...rystal Methamphetamine - The New Drug of Choice Crystal methamphetamine, also known as ice, crank, glass and shards, is today’s street drug of choice. A popular stimulant among club-goers, it induces a long-lasting and euphoric high, preceded by a very intense low. Smoking crystal meth is the most common method of use, but it can also be ingested, injected, or snorted. Why is meth so popular? Crystal meth’s prevalence in society is due to three main factors: • Easy to make - Crystal meth is composed of easily accessible ingredients which can be purchased over-the-counter at local drugstores. Its production is inexpensive, and the drug can be fabricated in a home-made laboratory, as is often the case. • Cheap - A real ‘bang for your buck’, crystal meth is as inexpensive to make as it is in relation to the length and strength of the high. Users can be stoned from 6 to 10 hours, experiencing an exhilarated state of mind. Other effects include wakefulness, a curb in appetite, and increased energy. • Highly addictive - Crystal meth is as addictive as cocaine and heroine, and some would argue that it is even more so. The day after its use brings waves of depression, anger and sadness to the user. A common cure among addicts is, unsurprisingly, more meth. As per the Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, (DASIS), the percentage of treatment admissions for crystal methamphetamine abuse more than doubled between 1995 and 2005, from 4 percent to 9 percent – a total...
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...Crystal Methamphetamine - The New Drug of Choice Crystal methamphetamine, also known as ice, crank, glass and shards, is today’s street drug of choice. A popular stimulant among club-goers, it induces a long-lasting and euphoric high, preceded by a very intense low. Smoking crystal meth is the most common method of use, but it can also be ingested, injected, or snorted. Why is meth so popular? Crystal meth’s prevalence in society is due to three main factors: • Easy to make - Crystal meth is composed of easily accessible ingredients which can be purchased over-the-counter at local drugstores. Its production is inexpensive, and the drug can be fabricated in a home-made laboratory, as is often the case. • Cheap - A real ‘bang for your buck’, crystal meth is as inexpensive to make as it is in relation to the length and strength of the high. Users can be stoned from 6 to 10 hours, experiencing an exhilarated state of mind. Other effects include wakefulness, a curb in appetite, and increased energy. • Highly addictive - Crystal meth is as addictive as cocaine and heroine, and some would argue that it is even more so. The day after its use brings waves of depression, anger and sadness to the user. A common cure among addicts is, unsurprisingly, more meth. As per the Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, (DASIS), the percentage of treatment admissions for crystal methamphetamine abuse more than doubled between 1995 and 2005, from 4 percent to 9 percent – a total...
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...As I looked into the bathroom mirror I just felt was disgust with myself. Without thinking, I raised my fist and smashed it into the glass mirror, blood and glass rained down but i felt nothing. I felt absolutely nothing, nothing at all, no pain, no joy, nothing it was just emptiness. I was empty and worth nothing and I felt hatred for myself. I saw broken pieces of glass hanging off the mirror frame and I saw myself staring back, shattered and broken on the inside. Why did I ever get involved with him, if it wasn't for him I wouldn't have done drugs, done Crystal Meth, I would be partying and stressing over simple things and meeting a boy. I would be studying and doing forensic studies, working toward the best job but then I met him... Ryder.......
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...Lecture 1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices Reading: Notes and Anderson2 Chapters 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9 Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Atoms to Operational Amplifiers •The goal of this course is to teach the fundamentals of non-linear circuit elements including diodes, LEDs, LASER diodes, transistors (BJT and FET) , and advanced device concepts such as microwave compound semiconductors and state of the art devices. •Due to the diverse coverage from various professors for ECE3040, you will repeat (for some) some of the material from 3040. Specifically, you will learn about the fundamentals of electron movement in semiconductor materials and develop this basic knowledge of how we can construct devices from these materials that can control the flow of electrons and light in useful ways. Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Market Study Silicon is and will for a very long time be the dominant material used for electronics. However, MANY up and coming materials are slowly eating into silicon’s dominance. Compound semiconductors Compound semiconductors Organic and compound semiconductors Georgia Tech ECE 3080 - Dr. Alan Doolittle Devices we will study Bold indicates devices covered in depth in ECE 3040 P-N diode, heterojunction diodes, ballistic diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, Metal-Semiconductor Contacts, LEDs, Lasers, Solar Cells, Photodetectors, BJT, HBT, MOSFET, MESFET, JFET, Polarization Based Devices (III-Nitrides HEMTs...
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...physical means. For example salt dissolved in water can be recovered by allowing the water to evaporate. A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, colour, volume and density. An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge. Methods Heating and cooling Many elements and some compounds change from solids to liquids and from liquids to gases when heated and the reverse when cooled. Some substances such as iodine and carbon dioxide go directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation. Magnetism Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition. Crystallisation Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes includingbuckminsterfullerene. Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical...
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...dark, dangerous, and daring, With that sweet countenance you’re wearing, I’d sooner have you locked inside my heart, Than outside of its walls despairing And our love would be the finest art, Built of glass pane and crystal part, Lovely by the day, enchanted by the night, Born of a sly, serene, and secret start Then in a wicked star of blinding white, Fate would free our fiery passions to ignite, And sea-strewn boats would lose their way of wander, As our dawn eclipsed their map of starlight Though our hearts would grow naught but fonder, Another force would be swelling yonder, Of course in our lover’s ecstasy, We would hardly stop to ponder The sudden stillness of the sea, The absence of the wind within a tree, Thick horizon thundercloud heads rearing, And air growing stale and hard to breathe So we would miss the calm before the storm appearing, Never expect the enemy we ought be fearing, And though our foe is not like to sport disguise, We will never sense the danger nearing, So it will be to our absolute surprise, When they come charging with chaos in their eyes, And the glass we so loved at first, Will reveal itself our ultimate demise For any arrow that comes flying in headfirst, Will surely leave our crystal shattered and dispersed, And as we fall in agony and anguish, Our enemies shall satisfy their vengeful thirst Yet if life requires I relinquish, Our crystalline vitreous bliss, Spare me that fate and give me this- Your...
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...in the development of pharmaceutical dosage form Polymorphism comes from the Greek words, Polus = many and morph = shape. Polymorphism means existence of substance in more than one form. Many pharmaceutical solids can exist in different physical forms. Polymorphism is often characterized as the ability of a drug substance to exist as two or more crystalline phases that have different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. However, they share one common form once they are in solution form. Polymorphism is very important in those areas of chemical research where full characterization of a material has a pivotal role in determining its ultimate use e.g. in pharmaceutical, pigment, agrochemical, explosive and fine chemical industries. When polymorphism exists as a result of difference in crystal packing, it is called packing polymorphism. Polymorphism can also result from the existence of different conformers of the same molecule in conformational polymorphism. In pseudo polymorphism the different crystal types are the result of hydration or solvation. The types of different polymorphic forms are shown below: Fig: Types of different polymorphic forms Polymorphs seem to be more common for compounds with: * Low solubility in water * Organic salts * Formation of hydrates for larger molecules * Organic solvates –neutral compounds with larger molecular weights. * Compounds with molecular weight below 350 Pharmaceutical...
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...Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely depositeddirectly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore an aspect ofprecipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction. PROCESS: The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the nanometer scale. The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Nucleation and growth continue to occur simultaneously while the supersaturation exists. Crystallization in nature There are many examples of natural process that involve crystallization. Geological time scale process examples include: Natural (mineral) crystal formation (see also gemstone); Stalactite/stalagmite, rings formation. Usual time scale process examples include: Snow flakes formation (see also Koch snowflake); Honey crystallization (nearly all types of honey crystallize). Artificial methods For crystallization (see also recrystallization)...
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...a type of equipment in crystallization operations, the Mixed-Suspension, Mixed-Product-Removal Crystallizer, its operations, as well as the assumptions integrated in its practice. It also discusses the basic principles of Melt Crystallization and a brief overview of its applications in the modern society. Introduction A crystal may be defined as a solid composed of atoms or molecules arranged in an orderly, repetitive array. The interatomic distances in a crystal of any definite material are constant and are characteristic of that material. Because the pattern or arrangement of the atoms or molecules is repeated in all directions, there are definite restrictions on the kinds of symmetry that crystals can possess. There are five main types of crystals, and these types have beenarranged into seven crystallographic systems based on the crystal interfacial angles and the relative length of its axes. The treatment of the description and arrangement of the atomic structure of crystals is the science of crystallography. (Perry's Chemical Engineer Handbook - 8th ed – 2007, page 18-50) Crystallization, in its essence, is just then the process of crystal production from liquid solutions through the aid of different cooling equipment. It is one of the most used operations in sugar industries, as well as fertilizer producing companies. Different equipment designing companies also had diverted some technological upgrading in crystallization equipment to suit desired product quality...
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...Aaron Stainrod GDD 101 Storytelling Assignment A. I. The Process i. There really was no process used to create my story. I know that based on the first adventures I was a part of, I wanted to create one that had a setting that was a little unexpected. I kept hearing about the party starts out in a forest, so I decided to start out in an abandoned base camp in a wasteland to mix things up. One adventure I was in had an abandoned mansion, so based on my current setting, which was desert like; I chose to lead the party into a temple. Everything in the temple was made up as the story went along, which lead to some momentary pauses in the storytelling. B. II. Worked Well ii. I thought the adventure in general worked out pretty well. I’m very satisfied with the amount of pleasure gotten from the temple. Admittedly, the players most likely remembered more aspects of the temple than I did at times. Besides the “creative gaps” I created, I did not see any noticeable declinations of interest during the adventure. I did notice that the players did enjoy the RPG elements I added to the adventure. I purposely intended and suggested more use of the HP in the game. I was actually hoping for the incapacitation of a player, but I am satisfied that I managed to get a player to 2HP. III. Worked Poorly iii. The gaps were probably the poorest aspect of the game. I did not know how to plan the game out. I attempted to plan the game...
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...crystallization Name: layan shinanah Subject : chemistry Presented to :Ms. Juline Daibes Date : 13,10,2015 Crystallization definition : to change into a solid form that is made up of crystal to cause (something, such as an idea, belief, etc.) to become clear and fully formed. What Happens During a Crystallization : To crystallize an impure, solid compound, add just enough hot solvent to it to completely dissolve it. The flask then contains a hot solution, in which solute molecules - both the desired compound and impurities - move freely among the hot solvent molecules. As the solution cools, the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and they begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. After the solution has come to room temperature, it is carefully set in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. The chilled solution is then filtered to isolate the pure crystals and the crystals are rinsed with chilled solvent. How To Do a Crystallization : Heat some solvent to boiling (remember to use a boiling chip). Place the solid to be recrystallized in an Erlenmeyer flask. Pour a small amount...
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...5) An x-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal is made with a molybdenum target (λ = 0.711A°). If one of the interplanar spacings is 1.82A°, what is the angle of diffraction for this particular set of planes (assuming first order diffraction). n=1 d=1.82A° λ=0.711A° θ= ? nλ=2dhklsinθ θ=sin-11x0.7112x1.82 θ=11.3° 6) Sodium metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic arrangement where the length of one edge of the unit cell is 4.24A. What is the closest distance between centres of adjacent sodium atoms? d=4.24A°x3 4 d=1.84A° 7) A crime investigator in a forensic sciences laboratory wishes to identify the makeup of some material evidence. He suspects that the material is actually a mixture of two pure substances. Outline a method by which you think these two substances might be identified. A great way for the crime investigator to identify the makeup of the material evidence would be to use x-ray diffraction. Every crystalline material in the world has its own diffraction pattern unique to one another, which would cause for the best solution to the problem encountered by the crime investigator. Once the material is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays, the atomic lattice of the sample causes the x-ray beam to be diffracted to specific angles. Once completed the use of Bragg’s law allows us to identify the atomic spacing of the mystery material and from there we can compare the unknown material to a list of known materials in order to discover the makeup...
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...Crystals While doing research on my project I found out a lot of things about crystals. I found out that crystals are solids that form by a regular repeated pattern of molecules connecting together. The salt in the kitchen, the snow, and the diamond in a ring are all crystals. The word crystal comes from a Greek word”krysos” which means “ice cold”. It was believed that crystals were a type of ice that was so cold it never melts. Crystals can form in a lot of different shapes. The shapes range from cubes, hexagons, double pyramids to name a few. My crystal shaped into a sphere but usually they are symmetrical from one side to other, but many types of crystals are not. The shape of the crystal is determined by the chemical components inside the crystal and the chemical bonds between the atoms and molecules. The atoms in smallest building block of a crystal are called a “Unit Cell” The atoms in each unit cell are held together by electrical forces or bonds. When a lot of unit cells are near each other they arrange themselves in different patterns. They attract one another in some directions more than others. This pattern gives the crystal their shape with symmetrical surfaces called facets. Crystals also comes in many different colors, from clear diamonds, to red rubies, to blue sapphires and more they get there color from the materials that make up the crystals. The colors come from the color of the spectrum that the crystal does not absorb. They are used for a lot of different...
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...Molecular Crystal Structures Crystalline and amorphous are the two categories of solids. Crystalline solids are those that have a long range order and are rigid. This means that the atoms, molecules or ions are in a specific position. Glass is an example of the other category of solids and is an amorphous solid. Amorphous solids are different than crystalline since these solids do not have a structured arrangement and long-range order of molecules. Crystalline solids have a structure that has a lattice characteristic and is most efficient when closely packed together. Ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic are the four types of crystals. These crystals are different because of their structures and properties that include their melting point, hardness, density forces that hold the crystal particles together. This method can be applied to various areas of drug research, quality control and manufacturing. Examining the changes in the crystal structures, using the low frequency light waves can be applied to how a human body absorbs drugs. The need was discovered when a certain drug was not used right away. The drug structure changed into a crystallized solid and was not able to be dissolved or absorbed by the human body in this state. The London dispersion forces help to predict crystal structures of many different substances. There are many different environmental factors that can affect how crystals form. Those factors include humidity, temperature, and light....
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...Introduction The following is a basic report with regards to three specific questions which will be answered, centered on material studies. The first question is based around work hardening, the changes in the atomic structure as a result thereof and the reason why some materials are more susceptible to work hardening than others. The second question is based on the process of embrittlement, as well as listing a few different ways in which embrittlement can occur. The third and last question is based on the significance of heat affected zones, with special emphasis on the effects with regards to steel. Work hardening Work hardening is a phenomenon found in metallic materials, where deformations in the metals have led to the metal itself becoming strengthened, or harder as such. The deformations which cause this effect are called plastic deformations, which means that the metal material was stressed beyond the point where elastic deformation takes place, thereby resulting in a permanent deformation in the crystalline structure of the metal material. These plastic deformations are caused by high heat exposure for a specific minimum length of time, causing the molecules within the crystalline structure to rearrange themselves. A few common physical processes which take place on metals and can cause this effect are as follows: hammering, bending, rolling, drawing, shearing, squeezing or collisions between metals for example. All of the above would result in some form of work...
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