...history of today’s CRS theory has a long and wide spreading background. Despite the concept of CSR being growing, manifested and flourished in recent times, the late 1800s (industrial revolution) is considered to be the beginning of CSR concept and practice, when creating more productive employees were the main concern for promising business. One might argue to differentiate the social and business reason behind. Carnegie, Cadbury and Lever were among the many individuals who utilised company assets to improve the conditions of nineteenth century workers. Throughout the twentieth century, companies such as Norsk Hydro would take responsibility for social conditions in their, often isolated, company towns. According to management historian Daniel A. Wren, there were criticism of the emerging factory system in Great Britain, particularly regarding the employment of women and children, and these same issues occurred in the America as well. Reformers of both countries perceived the factory system to be the source of numerous social problems, including labour unrest, poverty, slums, and children and female labour. Wren depicted the industrial betterment/welfare movement of this early period as an uneven mixture of humanitarianism, philanthropy and business acumen. He points to industrialists such as John H. Patterson of National Cash Register as one executive instrumental in setting the course for the industrial welfare movement. We can perceive the evidence of CSR practice mostly in...
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...thesis I would like to contribute on the on-going CSR discussion. I attempt to investigate the real motives why multinational corporations engage in corporate social responsibility activities. The debate in CSR is nowadays still focused on the link between CSR and financial performance. Research lacks real proof of this link and corporations are failing in formulating a business case. So why is it that MNCs are willing to engage in CSR activities. In the following thesis I would like to give an answer on this question. Inhoudsopgave 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Research Purpose 6 1.2 Problem Statement 6 1.3 Sub questions 7 1.4 Structure 7 2. Theory 8 2.1 Definition CSR 8 2.2 Definition Multinational Corporation (MNC) 9 2.3 Theoretical Framework (Garigga & Mele (2004)) 10 2.3.1 Instrumental theories 10 2.3.2 Political theories 12 2.3.3 Integrative theories 13 2.3.4 Ethical theories 14 2.3.5 Propositions 16 3. Methods 18 3.1 Research approach 18 4. Results 19 4.1 Instrumental motive 20 4.2 Political motive 20 4.3 Integrative motive 21 4.4 Ethical motive 22 5. Conclusion & Recommendation 24 5.1 Conclusion 24 5.2 Limitations & Recommendation 27 6. References 28 1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility is becoming more and more important for companies. The last few years there is an increase of interest from companies in CSR and in the implementation of different CSR activities in their day-to-day businesses. In general...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility by Your Name name of the module module number word count =1,519 Tutor/Professor Name University Name Department 16th December 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide stakeholders with valuable information about the relationship between a given corporation and society; additionally these reports may serve as a public relations vehicle. CSR reports improve communication between a corporation and its local constituents as well as the greater society. CSR reports and accounting data combine to offer investors and other stakeholders a larger picture of a corporation’s strategy and financial condition. By merging the two, stakeholders have a better understanding of how a corporation’s social initiatives improve its overall health. For example, when energy conservation programs allow a corporation to cut spending costs and cause the development of a new product while at the same time increasing jobs the CSR report acts as a financial statement and a public image enhancer. CSR reports provide information that is valuable for different reasons to different people. Employees and prospective employees can decide which companies they want to work for based on safety information about the workplace contained in these reports. Corporate managers can use the reports to monitor how successful they are in attaining their stated goals. They can also examine the progress...
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...literature review. Background and problem: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an area which has gained much attention the last 10-15 years. To satisfy various stakeholders, corporate social responsibility has increased its importance and often constitutes a substantial part of the firms´ financial reports, in spite of the fact that there are no legal requirements. However, to perform strategic CSR-reporting has become more or less compulsory for firms. The research question is: What research has been performed in the area of corporate social responsibility and accounting? Aim: The aim is to provide a structured overview of the literature in the area of corporate social responsibility and accounting regarding the years 2002-2012. The overview will provide a basis for future research and constitute a framework for focused research question. Delimitation: The focus of this study is on research published in scientific journals from 2002 until 2012. Method: A literature review was performed including peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals. Database search were performed in Business Source Premier (BSP) with the keywords “Corporate social responsibility” and “accounting”, and the time limit was set to 2002-2012. Results and conclusions: The main result is shown in Table A1, which presents the structured overview and the categorization. All papers treated stakeholder theory showing that...
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...well as media exposure, are potential determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure practices by Spanish listed firms. Empirical studies have shown that CSR disclosure activism varies across companies, industries, and time (Gray et al., Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 8(2), 47–77, 1995; Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 28(3/4), 327–356, 2001; Hackston and Milne, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 9(1), 77–108, 1996; Cormier and Magnan, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 1(2), 171–195, 2003; Cormier et al., European Accounting Review 14(1), 3–39, 2005), which is usually justified by reference to several theoretical constructs, such as the legitimacy, stakeholder, and agency theories. Our findings evidence that firms with higher CSR ratings present a statistically significant larger size and a higher media exposure, and belong to more environmentally sensitive industries, as compared to firms with lower CSR ratings. However, neither profitability nor leverage seem to explain differences in CSR disclosure practices between Spanish listed firms. The most influential variable for explaining firms’ variation in CSR ratings is media exposure, followed by size and industry. Therefore, it seems that the legitimacy theory, as captured by those variables related to public or social visibility, is the most relevant theory for explaining CSR disclosure practices of Spanish listed firms. KEY WORDS: corporate social responsibility...
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...11 1. Theories on Corporate Social Responsibility: 11 2. Motivation behind Corporate Social Responsibility: 13 3. Financial performance as motivation: 14 4. Relation between CSR and Financial Performances: 16 Theories on CSR: 19 Instrumental theories: 19 Political theories: 19 Integrative theories: 20 Ethical theories: 20 Measurement of Financial Performances: 22 Chapter-3 22 Research Methodology: 22 Introduction 22 Research model and approach 25 Research collection 29 Process of data analysis 33 Chapter-4 34 Analysis 34 Survey questions 34 Focus group discussion 42 Chapter-5 43 Result and findings 43 Implications for practitioners 44 Implications for future research 45 Chapter-6 45 Recommendations and conclusions 45 Appendix-1 49 Questionnaire- 49 Interview questions- 51 Bibliography 52 Abstract- In today’s business world the word, “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) is more than a buzzword to the stakeholders. The concept of CSR is evolving in the business world from decades; however, the actual meaning with its impact is yet to be achieved. The emergence of Corporate Social responsibility in the business shows a new era of business, in this uncertain world. However, in this research report we only concentrate on today’s world. More than 200 big corporate giants implemented CSR in their company throughout the world. With the continuous debate that, CSR is philanthropy or charity, the impact of CSR in the business...
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...Contemporary Review on CSR Theories and International Standards Chapter 1: 1.1 Introduction The concept of CSR has been traced through the corporate system for centuries throughout the world; however a formal writing of CSR has been into the limelight since 1950s ie the 20th century and hence has been named as the modern era of CSR. Through years, lot of researches had defined and explained CSR based on their empirical research, understanding, alternative themes and frameworks. In short the entirety of CSR can be understood from the three words contained within its title phrase- ‘corporate,’ ‘social,’ and ‘responsibility' viz a viz “Corporates are being responsible for the Society". This article aims to explain the meaning, underlying concepts and theories of corporate social responsibility. Let us now understand the meaning of CSR and why is it important in modern days. Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The broadest definition of CSR defined by The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum is, ‘‘CSR means open and transparent business practices that are based on ethical values and respect for employees, communities, and the environment. It is designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large, as well as to shareholders’’ (http://www.iblf.org/csr) Emergence of CSR The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility started late back in 1950’s. Howard R Bowen (1953), who rendered an early and seminal definition to CSR as "the obligations...
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...The issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasing concern among individuals and society. CSR has thus become an integral part of arguably most businesses in light of topical issues. However, much skepticism towards businesses’ agendas underpinning their CSR initiatives is abounding. This may be justifiably so. Evidence suggests that CSR initiatives undertaken by both large businesses as well as small and medium enterprises (SME) are largely resultant of strategic and profit driven imperatives rather than humanitarian and altruistic aspirations. This essay will explore the underlying factors that compel Australian businesses’ CSR ventures by analysing their stances on CSR as well as extrinsic drivers of CSR, further citing CSR’s pertinence to businesses’ financial performance, hence evincing that altruistic reasons are not the foremost impetus for the undertaking of CSR for corporations in Australia. Definitions of CSR differ widely in literature (Truscott, Bartlett & Tywoniak, 2009). This essay will draw upon Carroll’s (1979) construct of CSR, comprising of economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities assumed by business entities, as a yardstick in determining the degree of CSR undertaken by firms. Economic dimensions of CSR encompass profit generation through effective business management, legal dimensions entail compliance with codified law, ethical dimensions embody adhering to ethical and moral parameters and discretionary dimensions...
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...1.0 Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become more important in the current business environment. CSR can be defined into action that are taken by organization that goes beyond making profit and legal obligation towards the society adapted from (Ghillyer, 2010) and (SCHWARTZ & SAIIA, 2012) (Brown & Forster, 2013)). More company also nowadays become more aware of CSR (Bondy, et al., 2012) and sees it as a positive tools (Harjoto & Jo, 2011) As an organization fail like in the case of Midland and Southern Bank people are become more interested in how is an organization going (Johnson, et al., 2009). The interest shift as problem hits, as organization rely on peoples trust to run the organization (Cohen & Dienhart, 2013). This cause the organization to have more moral obligation to the growing network on stakeholders (Polonsky, 1995). Management especially in the case of Midland and Southern banks are being judge by stakeholders morally. As organization obligation re managing stakeholders (Nicholson & Newton, 2010). Approaches that are taken to judge organization are shown in research by Carroll’s (1987) (Carroll, 1991) which will be further discussed below. However, Midland and Sothern bank in the end was acquired by HSBC after it failure (Lee, 2009). It also seems that based on the case government started to create more firm regulation after the issue happen. 2.0 Senior Management Role and Obligation: high salary justified or unjustified? Senior management...
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...2001, investors want reassurance when investing in companies. A way to show compliance to these aspects is by producing sustainability reports, which are made available to the public. Sustainability reports, which can also be referred to as Corporate Social Reporting, is a report that shows how a corporation is complying to economic, environmental and societal issues in which it is active. World Business Council for Sustainability Development (WBCSD) established the current and mainly adopted definition for CSR, which states ‘CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large’ (WBCSD, 1999). CSR is not a mandatory practice, there are established guidelines that can be adhered namely the international recognised GRI reporting framework on sustainability. Even so, companies can produce any kind of CSR, which is causing a lot vagueness surrounding its concept. Reports differ immensely from...
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...Abstract Ethical theories has been a topic of philosophical debate for centuries, but only recently has corporate governance and social responsibilities became a necessary fixture for modern businesses to function. Thus sparking scepticism that businesses adoption of CSR initiatives are a result of shifting societal trends for financial rewards and not out of ‘good will’. It is therefore a surprising given that this paper, Origins Natural Resources, an international cosmetic superstar adopted CSR since its conception and continues to maintain strong earth friendly practices throughout its operations regardless of substantial costs and burden to uphold. Thereby exploring the possibilities that characteristics of virtue can truly exist in a corporate entity, and perhaps society should be less sceptical of others intentions. Introduction The question of why businesses truly adopted CSR initiatives has never been initiated, thus sparking interests on whether or not it is an authentic act of corporate citizenship or simply a front to financial rewards. This paper aims to analyse Origins Natural Resources dedication towards Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) addressing two major issues the organisation perceived as most significant and relevant to its core products and services. The two categories are addressing the importance of animal cruelty via experimentation and environmental sustainability. These issues will be analysed by applying utilitarianism, Kant and Virtue...
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...organisations. Our argument is the CSR is a developmental process and changes as organisations mature in their behaviour and attitude towards both their stakeholders and their ideas concerning social responsibility. Of course we also acknowledge that there is a growing body of evidence to show that social responsibility behaviour becomes reflected positively in the financial performance of a company, thereby providing a financial imperative for changing behaviour. Moreover, we argue that there are stages of growth as far as CSR is concerned which become reflected in corporate behaviour. These can be seen as increasing levels of maturity. CSR theories Those theories generally include a certain vision of the human being and society within a social philosophy framework, although sometimes in an implicit manner. Three key approaches to CSR: 1, ethical responsibility theory, which presents strong corporate self-restraint and altruistic duties and expansive public policy to strengthen stakeholders’ rights. 伦理责任理论,提出了强大的公司涵养和利他主义的职责和广阔的公共政策,加强各利益相关者的权利。 2, economic responsibility theory, which advocates market wealth creation subject only to minimalist public policy and perhaps customary business ethics. 3, corporate citizenship, which language invokes a political metaphor which provides neither true intermediate positioning nor theoretical synthesis. Four theories: 1, Corporate Social Performance, a theory basically grounded in sociology. 2. the theory sometimes called ‘ Shareholder...
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...Methodology Assignment THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) TO COMPANY’S VALUE IN PROPERTY AND REAL ESTATE COMPANY LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE Angga Arifiawan Sudibyo 041211332113 Accounting Department Faculty of Economic and Business Airlangga University Surabaya 2014 PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background In recent years, the demand of property is increasing significantly, especially in big cities like Jakarta and Surabaya. This massive amount of demand is a chance for companies in real estate industry to earn big profit. Some big players in these industries are already listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, they compete each other, develop and expand their business insanely to be going concern...
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...available in this subject. The title of my research will be “Does CSR have any impact on company performance?” . Plato once said that, Only people with the whole nations good in mind can be allowed to rule the just state (Plato through Larsson, 2003 p. 87). Hence from this statement we can see that even in the past people do take serious about the importance of ethical behaviour. The multinational companies' spot and impact is developing in the global economy furthermore, with it higher requests on obligation regarding the social and natural impacts that originates from the organizations' own particular operations. Accordingly, there is a developing enthusiasm for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Enquist, Johnson and Camén (2005) state that after waves of generation situated and later administration arranged viewpoints on organizations, a third wave of sustainability and triple bottom line concern deduction is developing. According to (Elkington, 1997) the triple bottom line is trying to surround the three type of sustainability. Which is the economic, the environment and the social. Enquist, Johnson and Camén (2005) confirms that by saying this: Companies are paying attention to their core values and the development of a sense of corporate social responsibility, which can be used in marketing strategies and in customer-retention management 1.2 Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility Based on financial theory, there is only one objective that is overlying in the corporation...
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...public are more curious about the CSR and the its legal expectation. Some countries have already set mandatory regulation about the CSR. For example, in Australia the Corporations Act 2001 stated that companies need to disclose environmental performance and another Act[1] requires certain companies to provide the information about greenhouse gas emissions. However, in the UK, the regulations mainly govern financial disclosures[2] and there are few regulations about the CSR of company. In the aspect of law, the Companies Act 2006 s.172[3] set some duties for the directors to promote the success of company which are in relation to legal expectation of the corporate social responsibility. The notion of CSR and the relationship between CSR and its legal expectation is the main of this essay. This essay will critically discuss the notion of corporate social responsibility and giving particular attention to minimum legal expectations. The structure is as follows: in the section 1, we are focus on the discussion in relation to many kinds of the definition of corporate social responsibility. In the section 2, we will discuss the notion of CSR through different theory perspectives and the minimum legal expectation. In the section 3, after obtain some results about the problems of currently CSR issue through the discussion between different theories, we will concentrate on the legal topic of the CSR and use some cases to analysis mandatory and voluntary CSR. In the section 4, we will put...
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