual, predictable way that absorbs much of the impact energy, keeping it away from the occupants in what is termed a “controlled crush”. Newton’s first law states that an object in motion will stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. As a result, if a vehicle is going 60km/h, the bodies will want to continue going in the same direction at 60km/h. Newton’s second law of motion, force = mass x acceleration, conveys that as the time it takes for an automobile to come to rest or change direction is...
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...ISSUES INVESTIGATION CAR SAFETY DEVICES ___ By Ihron Mather Introduction The roads are a dangerous place with the issue being the safety of people being the main concern, and what is being manufactured to prevent injuries and how do they work. Due to the advance in today’s technology they are becoming safer with every advancement in this field. Physics also plays a large part in the discovery of these devices that save the lives of everyday passengers. Inertia is a measure of a body’s tendency to resist any changes in its motion, which is the measurement of mass. While momentum refers to moving things, where (P) is the product of the mass of an object and its velocity. Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction with another object, where force is equal to the change in the change in momentum divided by the change in time, measured in Newtons (N). Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity, measured in in m/s/s. The Law of Conservation of Momentum states that in the absence of a net external force, the momentum of an object or a system of objects remains the same. A large momentum and short amount of time will result in a larger force, the same works in the opposite direction, this is where car safety devices come into play. Active Car Safety Devices Active car safety devices work to preclude or avert the chances of an accident while on the roads. Through today’s technology there has been a great leap into the evolution to the how...
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...Relationship among Force, Power, Work and Energy Force, work, energy and power are words used frequently in our everyday lives. What exactly do they mean? To put it simply, force is that which causes an object to move, while work is done when that force causes movement. Energy is the inherent ability of any object to do work, while power is the rate at which that work is done. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is stored in an object due to virtue of its motion. Potential energy and kinetic energy are the two types of mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of mechanical energy is associated with the conservation of these two energies in a system. Mechanical energy is basically a combination of potential and kinetic energy. Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy According to the law of conservation of mechanical energy, in an isolated system, that is, in the absence of non-conservative forces like friction, the initial total energy of the system equals to the total energy of the system. Simply stated, the total mechanical energy of a system is always constant (in case of absence of non-conservative forces). For instance, if a ball is rolled down a frictionless roller coaster, the initial and final energies remain constant. Conservative forces are those that don't depend on the path taken by an object. For example, gravity, spring and electrical forces are examples of mechanical energy. Conservation of Mechanical Energy Equation The...
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...Active and Passive: Car safety features are grouped into two categories: Active and Passive. Active feature are designed to reduce the likelihood of a crash. Things such as tires, brakes, lights and steering are active features. The most important of all of them however is the driver. Passive safety features aim to reduce the damage done to a car's occupants in the event of a crash. These include things like seatbelts, airbags, and crumple zones. For all these features any car can still crash so this report aims to make you more aware of the safety aspects of modern cars and what role they play in driving. Active Safety Features Brakes: The brakes play one of the most important roles in overall safety and so it important that they are reliable and durable. A good braking system always stops the car in the minimum distance possible while remaining stable, have a constant response which is consistent with brake pedal pressure and let you easily control the car while braking. Disk and drum brakes are the two types used in cars. Drum brakes are very good to have on your rear axel but not as effective on the front where better balance and heat dissipation is a must. Heat dissipation is the brakes ability to get rid of the immense amount of heat created by the friction between the brake surface and frictional pads. This is very important since it reduces the amount of friction that can be applied (brake fade) and it can boil the brake fluid rendering the brakes...
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...THE WAJA CONCEPT Proton’s Waja was conceptualised as the basis for the company’s advancement from assembly and minor re-engineering to the position of full design and manufacture. It was designed as a competitive product for global consumption of the 21st Century with an attractive design targeting mature, dynamic and multi-cultural markets. The Proton Waja boasts superlative handling dynamics together with compliant ride and enormous body strength and integrity. The new Proton broadens the company’s product line-up joining the cult-status Satria GTi as well as the price-leading Persona and Satria models. Waja is the result of intensive engineering work by Proton R & D in Malaysia and Lotus Engineering in Hethel, England. The blend of technologies from Malaysia and England has produced a car that is at once safe, secure, strong and precise, a car worthy of comparison with the world’s best mid-size sedans. KEY TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE WAJA • Lotus ride and handling • Unique modular integration • A stronger more rigid body • High levels of primary and secondary safety • Significant NVH reductions STYLING The Proton Waja benefits from inspired styling and boasts clean and stylish lines born in the company’s design studio at Shah Alam. The Waja has a personality all its own and has adopted clean smooth lines in a classic three box design on a platform which will be used as the basis for other models in the future. The styling has been aimed...
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...UNIT 1- CAR BODY DETAILS Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production, while others are of historical interest only. These styles are largely (though not completely) independent of a car's classification in terms of price, size and intended broad market; the same car model might be available in multiple body styles (or model ranges). For some of the following terms, especially relating to four-wheel drive / SUV models and minivan / MPV models, the distinction between body style and classification is particularly narrow. Please note that while each body style has a historical and technical definition, in common usage such definitions are often blurred. Over time, the common usage of each term evolves. For example, people often call 4-passenger sport coupés a "sports car", while purists will insist that a sports car by definition is limited to two-place vehicles. Body work In automotive engineering, the bodywork of an automobile is the structure which protects: ⦁ The occupants ⦁ Any other payload ⦁ The mechanical components. In vehicles with a separate frame or chassis, the term bodywork is normally applied to only the non-structural panels, including doors and other movable panels, but it may also be used more generally to include the structural components which support the mechanical components. Construction There are three main types of automotive bodywork: ⦁ The first automobiles were designs...
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...Class D & E Driver’s Guide LOUISIANA OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLES DPSMV2052 (R042013) Message from the Commissioner “Welcome to driving in Louisiana.” I am pleased to present the Louisiana Driver’s Guide to our new and current drivers. This guide is designed to provide you with the rules of the road, knowledge to assist you in making better driving decisions, and valuable information on safety and sharing the road with others. It is incumbent upon you, the driver, to respect all traffic laws and other drivers as well. Driving is a vital part of life. It provides you with a means of attaining the necessities of daily living as well as providing you with the added convenience to move about at leisure. The driving experience, however, is a privilege and comes with great responsibilities. Please strive to become a safe and dependable driver to ensure that this privilege is not lost. Driving, the same as life, is a constant learning experience. The information contained in this guide, along with your experience and responsive actions while driving, will assist in protecting you, your family, and other drivers. This guide is not intended to be an official legal reference to the Louisiana traffic laws. It only highlights those laws, driving practices and procedures that you will use most often. It should be noted that the material in this guide is subject to change to comply with amended State and Federal legislations. Remember to buckle up. Safety belts save lives. Let’s work...
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...Class D & E Driver’s Guide DPSMV2052 (R062013) LOUISIANA OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLES Message from the Commissioner “Welcome to driving in Louisiana.” I am pleased to present the Louisiana Driver’s Guide to our new and current drivers. This guide is designed to provide you with the rules of the road, knowledge to assist you in making better driving decisions, and valuable information on safety and sharing the road with others. It is incumbent upon you, the driver, to respect all traffic laws and other drivers as well. Driving is a vital part of life. It provides you with a means of attaining the necessities of daily living as well as providing you with the added convenience to move about at leisure. The driving experience, however, is a privilege and comes with great responsibilities. Please strive to become a safe and dependable driver to ensure that this privilege is not lost. Driving, the same as life, is a constant learning experience. The information contained in this guide, along with your experience and responsive actions while driving, will assist in protecting you, your family, and other drivers. This guide is not intended to be an official legal reference to the Louisiana traffic laws. It only highlights those laws, driving practices and procedures that you will use most often. It should be noted that the material in this guide is subject to change to comply with amended State and Federal legislations. Remember to buckle up. Safety belts save lives. Let’s work...
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...The country I know and love is gone. The land of the free and the home of the brave has become a seething cesspool of underpaid, uncaring, Godless, inconsiderate bastard children. Our commander-in-chief has become nothing more than a slumlord, demanding higher and higher taxes in various forms from his subjects, while the infrastructure of the nation crumbles beneath his feet. How long will it take before the infrastructure of our nation crumbles to the point of total disaster? How long can the government provided, prescription happy pill fed citizens of this once great nation support the burdens which are being placed on them? How long will it be before the demands of the rich can no longer be met? Demands such as ever-increasing safety ratings, ever-increasing profits, ever-increasing greed, ever-increasing cost of living and ever-increasing fees that are continually handed down to the poor, reaches a point that the poor can no longer afford to be poor? The day IS coming. Our once great nation will crumble under its own weight when the infrastructure gives way. The poor will scatter out of the way, and the rich will have the farthest to fall, and the hardest time adjusting. The poor (not including the government supported) have been trained for so long at surviving with a mere fraction of what is necessary for survival, that they will band together, and live off the land as they must. The rich, on the other hand will suddenly find that their wealth now holds no...
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