a. Introduction i. Culture is mainly an unspoken, nonverbal phenomenon because most aspects of one’s culture are learned through observation and imitation rather than by explicit verbal instruction ii. \nonverbal communication is composed of both biologically determined and cultural-specific components iii. Nonverbal messages serve a variety of functions 1. Culture shapes display rules of when, how, what, and with whom certain nonverbal expressions should be revealed or repressed b. Nonverbal codes iv. Physical appearance 2. Relatively stable physical features of human beings such as gender, height, weight, skin color and body 3. Strategic use of artifacts associated with one’s physical appearance like clothing, jewelry, make-up, hairstyles, and accessories 4. Race and culture have an effect of facial recognition a. Cross-race effect v. Proxemics 5. Cultures differ substantially with regard to their use of personal space, territory, and the meanings assigned vi. Chronemics 6. The study of the meanings, usage, and communication of time 7. Perceptions of time vary dramatically from culture to culture b. U.S. – time is a commodity c. Middle East and Latin America - Historical context important before addressing the present d. Asians – a relational issue rather than clock time vii. Kinesics 8. Communication of the body in motion and aspects of peoples facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and conversational regulators e. Facial expression of emotion has cultural “accents” 9. Kinesic conversational behaviors differ across cultures 10. Gestures differ dramatically across cultures in terms of meaning, extensiveness, and intensity viii. Haptics, or tactile communication 11. Nonverbal messages conveyed through touch 12. Vast differences in the amount of touch, type of touch, location, etc. among cultures f. Italians, Greeks, and Hispanics touch more and are more comfortable with touch compared to English, French, Dutch, U.S g. Touch is more embarrassing and discomforting for Japanese and Chinese h. Touching an Arab with the left hand is a social insult ix. Vocalic, or paralanguage 13. All nonverbal elements of voice x. Olfactics 14. Interpersonal communication mediated by smell 15. Our body associates certain smells with different feelings and emotions. Smells are also powerful at triggering our memory, with certain smells being tied to different emotions, people, or events. c. Dimensions of intercultural nonverbal communication (context, identity, power, gender, uncertainty, time, and immediacy) xi. Context 16. The degree to which communication is explicit and verbal versus implicit and nonverbal i. High context cultures (e.g., Japan) - meanings are internalized and there is a large emphasis nonverbal codes i. Typically found in Asia j. Low context cultures (such as U.S.) – messages are communicated through explicit codes and usually via verbal channels ii. Lowest context cultures Swiss, German, U.S. iii. Logical, analytical, linear, and action oriented 17. Four principles of context k. Verbal communication and other explicit codes are more prevalent in low-context cultures such as the United States and Northern Europe l. High context cultures do not value verbal communication in the same way that low context cultures do m. High context cultures are more reliant on and tuned into nonverbal communication n. In high context cultures, interactants expect more than in low context cultures xii. Individualism and collectivism (Identity) 18. Individualistic cultures emphasize I-identity o. Value personal rights and freedoms p. The most individualistic countries are U.S., Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden 19. Collectivist cultures emphasize We-identity q. More group oriented r. The least individualistic countries are Venezuela, Colombia, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Chile, and Hong Kong 20. Every aspect of nonverbal communication is affected by the degree of individualism and collectivism in a culture s. Proxemics – individualistic cultures are more distant t. Kinesics – more coordinated in collectivist cultures iv. Confrontational strategies more likely in individualistic cultures v. People are encouraged to express emotions in individualistic cultures xiii. Power distance 21. The degree to which power, prestige, and wealth are unequally distributed in a culture 22. High power – power disproportionate, in the hands of a few 23. Low power – power distributed, more or less equally 24. Low PDI countries include: Austria, Israel, Denmark, New Zealand, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, and Great Britain 25. High PDI countries include: the Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Singapore, Brazil, Hong Kong, France, and Columbia 26. In High PDI cultures with castes, contact with certain casts forbidden 27. Cultures with high power discrepancies produce unique kinesic behaviors u. High PDI – emotional expressions that reveal status xiv. Gender 28. The gender orientation of the culture. 29. Gender, in this context, refers to the rigidity of gender rules 30. Girls are expected to be more nurturing than boys 31. Highest masculinity ratings: Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy, Switzerland, Mexico, Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, and the Philippines 32. Lowest masculinity ratings: Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Chile, Portugal, Thailand, Peru 33. High masculine cultures have fewer women in the labor force 34. Androgynous behavior results in higher self-esteem, social competence, success and intellectual development for both males and females 35. Countries in which women are economically important and where sexual standards are permissive show more relaxed vocal patterns than do other countries xv. Uncertainty 36. Uncertainty tolerance as a cultural characteristic is a predisposition to value risk and ambiguity over certainty and stability v. At an individual level, this is referred to as tolerance for ambiguity 37. Top 10 highest uncertainty avoidance countries include: Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Japan, Peru, France, Chile, Spain, Argentina, and Turkey 38. Top 10 lowest uncertainty avoidance countries include: Singapore, Denmark, Sweden, Hong Kong, Ireland, Great Britain, India, the Philippines, U.S., Canada, and New Zealand xvi. Future orientation 39. Some societies have a short term orientation while others have a long term orientation w. Long term orientations believe in continuity, persistence, work orientation, thrift, investments in real estate, and a more relative view of morality. vi. Long term cultures believe ego and face-saving are vices vii. That personal adaptability is important viii. Relationships are important, but ordered by status x. Short term orientation cultures value instant gratification, quick results, short-term profits, and the importance of the bottom line ix. Short term cultures value leisure time, x. Saving face is important xi. Good and evil are absolute values xii. Status is not particularly important in personal relationships xvii. Immediacy 40. Behaviors and displays of interpersonal warmth, actions that signal closeness, intimacy, and availability for communication rather than avoidance and greater psychological distance 41. Cultures that display considerable interpersonal closeness or immediacy have been labeled “contact cultures” because people in these cultures stand closer together and touch more 42. High contact cultures generally located in warmer countries y. This is true even within the U.S. z. In northern latitudes, societies must be more structured and organized if they are to survive harsh weather forces. In contrast, southern latitudes may attract or produce a culture characterized by social extravagance and flamboyance that has no strong inclination to constrain 43. High contact cultures include most Arab countries including North Africa, the Mediterranean region, including France, Greeze, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain, Jews, Eastern Europeans and Russians, and virtually all of Latin America 44. Low contact cultures include Northern Europe, including Scandinavia, Germany, and England, British Americans, white Anglo-Saxons (U.S.), and virtually every Asian country, including Burma, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam d. Conclusions I. MONOCHRONIC AND POLYCHRONIC TIME (Hall)

e. Polychromic time orientation xviii. Multiple tasks are completed simultaneously xix. Are more concerned with people and the present moment rather than schedules xx. Believe they are in command of time rather than controlled by it f. Monochromic time orientation xxi. Organize lives around time xxii. Rely heavily on time keeping instruments xxiii. Emphasize schedule xxiv. Segment time (one task at a time) xxv. Promptness is important g. M-time and P-time are not dichotomous xxvi. A continuum xxvii. the conscious and unconscious ways people, because of their cultural backgrounds, perceive and employ these orientations xxviii. For polychronic people, time is seldom experienced as “wasted,” and is apt to be considered a point rather than a ribbon or a road, but point is often sacred xxix. For M-time, scheduling allows people to compartmentalize. This makes it possible to concentrate on one thing at a time, but it also reduces context. h. North Americans are often stressed in Latin America and the Middle East because of P-time xxx. Appointments are particularly trouble xxxi. Little in life escapes M-time i. M-time is tangible xxxii. Time saved, wasted, spent, lost xxxiii. Arbitrary and imposed xxxiv. Schedules often cut things short xxxv. Schedules can alienate rather than connect us with reality j. Theoretically, P-time systems should demand a much greater centralization of control and be characterized by a rather shallow and simple structure k. Administration and control xxxvi. In the Middle East and Latin America, it is a matter of job analysis 45. Taking each subordinates job, identifying activities that contribute to make up the job. These are then labeled and indicated on an elaborate chart with checks to make it possible for the administration to be sure that each function has been performed xxxvii. M-time schedule the activity and leave the analysis of activities of the job to the individual l. M-time and P-time have strengths and weaknesses xxxviii. Monochromic organization – indifferent to the person xxxix. P-time is extremely dependent on the leader to handle any contingencies and stay on top of things m. Polychronic cultures are by nature oriented toward people xl. U.S. usually thought of as M-time, but really a combination of M and P time xli. There are many instances where cultural patterns are on a collision course, and there can be no resolution until the point of conflict is identified xlii. Not all M-time and P-time the same

II.
MONOCHRONIC AND POLYCHRONIC TIME (Hall)

n. Polychromic time orientation xliii. Multiple tasks are completed simultaneously xliv. Are more concerned with people and the present moment rather than schedules xlv. Believe they are in command of time rather than controlled by it o. Monochromic time orientation xlvi. Organize lives around time xlvii. Rely heavily on time keeping instruments xlviii. Emphasize schedule xlix. Segment time (one task at a time) l. Promptness is important p. M-time and P-time are not dichotomous li. A continuum lii. the conscious and unconscious ways people, because of their cultural backgrounds, perceive and employ these orientations liii. For polychronic people, time is seldom experienced as “wasted,” and is apt to be considered a point rather than a ribbon or a road, but point is often sacred liv. For M-time, scheduling allows people to compartmentalize. This makes it possible to concentrate on one thing at a time, but it also reduces context. q. North Americans are often stressed in Latin America and the Middle East because of P-time lv. Appointments are particularly trouble lvi. Little in life escapes M-time r. M-time is tangible lvii. Time saved, wasted, spent, lost lviii. Arbitrary and imposed lix. Schedules often cut things short lx. Schedules can alienate rather than connect us with reality s. Theoretically, P-time systems should demand a much greater centralization of control and be characterized by a rather shallow and simple structure t. Administration and control lxi. In the Middle East and Latin America, it is a matter of job analysis 46. Taking each subordinates job, identifying activities that contribute to make up the job. These are then labeled and indicated on an elaborate chart with checks to make it possible for the administration to be sure that each function has been performed lxii. M-time schedule the activity and leave the analysis of activities of the job to the individual u. M-time and P-time have strengths and weaknesses lxiii. Monochromic organization – indifferent to the person lxiv. P-time is extremely dependent on the leader to handle any contingencies and stay on top of things v. Polychronic cultures are by nature oriented toward people lxv. U.S. usually thought of as M-time, but really a combination of M and P time lxvi. There are many instances where cultural patterns are on a collision course, and there can be no resolution until the point of conflict is identified
Not all M-time and P-time the same