...CAUTHE 2007 Conference Tourism: Past Achievements, Future Challenges HOSPITALITY: A SOCIAL LENS: CHALLENGING THE EXISTING ORDER Paul Lynch University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom paul.lynch@strath.ac.uk Alison Morrison University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom ABSTRACT This paper locates developments in hospitality research, notably relating to hospitality studies, in the context of Kuhn’s (1962) evolution of scientific theory. The paper highlights the development of the ‘hospitality lens’ by Lashley, Lynch and Morrison (2007) and suggests it can facilitate the study of hospitality in any social situation from a strengthened social scientific perspective. It is argued that the study of hospitality should be not just for understanding hospitality but also society itself. Such an approach is suggested as both logical and healthy for the subject development with adoption of more critical perspectives on hospitality. The considerable implications of adopting a ‘new’ hospitality research agenda are described with reference to the conceptualization of hospitality, the nature of research and the research community, subject implications including journal publication outlets, and the higher education context. Keywords: Hospitality lens; ‘new’ hospitality; subject development. INTRODUCTION This paper moves beyond any pre-occupation with the vocational roots of hospitality higher education debate as it is considered that that debate has had its day. Rather, the content is framed within...
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...The Relationship between Critical Thinking and Ethics Introduction Critical thinking is essential to the success of every human activity, the quality of what we do in our daily lives depend on the effectiveness of our thought, morally or immorally. Critical Thinking "Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process – the reasoning that went into the conclusion we've arrived at the kinds of factors considered in making a decision. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome." Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 1996. Critical thinking occurs when individuals are allowed to analyze and evaluates evidence, argument, claim and beliefs of their task and draw conclusions. Critical thinking is what enhances our thoughts in the decision making process. * Ethics Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures"...
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...should be done, made or thought about. Cognitive dissonance (psychology): the excessive mental stress and discomfort experienced by the individual who: * Holds 2+ contradictory beliefs, ideas, of values simultaneously * Is confronted by new info that conflicts with existing BIV Is/ought dilemma: us aging -> the world as we wish to be OR the world as it actually is HISTORICAL LENS/NEW HISTORICAL LENS Historical criticism -> insisted we need to know a literary piece, that we need to know authors bio, social background, ideas during that time, cultural milieu (environment) New historicism New Historicism: seeks to find meaning in a text by considering the work within framework of prevailing ideas/assumptions of its era. *All about paying close attention to historical context of literary works (e.g: poems, novels, plays) GOALS: 1) Study how a work of literature reflects its historical/sociocultural context 2) Understand how literary works comments on and relates to its context Therefore, approach is interdisciplinary Example of this lens: Always by Erasure MARXIST LENS (Karl Heinrich Marx + Friedrich Engles) * A form of critique for interrogating all societies and their texts in terms of certain specific issues like race, class, and the attitudes shared within a given culture (see terms) * Marxist critique may begin such an analysis by showing how an authors text reflects his/her ideology thru an examination of the fictional worlds characters,...
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...Culture Critical Lens, by looking through this lens we look at the race and culture of the characters in Othello as well as the author, Shakespeare. We learn how Othello's race makes him different and a outsider from the rest of society. We look at the beliefs of the characters, which in Othello they believe strongly in Christianity, this is where they get their beliefs and opinions of the world. The cultural lens also looks at how their culture shaped who they are and how they act/treat others in particular women. Cultural Criticism is seen all throughout Othello. From how Iago and Roderigo refereed to Othello as a animals like the "old Black ram"(Shakespeare 13 ll. 97-98) because of his race he is looked down on by the common "white man". Through out the play you can see how men where superior to women in their culture and the limited freedom they had. How Othello takes the words of a man over his own wife, believing lies and condemning truth. Finally you see how big of a role their religion played in the story as they use religious phrases and symbols throughout the...
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...Critical Thinking and Ethics GEN/201 Critical Thinking and Ethics In life, one might find him- or herself unable to make clear decisions based on their situation or ideas. People often find themselves stuck in the decision-making process when presented with new information. Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate situations or issues in order to form a judgement. In order to be a critical thinker, one must be willing to ask questions in order to seek answers. Psychologist Benjamin Bloom’s Levels of Thinking, plays an important role in how we process information. The thinking process consists of six levels: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Remembering – which is the first level of the thinking process – requires a person to recall a fact or information. The second level, understanding, deals with the comprehension of information. Applying is the level where learned information is used in new situations. Analyzing requires newly learned material to be broken down into component parts in order to be understood. Evaluating is one of the top two levels of the thinking process. In order to evaluate, one must create judgements based on standards. The final level of the thinking process – creating – requires reorganization of the previous elements in order to form a new idea (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). While taking the Ethical Lens Inventory, I had to select statements and situations that would describe myself...
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...Critical social theorists have a desire to influence and change social problems occurring in society and inform disciplines including human services practice, and guide practitioners through critical social theories to explain and understand social phenomenon (Chenoweth & McAuliffe, 2015, p. 130). Past sociological theories were created in a different era where Eurocentric ideologies were favoured to explain social issues and inform human services practice. However, since progression of evolution, globalisation and racial activism, theorists are presenting new social theories to inform disciplines of new developments and applying these theories to social problems. Critical race theory (CRT), acts to provoke change from macro structures by advocating...
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...2 This chapter describes a four-lens model for understanding adult learning theories and provides adult educators and administrators with a useful conceptual framework for working with adult learners in adult degree programs. Adult Learning Theory and the Pursuit of Adult Degrees Richard Kiely, Lorilee R. Sandmann, Janet Truluck Diane Johnson, after home-schooling her three children, knew she needed an official credential to continue to work in the field of elementary education. Facing mandatory retirement from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, William Branson enrolled in a master’s program in counseling to assist incarcerated juveniles that he had been dealing with for years. Amy Garcia, a mother of two small children, seeks an online, cohort-based program to provide her the skills and abilities needed to advance her career while meeting family and work demands. Diane, William, and Amy reflect several of the groups that make up the growing number of adults pursuing formal degree programs. The strongest growth in educational participation in the past two to three decades has been in part-time enrollments of students over age twenty-five, in particular, women (University Continuing Education Association, 2002). The population of those over sixty years old in the United States is expected to grow from 45 million in 2000 to more than 91 million in 2030; many are participating in adult degree programs (University Continuing Education Association, 2002). The National Center...
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...Tisha Brady, Instructor English 101 Spring 2010 (614) 783-0546 tbrady@cscc.edu ESSAY 2: Lens of Perception Notes Similar to your second writing response, Essay Two is also about the lens of perception. As individuals, we filter all the information that we receive through the “lens” of human perception. Although we all might be viewing the same thing, it is possible that we will all have a different interpretation of what occurred. In Essay Two you will select a text and write a review. A review provides critical evaluation of the subject through commentary. Your review will allow you to enter into a dialogue and discussion with the author and with your audience. You should offer agreement or disagreement with the writer’s work and identify what may be lacking in the text such as specific knowledge, organization, etc. How will you interpret the text and how does your background shape your understanding of the topic? Can you convince your reader of your interpretation of the text? Your review should include the following information: 1. Name of author, text and theme 2. A concise summary of the content which includes relevant descriptions of the topic, its overall perspective, argument, or purpose. 3. A description of the author’s point of view/lens of perception 4. Note any political, social, historical or cultural context in which the work is written. 5. Offer your interpretation of the text and support your interpretation ...
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...development that are critical for a counselor to possess a solid, thorough understanding so they can draw upon this information to help solve problems and find solutions for the client. The theoretical lens that best fits with my view of human development would be the multidimensional / systems theories because there are so many different aspects that are influencing development and that are influenced by development. In particular, I felt Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory as well as Life Span Developmental Theory make the most sense. My initial thoughts on the major issues in development such as continuity and discontinuity are to side with continuity, in that development changes steadily and over a period of time versus rapid and only during the transitions between stages. In regard to nature and nurture, I feel that the book is accurate in stating on page 18 that they are interdependent upon one another versus separate and “against” one another. Regarding universality and specificity, Sternberg’s findings on page 21 shows that we must use a multi cultural approach to fit in with our multi cultural world that exists now. Finally, in regard to activity and passivity, I feel that the term the book used of bidirectionality on page 23 accurately to illustrate the “organism and the environment changing each other”. Using the bioecological lens to examine how development is impacted from childhood to adulthood is the discussion of biological supports and cultural supports and how...
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...Critical Thinking and Ethics I find that the steps in critical thinking are remembering which is to remembering the key facts in the critical thinking process. The next step would be understanding which means being able to define the idea in your own words. Once you have remembering and understanding, you can move on to apply which is putting in the effort to come up with an adequate end result. Now that you have the basic knowledge of the first three steps you can move on to analyzing. Analyzing is basically breaking down information to form your analysis. With four steps applied you then begin the process of evaluating which is to evaluate the quality the efficiency of your work and give a reason for your assessment honestly. Finally, you get to creating which is coming up with your ideas from a topic established by your thoughts. To define critical thinking, I would say that the definition of critical thinking is the objective, analysis and evaluation of an issue to form a judgment. In my opinion, critical thinking is taking an issue and creating a better or more efficient solution. The best example I can come up with would have to be Martin Cooper inventor of the cell phone. He used the invention of Alexander Graham Bell the inventor of the landline telephone and came up with a device called the cell phone that allows you to talk while mobile. To come up with an invention of that sort, he would have had to have been a creative/critical thinker. He would have had to come up...
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...global corporations, conducted by Worldwide ERC, 95% of the respondents reported that national cultures of the places they do business in play an important or very important role in the success of their business mission. So much for a “flat world.” In any part of the world, leadership is about influence. There are many ways to influence others: Directing them, rewarding them, inspiring them, or giving them ownership of the decision are but a few examples. The leader’s task in a multicultural world is to influence direct reports, project teams, supply chain partners, client organizations, and regulatory agencies that have different cultural, political, and institutional backgrounds. But there’s a disconnect. In most societies, ordinary citizens are socialized to learn how to work with people who are like them. They develop a unicultural lens that helps them understand and interpret their surroundings. This formula has worked for many...
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...ones. Oppressed individuals as seen from this viewpoint can also develop feelings of alienation. Postcolonial criticism can be similar to cultural studies, however it can have a unique perspective on literature and politics. This type of criticism can look at certain issues of power, politics, economics, and culture. Moreover, the authors can often reinforce colonial hegemonic ideology, such as Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Western critics might consider Heart of Darkness an effective critique of colonial behavior. But post-colonial theorists and authors might disagree with this perspective: "...as Chinua Achebe observes, the novel's condemnation of European is based on a definition of Africans as savages: beneath their veneer of civilization, the Europeans are, the novel tells us, as barbaric as the Africans. And indeed, Achebe notes, the novel portrays Africans as a pre-historic mass of frenzied, howling, incomprehensible barbarians..." (Tyson 374-375). In many works of literature, specifically those coming out of Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian Subcontinent, we meet characters that are struggling with their identities in the wake of colonization, or the establishment of colonies in another nation. The post-colonial theorist enters these texts through a specific critical lens, or a specific way of reading a text. That critical lens, post-colonial theory or post-colonialism, asks the reader to analyze and explain the effects that colonization and imperialism, or the...
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...the theory for the study. In qualitative research, the use of theory is much more varied. The inquirer may generate a theory as the final outcome of a study and place it at the end of a project, such as in grounded theory. In other qualitative studies, it comes at the beginning and provides a lens that shapes what is looked at and the questions asked, such as in ethnographies or in advocacy research. In mixed methods research, researchers may both test theories and generate them. Moreover, mixed methods research may contain a theoretical lens, such as a focus on feminist, racial, or class issues, that guides the entire study. I begin this chapter by focusing on theory use in a quantitative study. It reviews a definition of a theory, the use of variables in a quantitative study, the placement of theory in a quantitative study, and the alternative forms it might assume in a written plan. Procedures in identifying a theory are next presented, followed by a script of a theoretical perspective section of a quantitative research proposal. Then the discussion moves to the use of theory in a qualitative study. Qualitative inquirers use different terms for theories, such as patterns, theoretical lens, or naturalistic generalizations, to describe the broader explanations used or developed in their studies. Examples in this chapter illustrate the alternatives available to qualitative researchers. Finally, the chapter...
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...completing routine tasks without much conscious awareness) * Schemas can be helpful but it is important to be aware of assumptions and to seek additional information about organizational life, since there are multiple issue with schemas: * Schemas can become outdated: schemas need updating, since they are derived from experiences which need to evolve in the future (example: sticking to schema of men in professional roles is now outdated as more women have entered the workforce) * Schemas also shape organizational life, so they can prevent change if they don’t adapt (example: making it harder for women to enter professional roles because schema is defined by males) * Schemas resist change: this is especially critical in times of organizational change, since people can be reluctant to give up their comfortable old approaches new systems require new schemas and coming up with new schemas is a lot of work. * Schemas can become universal rules: if...
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...Racechange and Cultural Tourism Race, Identity, and Public Culture Popular cultural representations, in particular those in the fashion industry, have recently reinvented a historically loaded image in their performances: blackface.1 In the past several years, blackface and other images of physical transformations of race have appeared in a number of high and popular fashion contexts including a “yellowface” fashion show in Shanghai sponsored by Karl Lagerfeld, supermodel Heidi Klum photographed wearing only chocolate syrup, an issue of French Vogue featuring a white model in black body paint and elaborate “African-inspired” costuming, a photograph in V Magazine of two models, one in blackface and one white, wrestling, two episodes of America’s Next Top Model involving racial and biracial transformation, and an editorial naming American Apparel and showing a woman in blackface. Blackface, though in a contemporary form more accurately described by the term “racechange,” or the performance of one race by another (Gubar 2000), far from being taboo have become an aesthetic in the fashion industry. Though popular magazines and newspapers such as Essence and a number of fashion blogs have responded to particular instances of racial transformation, there is relatively little scholarly work on the rise of racechange in contemporary fashion. This essay attempts to fill that gap in scholarship by examining racial transformation through the lens of cultural and critical studies...
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