...and the government, the anti-occupy parties or the police force happened lasting 79 days since 28 of September 2014, known as the umbrella movement. There is a question whether youngsters’ participation in the umbrella movement can be explained by Merton’s strains towards anomie theory. To answer such question, it would be required to consider and descript few key terms stated in the question, followed by the linkages and applicability between those terms with detailed justification and draw proper conclusion at last. I tentatively would say yes to the given question before making my deeper explanation. Merton’s anomie theory composes three elements including cultural structures, social structure and anomie. Taken together, the mismatch between cultural structure and social structure and strains towards anomie on part of individual form two conditions for anomie (Merton, 1938). Beside Merton’s theory, it is crucial to define what youngsters’ participation and umbrella movement stand for. A random poll conducted in Central, Mong Kok and Causeway Bay during 20 to 26 of October 2014 showed that 61% of participants in the umbrella movement was under 29 years old (Cheng and Yuen, 2014). Therefore, Youngsters’ participation in the umbrella movement may refer to students or those aged below 29, while this was a youngster-led protest movement, which aimed at changing Hong Kong’s Chief Executive election system, initiated by classes boycotts and assumed as an unauthorized and illegal...
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...one of the most visible political forces of the 19th century, is as much an issue of identity as it is of civic action. The political concept of nationalism can be organized into various categories such as liberal, civic, ethnic or cultural, as the definition of nationalism varies. Although civilization has always had a tendency to organize itself around a shared identity, nationalism is generally identified as a modern movement. Emergence and Origins Nationalism came into political focus in the 1990s as a consequence of the emergence of striking nationalist movements such as those in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The conflict that emerges from differing ethic and cultural communities residing under the same political entity has become one of the most pressing issues of modern politics. The notion that nationalism is a recent phenomenon is part of the modernist perspective, while the primordialist perspective recognizes that nationalism has always been a part of human civilization’s need to organize based on shared origin. State vs. Nation Central to the discussion of the various definitions of nationalism is the difference between the concept of state and the concept of a nation. Because the boundaries of a nation are not drawn by state lines, but rather by various factors that form human identity -- culture, language, religion, common origin and ethnicity -- a nation can be defined as a cultural community. This differs from a state that is simply a political entity. In many circumstances...
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...Mao’s reinvention: the destruction of the Capitalist Roader The Great Proletarian Revolution was filled of bloodshed and terror in an attempt for a dictator to regain long lost power. This revolution was to undertake the cleansing of political capitalist roaders trying to undermine Communist China. To do so, Mao needed the support of the masses in which he employed millions of students to begin to find capitalist opposition to his ideas, and regain political stature amidst the removal of opposing ideas. This event was to make use of the members of the Communist Red Guard, which Mao created to occupy the strength of teenage masses in china. The Red Guard, although great in strength, had eventually become a major weakness for the revolution. Mao used the Cultural Revolution to regain political stature through the removal of capitalist opposing thought, and did so using the removal of four olds to cover over this. This was significantly effective, but created lasting effects that he struggled to control until his death. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution had begun in 1966. The revolution was based on a sixteen point decision made by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party relating to the removal of capitalists. This decision was to remove all “old ideas, culture, customs and habits” from the bourgeoisie (a social class based on capital) and replace them with the “new ideas, culture, customs and habits of the proletariat to change the mental outlook of the...
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...English 123 II – 2.2 Final Project Milestone One: Annotation Bibliography By Vincent Berry WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION? Are record labels racism and political in the music industry? What impact does racism and politics have on the artist and fan base? SUMMORIZE SOURCE INFORMATION FOR EACH ANNOTATION Suisman, David. "Co Workers in the Kingdom of Culture: Black Swan Records and the Political Economy of African American Music." Teaching the Journal of American History Vol. 90, No. 4.March 2004 (2004): 1295-1324. Web. 1 Mar. 2004. African American owned Record Company, which produced records for African American consumers, was faced with attempts by a large record corporation to force them into bankruptcy. Why would a large company do this for such a small African American owned company? How would it merit attention from African American people in this medium when you have more important subjects like voting rights and lynching? Moreover, why would it merit any attention at all, not to mention, selling records to black consumers. This article answers these questions and investigates the rise and fall of the small record company and explores the political economy in which it operated. Black Swan Records created by Henry H. Pace, who saw a way to respond to a hostile environment that African American people faced with, both in the entertainment industry and in American society. The protégé of W.E.B Du Bois, also saw that African Americans were not equally even when they...
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...The counter cultural movement began in 1960s in the wake of Vietnam war. The young people were frustrated due to racism, gender issues, consumerism, and the conservative nature of society in general. They were looking for a change and found it in the emerging counter cultural movements of 1960s. The youngsters began to question the traditional values and culture of the Orthodox American society. They welcomed sex, drugs and pop music. The counter culture movement reached its heights in 1969, when the young people attended the Woodstock Music and Art Festival at Newyork. The festival became a symbol of anti-war movement. The festival was a mixture of hippie, pop and drug culture. One of the notable feature of the counter culture movement was the sexual freedom and rise of feminism. There was a steep rise in abortions, orphans and divorce. Political activism on the part of women resulted in the formation of National organization for Women (NOW). Other than women, homosexuals were also raised their voice for equality which was later included the Civil Rights issue. Stone Wall Inn riots in 1969 and the establishment of Gay Liberation Front were important steps in their struggle for civil rights. The counter cultural sentiments were also expressed in movies and arts. The movement did not limit in North America alone, but spread to Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. An international rock and roll group from Britain known as the Beatles was widely popular. The counter culture...
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...Theories of Social Movements Relative Deprivation Theory Relative deprivation theory, developed by Denton Morrison (1971) is a more general theory about why individuals join social movements. A person experiences relative deprivation when she feels that she is not receiving her “fair share” of what seems to be available. Therefore, the people who are the worst off are not necessarily the ones experiencing relative deprivation. For instance, research in the Civil Rights movement showed that African Americans who were the most active were not most deprived but were fairly well-off, such as college students or religious leaders but they were the ones who felt the most relatively deprived. Key to the idea of relative deprivation is the notion of expectations, that is, what people think they deserve and want in life. If these expectations are met, people do not experience discontent or relative deprivation. On the other hand, if people compare themselves to their reference groups and find that they have less, they will experience relative deprivation. If an individual feels that everyone else seems to be wealthier or generally seems to have it better, they will experience relative deprivation. A second key to the idea of relative deprivation is the notion of legitimate expectations. Relative deprivation is not simply the idea that people want what everyone else has. It is the idea that they think they deserve it and have a right to it. Therefore, if they do not get what they...
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...Weimar Germany; however this idea has been challenged my many historians. During this period there was an element of political calm but it was mainly typified by political inaction and a failure of coalition governments to agree on any important issues. Economic development did occur but was minimal, and the period was one of slow economic growth and “relative stagnation”. Similarly, there were several signs of social progress and cultural development, but the years were significantly characterised by cultural polarisation. Therefore the blanket statement: “Germany experienced a period of political calm, economic development and social progress in the mid 1920s” ignores the problems in Weimar Germany at this time and is therefore not entirely correct, each clause contains some validity. In politics, there was a clear reduction in extra-parliamentary attempts opposing the government and political system. This was particularly significant as the preceding 1919-23 period was characterised by such threats from the Left and Right of the political spectrum, for example the Spartacist uprising, the Kapp Putsch and the Beer Hall Putsch. However, the mid 1920s cannot be said to have been years of political stability. Despite the reduction in threats to the Weimar state, the parliamentary system failed to mature and develop - a political stagnation developed, not a political calm. Seven governments were formed and dissolved during the 1924-29 years, and only two of these claimed a working...
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...to be viewed as a critical turning point in the changing of attitudes and the development of a burgeoning Irish nationalism. Historians have said of the Famine that it was, “the most tragic famine in modern British history”, having a “shocking, demoralizing impact”. Kee goes further by suggesting the Famine should be read as "a form of genocide engineered by the English against the Irish people." Ultimately the Famine provided the platform for militant activity against British Rule but in the shorter term it was also the catalyst for the expression of other nationalist feelings, some of which took on a greater constitutional outlook. The high point of cultural nationalism came with the splitting of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and the formation of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. This growth of cultural nationalism was expressed by a growing interest in Irish history; its language, sport, and folklore. The fomenting of militant nationalism stemmed from increasing disillusionment with the IPP and its continuing failure to achieve Home Rule. In turn this impacted on the renaissance of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and the birth of Sinn Féin. Militant nationalism culminated in the Easter Rising...
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...Sentences of explanation b. Technological Globalization (I) sentence of support (II) Sentences of explanation c. Cultural Globalization (I) sentence of support (II) Sentences of explanation d. Political Globalization (I) sentence of support (II) Sentences of explanation 4. Benefits of Globalization a. International Trade b. Movement of people c. Spread of knowledge (and technology) d. Capital Movement e. Protection of Fundamental Human rights f. Cultural Diversity 5. Conclusion Globalization Globalization (or Globalisation) is the increasing interconnectedness of people and places as a result of advances in transport, communication, and information technologies that cause political, economic, and cultural convergence. It is the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe. Carnegie endowment for international peace also defines Globalization as a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. There are three main types of Globalization(Economy...
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...United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research themes include: Crisis, Adjustment and Social Change; Socio-Economic and Political Consequences of the International Trade in Illicit Drugs; Environment, Sustainable Development and Social Change; Integrating Gender into Development Policy; Participation and Changes in Property Relations in Communist and Post-Communist Societies; and Political Violence and Social Movements. UNRISD research projects focused on the 1995 World Summit for Social Development included Rethinking Social Development in the 1990s; Economic Restructuring and Social Policy; Ethnic Diversity and Public Policies; Social Integration at the Grassroots: The Urban Dimension; and The Challenge of Rebuilding War-torn Societies. ...
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...Jamaica: The Rastafarian Movement Introduction to the Rastafari Phenomenon By Nathaniel Samuel Murrell Seldom has such a relatively small cultural phenomenon as Rastafari attracted so much attention from young people, the media, and scholars in the fields of religion, anthropology, politics, and sociology. The signature long, natty dreads on the heads of Rastafarians, who fearlessly chant down Babylon (Western political and economic domination and cultural imperialism) with the help of reggae music, make Rastafari a highly visible movement and "one of the most powerful cultural forces among youths in Jamaica" and in countries around the world where one least expects to find elements of Afro-Caribbean culture. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, few people bothered to study the significance of the political and ideological concepts in Rastafarian culture. Even Jamaicans who may have understood the philosophy of the movement regarded Rastafari as another passing fad, which would die a natural death once the novelty wore off. Former Rastafarian and practicing psychologist Leahcim Tefani Semaj noted that during this phase of the movement, the dominant public opinion toward the Rastafarians was "The damn Rasta dem, wey de Rasta dem want, we just put dem in a damn boat and put dem out in the sea and sink the boat-say dem want go Africa!" Prior to the 1970s, images of the unsanitary-looking, marijuana-smoking "Natty Dread" with unkempt dreadlocks, often controlling...
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...Political Communalisation of Religions and the Crisis of Secularism – D L Sheth Pgs 94 – 99 Intro: • Political changes in India in the late 20th century • Independent Indian State managed to redefine the various divisions in society • Was done by legally redefining the relationship between communities and the State • Impartial sustainability has been replaced by a system that puts more importance on community identities • This increases the conflict between majority and minority communal groups Democracy’s Secularisation Process • Political Secularisation – permeating every corner of social, economic and cultural life with politics • Reduces the importance of relationships including those between individual and community • Ends up linking the collective goals to individual ends and desires • This is different from the modernity concept which gives more importance to the individual than the collective • Since democracy is forced to respond to popular demand, they are thus forced to listen to large communities • But these collectives must also acquire “democratic” habits to ensure its own survival o This includes alliances with other communities o Making the community who has power more accessible for members’ use • It is democracy’s structural difference from modernity draws communities directly into politics • However once these communities enter, they modify and change the universal...
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...Tiananmen square conflict students and residents both protested because they believed their government to be unfair as well not following the Chinese Constitution. There are a few factors that could have contributed such as cultural, economical, or political ones. The main reason that many believe to be what led to the protests is the death of Hu Yaobang. Hu was the general secretary of the Communist party of China. He was considered controversial because he believed that the government should become more western in there policies and was a supporter of democracy. When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989,students began to organize on the 16 of April. Millions of people joined the march making it as said by the article China-Conflict at Tiananmen Square: “ the greatest challenge to the communist state in China since the 1949 revolution”. The protests lasted for seven weeks until June 3 when the army moved into the area shooting random protesters. Outside governments were horrified but what had happened. UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said she was “shocked and appalled by the shootings”. Three ways that cultural reasons could be one of the factors that helped cause the conflict are these. First, the student protesting is of cultural importance because they were marching to gain democracy and freedom. They wanted to be seen as citizens. As told to author of Massacre in Beijing during an interview with a reporter a...
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...Liu Shaoqi -Revolutionary, Communist, president of the PRC -1898-1969, died in prison. -The most famous victim of the Cultural Revolution, “the biggest unjust case of the CCP”, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1980 and given a state funeral Zhou Enlai -A leader of the CCP, Revolutionary, diplomat -1898-1976 -The first Primer of the PRC, most important political partner of Mao, very positive appraise by the history and Chinese people. American Volunteer Group Lin Biao - a major Communist military leader -Leader of the army during the civil war, especially in Northeastern China. - Lin had chance to be the successor of Mao, but his relation with Mao became terrible later in the Cultural Revolution. Lin died in plane crush in Mongolia, and he is also blamed for the cultural revolution Jiang Qing -4th Wife of Mao -Became to be active in Chinese political life in 1960s Cultural revolution. -She is the leader of Gang of Four, also one of the main leaders during the CR. Joseph Stilwell -American General, -US government sent Stilwell to Chongqing in 1942 - The Chief of Staff in China Burma India Theater, left the position because of conflicts with Jiang; Red Guards -A special group of China during the CR. Most RG are students -During the CR -So called “solider of Chairman Mao”, regard the little red book as all the truth, easy to be egged and the main power of CR Hu Yaobang -The General Secretary of the CCP -Took the position during 1982-1987...
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...the Chartism’s support in terms of economic pressure, national political movement and inclusive cultural community. 3) The essay will explore how the three factors were important in the speech for gaining support for Chartism and which proved to be the more dominant factor. Economic Pressure 1) At the time of Chartism, economy was on a downturn, especially in regards to the poorer classes. 2) Use quotes from the speech to demonstrate economic pressures identified. 3) Refer to Asa Briggs secondary Source, who advocates the significance of economic pressure. National Political Movement 1) Explore how political references and terminology was used in the speech. 2) Provide quotes from the speech as evidence of political movement. 3) Quote Gareth Stedman Jones Secondary Source in reference to political movement. Cultural Community 1) Chartism was directed to both men and women, show evidence of this from the speech. 2) Refer to Dorothy Thompson Secondary Source providing evidence that women were involved. Conclusion 1) Discuss all three factors being evident in the speech. 2) Reflect on evidence showing political movement to be the more dominant factor. Words = 196 Part 2 In no more than 800 words, write an essay in response to the above question. The essay will discuss the three factors used in the speech to gain support for Chartism. Chartism was a movement prominent between 1839-1848 when England was...
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