...Case Study U.S.-Cuban Trade a cold war Strategy became a cold war relic? Case Facts- The U.S. Embargo of Cuba-a resilient foreign trade policy-which encompasses a variety of political leaders, economic events, and historical eras what is the meaning of ‘Embargo ’? A specific type of quota that prohibits all forms of trade Embargoes can be placed on either imports or exports, on whole categories of products regardless of origin, on specific products with specific countries or on all products with given countries. It is imposed in an effort to use economic means to achieve political goals. After the Revolution- After the Revolution: In the 1950, over 2/3 of Cuban foreign trade took place with the U.S. Fidel Castro- prime Minister Of Cuba from 1959-1976 and then president from1976-2008 overthrew Batista government in 1959 Castro is a controversial and highly divisive world figure, being lauded as a champion of anti-imperialism, but alternately his critics have accused him of being a dictator whose authoritarian administration has overseen multiple human rights abuses. Nonetheless, he has had a significant influence on the politics of a number of other world leaders, namely Nelson Mandela, Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales, and he is widely idolized by many leftists, socialists and anti-imperialists across the world In turn, U.S. –cancelled agreements to buy Cuban sugar Cuba retaliated by seizing U.S. oil Refineries Oil companies refused to supply Cuba with crude oil. The...
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...Case 5-11 Case 5-1 America’s Cuban Conundrum: The Assignment Tonisha Pearson Strayer University – MKT 505: International Marketing July 29, 2012 Dr. David Holness, Instructor 1. Analyze the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. The key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO is the theory that law argues against the governments’ authority and the principle of International Law. The EU believed that there are measures in the Act that are divergent to the obligations of the United States of America in the WTO Agreements, particularly the GATS, Article 14 applying to trade and services, and GATT , Article 21 applying to trade in goods (Toledo, 2011). According to John H. Jackson, Andreas F. Lowenfeld, both Professors of Law, it is argued that the GAT and GATT contracts would provide a defense for the United States to many if not all of the United States Helms-Burton measures, even if some of these measures would otherwise be considered to be inconsistent with United States treaty obligations. These exceptions, however if given a broad interpretation could undermine the whole WTO treaty and impair the security and stability of the world trading system for which the WTO has been created. On the other hand, it is extremely important to all nations that national security to a requirement, and for an international...
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...Strategic management | Cuban Cigar industry | Professor Changwha Chung | Introduction Cuban cigars are known as the symbol of upper echelon class even for an uneducated cigar smoker. They are highly reputed for distinct taste and feel; also consider containing the world’s best tobacco. As a tropical region, Cuba’s land is possibly the ideal place to grow the finest tobacco and wrappers in the world. Even though cigars have been manufactured in other countries as well, Cuba’s cigars still hold the foremost choice of all cigar aficionados around the world. Cigar is mostly popular in United States as a symbol of class. This means that anyone would be tempted to invest in the cigar industry. However, the importation of the Cuban cigar to the United States is illegal. Due to the trade embargo imposed on Cuba by the Kennedy administration forty years ago, all economic trades between United States and Cuba are blocked. With the former U.S. president Jimmy Carter, the first U.S. president to visit Cuba following the embargo, there are speculations that the U.S. – Cuba relations would soften, leading to lifting the embargo restrictions. Obviously the potential slackening of the trade barrier would be an investor’s dream within this industry, but the reality of the situation is still very unpredictable. Forty years have passed since the embargo, and many cigar manufacturing industries have evolved around the world during this period, all contributing to U.S. cigar consumption...
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...Assignment 2: Case 5-1 “America's Cuban Conundrum” International Marketing 505 1.) Analyze the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. The EU took the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO because they felt that it violated international rules dealing with trade. The EU had a dispute with the U.S. regarding testing agriculture, trade and investments and biotechnology issues which were brought to the attention of the WTO found the following: The EU, concerned about the effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), proposed a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA) in 1994, and the U.S.-somewhat reluctantly-went along. There was to be no TAFTA to complement NAFTA, however: only a renewed political gesture in the form of the 1995 New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA) ("EU/US Summit,”). Its main lasting effect was the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD), the first transatlantic lobby, which brought about agreements on testing and certification as a step toward defining a new trade agenda. It also envisioned the creation of a New Transatlantic Marketplace (NTM) within which trade barriers between the U.S. and EU would be largely dismantled.(Padgett,2009) Continuously diluted, in 1998 the NTM became today's Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP), a limited agreement slighting key issues, particularly agriculture, audiovisual services, and culture. This failure to develop substantive transatlantic regulations means reliance...
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...opportunities created by governmental trade policies CHAPTER OVERVIEW A government’s political objectives are sometimes at odds with its economic proposals to improve a nation’s market efficiency and international competitiveness. Chapter Seven begins by discussing the reasons why and the ways in which governments intervene in the international trade process. It then examines the economic and the noneconomic effects of those actions upon participants in that process. Finally, the chapter considers the principle instruments of trade control, including both tariffs and nontariff barriers, and concludes with a discussion of ways in which firms can deal with adverse trading conditions both at home and abroad. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE [See Fig. 7.1.] The United States and Europe have a long history of protecting their domestic textile and garment manufacturing industries. Negotiated in response to political pressures from firms and workers in those countries, the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) of 1974 permitted importing countries to (i) place tariffs on imported textiles and clothing and (ii) negotiate quotas with exporting countries. The arrangement included more than forty countries whose firms were heavily tied to the U.S. and European...
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...In 2000 alone, 70 countries, consisting of two-thirds of the world’s population were subject to United States imposed sanctions (Van den Berg, 228). Currently the U.S. has sanctions imposed on countries such as Burma, North Korea and Cuba. The Cuban sanctions date back to the 1960’s. Sanctions can be imposed by one or several countries and come in a variety of shapes and sizes. This paper will examine trade and economic sanctions, the effectiveness of sanctions, as well as evaluate the sanctions the United States has imposed upon Iraq, Cuba, and North Korea. Trade sanctions, according to International Economics A Heterodox Approach, are trade restrictions imposed by a country in order to punish or persuade another country to change objectionable policies or behavior. Sanctions can be imposed either unilaterally or by a group of countries, or an organization such as the League of Nations, or the World Trade Organization. Trade sanctions can range from mild, selectively concentrating on a certain aspect of the economy, to extreme, targeting a countries entire economy (Barber 368). Trade sanctions can be used when military action is considered too extreme, but diplomatic protest is too meager. Trade sanctions are not without cost, but they are much less costly than other alternatives. A “sender” country imposes a sanction on another country to restrict its imports and exports, or to impede the country’s finances. The discomfort from a trade sanction is usually felt by the target...
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...however, HG must establish clear guidelines that reflect both U.S. law and corporate policy to guide the managers of their foreign operations. 4.IN HG’s NEXT PHASE, THE DAM CONSTRUCTION, SHOULD IT EMPLOY SOMEONE WHOSE MAIN FUNCTION IS TO BE A LIAISON BETWEEN HG’s CORPORATE CULTURE AND THE CULTURE OF UGANDA? IF SO, SHOULDMARTIN BE THE PERSON FOR THE JOB? The assignment taken up by Hydro Generations to construct a power plant in Uganda can be viewed in different phases. The first and initial phase can be listed as establishing an operating structure so that future work activities could be carried out smoothly and uninterrupted. The second phase consists of the construction of the dam. The final phase even though not mentioned in the case study could be assumed to be as the final construction of the power plant. Charles Martin’s initial assignment mainly dealt in the pre constructional phase where his duties were three pronged. 1. Working with Ugandan government authorities in the capital, Kampala, and withvillagers in the area where the dam was to be built to gain support and necessary permissions for the construction. 2. Establishing an office and hiring people for that office who would be responsible for local purchases, clearance of incoming goods through customs, immigration permissions for...
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...Case Study: Egycel Telecommunications ------------------------------------------------- Egycel Telecommunications, located in Egypt, has earned over 54 million subscribers since its establishment as one of the first companies to provide mobile services in the Middle East and North Africa. The company has seized every opportunity to acquire bigger market shares and has increased the size of its operations in the region dramatically. However, increasing numbers of competitors over the years have made opportunities for companies like Egycel scarcer than before. The company's Chairman, Fathy Mahgoub has called for an urgent meeting with the Board of Directors to review the company's performance and decide on a relevant course of action to boost profits once again. ------------------------------------------------- The meeting started early one morning with a presentation of the company's recent performance records in terms of market share and profitability over the last few months. Following that was an announcement of the major events in the world of business and more specifically in the field of telecommunications, both locally and globally. The board also discussed several political and social developments in different parts of the world that could be of interest to the company. One development that Fathy Mahgoub found quite appealing to his business was a recent announcement by the Cuban president Raul Castro stating that the ban on cell phones has been lifted....
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... Campaign contributions as emphasized here discusses the ways in which contributions are made to influence new or incumbent candidates to support a particular agenda based on factors that impact the candidate personally, such as the raising of significant funds to help a candidate be re-elected, or environmental issues to even social issues are of concern. Since the last decade, millions upon millions of dollars have been spent in state judicial elections, primarily by contributors with an interest in the outcome of litigation. Spending large sums of money on judicial elections is not a new phenomenon, but following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, the amount spent in these elections will likely increase. Given reported cases of judicial impropriety and public opinion polls indicating a loss of faith in the judiciary,...
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...REVIEW MATERIALS: Conceptual considerations: Discuss paradoxes and four orientations with which John Chasteen characterizes the changing foci of U.S. thinking on Latin America from the early 20th century to the present. •Racial/Cultural and Environmental Determinism: An image by Americans which suggested that Latin Americans are “Hot-Blooded Latins” with too much “non-white” blood, and do not have the self discipline needed in order to make a more democratic, stable society. There were Catholics, lacking a protestant work ethic. Americans also pictured Latin Americans to be lazy individuals. •Modernization Theory: Once the previous idea was settled, it came to the reality that the Latin American countries had to go through modernization, such as the United States, and their feeble network on which their society rested upon was that being criticized. •Dependency Theory: Students were sure that these two previous explanations were merely methods to blame the victims of abuse. They believed that Latin American economies stood in a dependent position relative to the world’s industrial powers. Therefore other nations took their overpowering stand, and forestalled Latin America’s industrialization. “Economic dependency” is why the nation did not follow the path it was supposed to follow. •Social Constructionism: The way race, gender, class, and national identities are “constructed” in people’s minds. Discuss Michel Rolph Trouillot’s theory of historical narratives ...
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...Birthrates: 9.9 births/1,000 population as estimated in 2014. 2. Distribution of the population Age Age bracket | Number | Percentage of population (%) | 15 and below | 1 941 439 | 17.3 | 15-64 | 7 984 741 | 71.1 | 64 and above | 1 309 648 | 11.7 | Gender Gender | Number | Percentage (%) | Male | 5 647 503 | 50.3 | Female | 5 581 309 | 49.7 | Geographic areas (urban, suburban, and rural density and concentration) Geographic Area | Density/Concentration | Urban | 77% | Suburban | 13% | Rural | 10% | Migration rates and patterns Cuba exhibits around 110 emigrants average per day (-4.57 in an hour). e. Ethnic groups The whole population is majorly composed of the Cuban natives. Spanish is the Cuban national language (Chomsky, Bricmont, and Franck 456). Ethnic group | Percentage (%) | Mulattos | 51 | Whites | 37 | Blacks | 11 | Chinese | 1 | Economic statistics and activity 1. Gross national product (GNP or GDP) The report given by the World Bank indicates the following: Item of statistics | Year 2014 | Year 2013 | Unit of measurement | GDP | 77.15 | 73.14 | USD Billion | GDP Annual Growth Rate | 4.70 | 1.30 | percentage | GDP per Capita | 5351.30 | 6208.85 | USD | The...
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...Political Science Quarterly, Spring 2001 v116 i1 p81 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limits of Crisis Management. RICHARD M. PIOUS. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 Academy of Political Science Nowhere do the constitutional prerogatives of the president seem greater than in the midst of national security crises; nowhere do we invest in the president greater resources of command. Although in the past half century presidents have surrounded themselves with a vast national security apparatus, consisting of intelligence agencies and the National Security Council, it is not at all clear that presidents have been effective as crisis managers. They often lack crucial information, use incomplete or misleading analogies to understand crisis situations, find it difficult to micromanage events, and are unable to project force effectively. Even when they are successful, it is often in spite of, rather than because of, the resources of the institutionalized presidency at their disposal. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 provides a case study of how John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev almost blundered into a nuclear war through the crisis management approaches of their advisory systems, but then managed to extricate themselves using personal diplomacy and old-fashioned political horsetrading. They did so without revealing to the world how they had defused the crisis, a decision to maintain confidentiality with far reaching consequences for subsequent presidential crisis decision making...
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...Economic Sanctions As a Policy Instrument Author(s): James Barber Source: International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 55, No. 3 (Jul., 1979), pp. 367-384 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2615145 . Accessed: 13/04/2013 21:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Wiley and Royal Institute of International Affairs are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.93.5.133 on Sat, 13 Apr 2013 21:49:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ECONOMICSANCTIONSAS A POLICY INSTRUMENT CONOMIC sanctions economic directed political to are measures such objectives. arenormally They supplemented byother measures, as and or of theseverance restrictiondiplomatic cultural butunless ties; ' in ' refers to otherwise theuseoftheterm sanctions this...
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...1. INTRODUCTION The horrors of Somalia, Angola and the Congo (present day Democratic Republic of Congo) made the new challenges that the present day United Nations faces easier to confront, as they highlighted the glaring weaknesses that riddled the early days of peacekeeping. The UN was portrayed as a vulnerable institution without a spine which could not enact strong and effective policies to deal with interventions, and it was this view which led me to look at the three most decisive UN interventions conducted on the African continent since its inception. The interventions in Angola , Somalia and Congo , were all conducted at different stages of the UN’s reign , and as such they help paint a clearer image on how far the organisation has come from post-World War II , through the Cold War to the present day. A major tool of the UN in its unprecedented efforts has been its UN Charter , within which it manifests its principles and goals clearly and concisely, and it is through this framework that it has conducted itself in every UN peacekeeping mission. The Charter is the working document of the UN as it follows its guidelines in a diligent and stringent manner. However, this stance has led to it being exploited by more cunning leaders, or even finding itself in the complex situation of being tempted to disobey the Charter, due to its limiting and constraining nature. In this essay, I will focus primarily on a combination of all the approaches used in writing essays .As such...
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...March 2, 2013 – The Everglades Flood Control and Restoration: A Century of Disaster OUTLINE ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Before drainage of the Everglades began over a century ago, the wetlands of southern Florida were an interconnected hydrological assortment of lavish freshwater lakes and streams, cypress swamps, secluded estuarine lagoons, freshwater sloughs, tree islands, wet prairies, and mangrove swamps spanning 3.6 million hectares. After a century of intrusion, the daunting task of understanding, fixing, maintaining, and regaining a sustainable, natural Everglades-type ecosystem in South Florida is monumental. The area south of Lake Okeechobee now has a human population of over four million people, with greedy agricultural and urban demands for more water and more space. Therefore, several uphill battles have ensued. The conceptual plans for restoring this ecosystem, currently on record, are all extremely expensive to implement. A more thorough definition of the environmental and societal objectives and measures of success are required. How the ecosystem will respond to the return of a more natural hydrological pattern is uncertain, but needs to be addressed as the expected and desired outcome through measures of performance. The critical level of deterioration of the Everglades has created a crisis-management atmosphere instead of a full spectrum response and future prevention methodology. The political and social aspects of the Everglades...
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