...The East vs. the West In recent years, cross-cultural intelligence has been researched in various cultures to determine how they measure intelligence differently. Intelligence is always displayed in a cultural context (Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2004). Cultural intelligence (CQ) is a relatively new theoretical concept. It has been defined by Earley and Ang (2003) as an individual’s ability to engage successfully in diverse cultural environments. Researchers are still continuing the effort to identify and define the cultural factors that influence the individual’s capacity to be successful in different environments. The objective of this paper is to explore two different cultures and compare how each of the cultures perceive intelligence, explain three cultural factors that might influence how intelligence is perceived within each culture, and explain how intelligence might be measured in each culture. The Western culture are individuals that have characteristics that make them distinctive and unique. They like to be in control of their own behavior and feel more empowered when they are in control their own actions. They are goal-oriented and success-driven (Nisbett 2004), and relationships can sometimes interfere with attaining success. Personal success and feeling positive about oneself are important for the sense of well-being. People in Western cultures, tend to view intelligence as a means for individuals to devise categories and to engage in rational debate (Nisbett...
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...Functioning in a highly diverse organization means global leaders need to mindful when developing cultural intelligence within the workgroup. This practice will ensure that concepts are created to provide an all-inclusive conceptualization of intercultural aptitudes to gain a connection between the knowledge and action needed to understand the current culture you are working in. In this writing, we will demonstrate the understanding how cross-culture communication plays a vital role in society by explaining what cultural intelligence as capacity is, examine the developmental continuum of cultural sensitives, and discuss the key components...
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...Reilly, A.H. and Karounos, T.J. (2009), “Exploring the Link between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness”, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 1 – 13. Introduction Along with the globalization of business, many corporations are facing the challenge of operating in a different culture. The writers made a connection between emotional intelligence and cross-cultural leadership effectiveness to deal with this situation, this article also presented some significant results and implications which were greatly helpful for our company. This report is aimed at review the article and pick out something useful to raise staff awareness of cross-cultural issues. In this paper, I will summarize the key point of the article and evaluate some correlative information which can be applied to our company, then there will be a conclusion at the end of the report and two related references will also be given as well. Summary Reilly and Karounos (2009) exhibited Goleman’s research to identify the connection between emotional intelligence and leadership ability. Goleman (1998) claimed that the importance of emotional intelligence on the overall leaderships in organization is twice greater than the other two personal capabilities, technical skills and cognitive skill. The article showed the five components of emotional intelligence and their respective characteristics listed by Goleman (1998), which are exhibited on a...
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...neither party in the conversation knows exactly what the words mean. That is, people frequently communicate with one another without being fully aware of what they are talking about! This may sound ridiculous but, to illustrate our point, try the following. Ask a few people whether they believe that intelligence is mostly inherited or mostly learned. You might try arguing a point of view opposite to theirs just for the fun of it. After discussing the roots of intelligence, ask them what they mean by “intelligence.” You will probably fi nd that most people have a diffi cult time defi ning this concept, even after debating its origins, and people will provide different defi nitions. That is, “intelligence” means one thing to one person and something else to another. Clearly, in order to attempt to answer the question of whether intelligence is mostly inherited or mostly learned, we need to have an exact defi nition that all parties involved can accept. The study of “concepts” is so important in psychological science that researchers refer to concepts by a special name: constructs. A construct is a concept or idea; examples of psychological constructs include intelligence, depression, aggression, and memory. One way in which a scientist gives meaning to a...
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...Business Studies (2006) 37, 525–543 & 2006 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model James P. Johnson1, Tomasz Lenartowicz2 and Salvador Apud3 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park, USA; 2Deparment of Management, International Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 3LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas, Austin, USA Correspondence: Dr James P. Johnson, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Office number 204, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA. Tel: þ 1 407 646 2486; Fax: þ 1 407 646 1550; E-mail: jpjohnson@rollins.edu 1 Abstract Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of crosscultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments to the effective application...
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...lRole of Emotional Intelligence in Virtual Project Management Shazia Nauman MEM, MBA shaznaum@yahoo.com CASE, Pakistan Maliha Elahi, PMP, MCT malihaelahi@yahoo.com SPO, Pakistan Zeeshan Ahmed Bhatti xeeshan@gmail.com CASE, Pakistan Umair Khalid umair.khaled@gmail.com Ericsson,Pakistan Abstract- In today's competitive global environment, projects in organizations consist of cross-functional teams that are formed to utilize individual expertise. A project manager whose primary responsibility is to achieve project objectives deals these individuals. Since the rational and emotional aspects of a project vary in complexity, the role of the project manager is critical to project success. The objective of this study was to demonstrate linkages between emotional intelligence and the challenges faced by virtual project managers. The study will also show that there exists a multi tier relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and challenges/elements of VPM. 1. INTRODUCTION Emotional Intelligence has its roots in the concept of "social intelligence", as first identified by E.L. Thorndike as early as in the early 1920s. The term Emotional Intelligence first appeared in a series of academic articles authored by John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey [1]. Goleman defined Emotional intelligence as a person’s self-awareness, self-confidence, selfcontrol, commitment and integrity, and a person’s ability to communicate, influence, initiate change and accept change [2,3]. In...
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...companies’ mission statements and driving human resource practices (Andrulis & Sanchdev, 2009). As companies expand globally, there is one corporation that has expanded in diversity globally. Starbuck’s is one of the largest coffee companies in America and a cross the world that is diverse culturally. So, how does Starbucks utilize its cultural intelligence to increase the awareness of diversity in the workplace? Is workplace diversity important to employees at Starbucks? Starbucks’ believe that to operate successfully in a global marketplace, embracing diversity in every aspect of their business is absolutely essential (www.starbucks.com). Diversity is something that brings everyone together, race, gender, religion, cultural background, experience etc… Diverse workplaces do the same as well, learning from one another and being able to work in an environment with different ethnicities. Diversity brings opportunities within the organization and the learning capability increase from the many cultures. By Starbucks being a global corporation, the company has to maintain their diversity not just for the workplace but also for the community. In this paper I will describe and explain the foundation of Starbucks Company, and how diversity is implemented in the workplace. I will also discuss how diversity is implemented in my work organization and my opinion of the importance of diversity in a workplace. With supportive documentation that will explain the how effective diversity is in...
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...Gardner Intelligence paper PSY/300 1/16/2012 Erika Redmond Ayanaw Gardner Intelligence paper The Multiple Intelligence Theory was proposed by psychologist Howard Gardner in1983. His view on intelligence is “an ability or set of abilities that is used to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter eight). Gardner came up with an exercise to recognize the existence of multiple form of intelligence: Instead of asking “How smart are you?” try asking “How are you smart?” smart?” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter eight). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences “identifies eight intelligences: musical, bodily/kinesthetic (such as the control over the body and movement that distinguishes great athletes and dancers), spatial (the use of mental maps), linguistic or verbal, logical/mathematical, naturalist, intrapersonal (self-understanding), and interpersonal (social skills)” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter eight). With this theory in mind each of the eight intelligences would have to be tested. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence conflicts with the traditional IQ test because a person can have high intelligence in area and still display great skill at something despite having low intelligence in another area. For example, a person with high logical/mathematical may be a great accountant despite only having only average interpersonal intelligence. The traditional measures of IQ...
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...Arizona, USA creativity, intelligence, and problem solving: a defmition and design for cross-cultural research and measurement related to giftedness Abstract A new definition of giftedness is proposed based on a review of the constructs of intelligence, creativity, and problem solving. A research design employed in a series of studi~s of giftedness in children and adults is presented, along w1th a summary of important results. Finally, implications of the design for both research and practice are outlined. Intelligence A central concept in many theories and definitions of intelligence is solving problems or adaptation to one's environment. Although the phrase "problem solving" is not always found, the concept of "adaptation" or "ability to adapt", a central concept in many definitions (Binet & Simon, 1909 (cited in Terman, 1916); Boynton, 1933; Colvin, 1921; French, 1962; Piaget, 1981; Pintner, 1921; Stern, 1914; Wechsler, 1941 ), implies that individuals encounter situations (problems) to which they must devise ways of reacting. Thus, they are solving problems. Later theorists and researchers revised these general concepts of "adaptation" by adding the idea of adapting to the cultural as well as the biological environment (Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 1982_; Goodnow, 1976; Charlesworth, 1976; Olson, 1976; Ne1sser, 1976; Gardner, 1983). In an introduction to an edited book on conceptions of intelligences, Sternberg & Salter (1982) ...
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...Intelligence testing article analysis Ada N. Bren PSY450 July 23, 2013 Professor Daryl Farrow Intelligence testing article analysis Human intelligence is the mental value composed of the abilities to learn from experiences throughout one’s life and adapts to new circumstances, comprehends, and accepts intellectual theories, and utilizes that knowledge to manipulate one’s own environment. Societal expectations have emotional influence on a person’s perception of human intelligence. For example, when someone can think quickly, it is connected to fluid intelligence, which is similar to critical thinking, a person has the capacity to form concepts, think abstractly, and utilize knowledge to new circumstances. This paper is will discuss two different theories of intelligence from two different psychologists so that there can be an understanding of the different views in society. Gardner’s theory of intelligence The first Theory comes from Howard Gardner. His theory of multiple intelligences is quite popular and is widely utilized. Gardner, who was inspired by the writings of Jean Piaget has suggested a theory of multiple intelligences. He initially recognized seven elements of intelligence (Gardner, 1983). He discusses that these intelligences are somewhat distinct from each other and that each person has a certain level of each of these seven intelligences. When a student enters University of Phoenix, there is a class that is required and in this class, they issue an assignment...
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...1.0 The Role of Emotional Intelligence In Project and Construction Management Today 1.1 Introduction This literature review deals with the role of emotional intelligence in project and construction management today and argues that, even if it is a relatively new approach and just became more and more important during the last decade, the topic is still not getting enough attention in the contemporary construction industry (Zhang & Fan, 2013). Especially when it comes to larger and more complex or even international and cultural complex projects, a high level of emotional intelligence and competence in the project management might be more necessary and contribute to the project’s success (Müller & Turner, 2007). Therefore this literature review contains an overview of the significant authors, defines the actual term of emotional intelligence, analyses the main issues and positions, summarizes some relevant studies and research and identifies implications for contemporary project and construction management practice. 1.2 Overview As one of the most significant authors Goleman (1995) defines emotional intelligence as the ability of being aware of your own and other’s emotions, recognizing them and even using them to influence people in their actual thinking and behaviour. That is why these abilities are very supportive and at least as important as IQ or technical skills for every leader independent of his industry, in order to achieve better business results (Goleman...
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...:Assessing Emotional Intelligence in the Indian workplace: a preliminary reliability study. 55 Assessing Emotional Intelligence in the Indian workplace: a preliminary reliability study Diana Rajendran (drajendran@swin.edu.au) Department of Management Swinburne University, PO Box 218, Lilydale, Victoria, 3140, Luke A. Downey: (ldowney@swin.edu.au) Brain Sciences Institute Swinburne University, PO Box 218 (H99), Hawthorn Vic 3122, Australia. Professor Con Stough (cstough@swin.edu.au) Professor in Cognitive Neuroscience, Director, Brain Sciences Institute. Swinburne University, PO Box 218 (H99), Hawthorn Vic 3122, Australia. Abstract The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) has recently attracted a great amount of interest from HR practitioners and academics alike. Whilst the majority of research in this area has been conducted in Western countries, recent studies have begun to assess the generalisability and validity of the EI concept in cross-cultural settings. The purpose of this paper was to assess the reliability of the Workplace version of the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (Workplace SUEIT) in an Indian population. The Workplace SUEIT demonstrated adequate reliability in the sample of 110 participants in India, although the mean scores for the sub-scales were significantly lower than in the Australian normative population. The results are discussed in the context that EI tests need to undergo cross-cultural examination to ...
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...Constantine-Simms University of Essex (UK) & Marciea Monique McMillian University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA) ABSTRACT The publication of Hernstein & Murray’s (1994) “The Bell Curve” appears to be the latest expression of pseudo scientific theories with respect to race and intelligence. This paper gives an historical and ideological insight behind the development and application of intelligence tests by citing examples of their impact on legislation, social policy and intervention programmes in relation to Blacks. More importantly, a discussion of cultural bias in test design focuses on the response of Black psychologists who developed Black intelligence tests that portray whites as intellectually inferior in the same manner that Blacks are portrayed as intellectually inferior on tests devised by white psychologist. Furthermore, The hereditary perspective of intelligence is challenged by empirical evidence that centres on children with white ancestry to assess whether white genes influence intelligence while citing several sources that support the environmental explanation of the race gap in test scores. Consequently, this discussion questions the reliability and validity of intelligence tests that are used to reinforce the Black intellectual inferiority myth. The conclusive argument suggests in no uncertain terms that the Bell Curve is nothing more than the repackaging of racist pseudo-scientific conclusions by right wing academics, intent on rekindling a political...
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...contains 2 Set of Papers/PPT for all Assignments (Except Week 2 Cultural Considerations Presentation, only 1 Set for it) PSY 450Week 1 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450Week 1 Discussion Question 2 PSY 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper (New) (2 Papers) PSY 450 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450 Week 2 Discussion Question 2 PSY 450 Week 2 Cultural Considerations Presentation PSY 450 Week 2 Intelligence Testing Article Analysis (2 Brochure) PSY 450 Week 3 Discussion Question 1 PSY 450 Week 3 Discussion Question 2 ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Discussion Question 1 FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com What is critical thinking? What characteristics do critical thinkers demonstrate? Why is critical thinking important in the field of cross cultural psychology? ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Discussion Question 2 FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com Has psychology been used to support sexism, cultural imperialism, and racism? Why or why not? ------------------------------------------------------------- PSY 450 Week 1 Individual Assignment Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper (New) (2 Papers) FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.psy450study.com This tutorial contains 2 Papers Choose one of the case studies provided in the electronic readings for Week One. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you...
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...used multiple intelligences (MI) since the day they were born. We have never thought about how we use them in our daily lives because they are used naturally. Gardner defines intelligence as "the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting". Using biological as well as cultural research, he formulated a list of seven intelligences. The seven intelligences include linguistic intelligence, logical mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence. He later added two more, naturalist and existential. This paper examines Gardner’s research and its effectiveness towards adult learners. Gardner initially created a list of seven intelligences. The first two have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what he called 'personal intelligences' (Gardner 1993). According to Gardner (1993), Linguistic intelligence learners enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles. Logical-Mathematical intelligence learners are interested in patterns, categories and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence learners process knowledge through bodily sensations. They are often athletic, dancers or good at crafts such as sewing or woodworking. Spatial intelligence learners think...
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