...C Malaria control strategies Malaria remains a major public health and development challenge in Zambia. It currently accounts for nearly four million clinically diagnosed cases per year, 36% of hospitalisations and outpatient department visits, and from one previous study at University Teaching Hospital, up to 20% of maternal mortality. In addition to the direct health impact of malaria, there is also a severe social and economic burden on communities and the country as a whole, but especially on the poorest among us, and those vulnerable individuals and households who are also trying to cope with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Thus malaria control is addressed, not as a separate, vertical, disease-specific intervention but as part of a health systems strengthening effort to provide holistic services in all facets of care, and as part of a larger community-development effort. Through the National Malaria Strategic Plan 2006-2010, the Government of Zambia and many Roll Back Malaria Partners are committed to increasing coverage of key malaria control interventions and reducing the burden of malaria throughout the country. The strategies employed to control malaria in Zambia include: 1. Case Management - Malaria Case Management is implemented and improved at community and health facilities through: Prompt recognition, diagnosis and effective anti-malarial treatment using artimisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) as 1st line treatment Currently artemether-lumefantrine...
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...A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON MALARIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES DURING PREGNANCY Ritah Francis Mutagonda, B. Pharm. Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics Thesis Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences October 2012 i A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON MALARIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES DURING PREGNANCY By Ritah Francis Mutagonda, B. Pharm. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences October 2012 ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences a thesis entitled “A study of pregnant women and health workers knowledge on malaria prevention and treatment guidelines during pregnancy” in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Professor Appolinary A.R. Kamuhabwa Supervisor Date: …………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Professor Siriel Massawe Co – supervisor Date: ………………………………………… iii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Ritah Francis Mutagonda, hereby solemnly declared that...
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...one of the Districts in the Western Region of Ghana is located between Latitude 400’N and 500 40’N and Longitudes 10 45’ W and 20 10’W(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh ). It Bounded to the north of the district is the WassaAmenfi District, the south by the Ahanta West District, the West by the Nzema East District and the East by MpohorWassa East District. The District has a total land area of 2354 sq. km(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). There are three main vegetational zones: semi deciduous forest, the south-west rainforest and the transitional forest, all of which are suitable for the cultivation of both food and cash crops. The forests of the district are part of the only surviving high forests of Ghana. The current population of the WasaAmenfi West District is projected at 186,257 at a growth rate of 3.2% per annum which is the region’s growth rate. According to the 2000 population and Housing census, the district’s population was 156,256(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). This was projected at 3.2% within a period of six (6) years which yielded the projected figure in 2006. The district has a population density of 53.76 people per sq. km The occupational characteristic of the population has not changed much. Agriculture employs about 75.6% of the active labour force whilst manufacturing and processing employs about 5.4%. This percentage is employed by the two large expatriate timber processing firms located at MansoAmenfi and Samreboi...
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...Incidence of Malaria in Lumi, West Sepik Province Divine Word University Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Extension Department, MADANG By Gideon Waiya Jzeckesonni Resident Health Extension Officer A COMMUNITY DIAGNOSED RESEARCH PROJECT A PROSPECTIVE STUDY MARCH 2008 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EXTENSION DIVINE WORD UNIVERSITY Page | 3 Contents Title Page… ………………………………………………………………………………...........……….3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Map of West Sepik Province……………………………………………………………………………….5 Lateral View of the study site……………………………………………………………………………....6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………....7 Glossary and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….......................8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………....9 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Background……………………………………………………………………………….….....................11 Provincial & District Profile…………………………………………...........................................11 Aims and Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………12 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Study population and sites…………………………………………………………......................12 Data collection tools……………………………………………………………………………....12 Verbal interview questionnaires…………………………………………………………………..13 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….................14-17 Figure 1-Simple & Treatment Failure malaria cases in table…………………………………….14 Figure 2- Severe Malaria & Deaths arising...
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...causing painful attacks and sometimes stroke. Due to their different shape and chemistry, they are controlled by many free radical processes. This paper will talk about the frequency this disease, inheritance pattern, genetic changes, current research and/or efforts to develop vaccine, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell anemia....
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...| | |PLT 300 Term Paper | |Infectious Diseases | | | | | African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a "devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas" (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population...
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...rather recent gaining of their independence, Ghana is a relatively new country and it is no surprise that they are currently experiencing growing pains. Because of these growing pains it has resulted in a domino like effect, influencing all facets of the nation. A clearer picture one should paint of the country of Ghana is a nation divided between modern and old, rich and poverty stricken, Westerners and natives. These demographics are essential in the dividing of the country for the issues it faces today are complex and need a well planned all reaching solution to curb the current trends in Ghana today. With that being said, Ghana is a country in the process of modernizing their current platforms/infrastructure but with this growth still come a variety of healthcare issues and diseases such as HIV and Malaria that need attention if this trends are to be curbed. Before one can delve further into the current health issues plaguing the nation of Ghana it is imperative to have a working knowledge on the nation’s history that can be seen as the underlying causes for the problems today. It can be argued that the Europeans colonization of Ghana is what kicked off their health problems. In 1471 the Portuguese were the first to arrive on Ghana’s coast (Andreas, 2011). Just like in the present day when a person has to get a vaccine in order to leave the country for the...
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...Overview of Malaria as a Microbial Disease Students Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Quinn et.al. (2011) defines microbial diseases as sickness or ailments that affect animals and humans as a result of the introduction of one or four different types of microbes. For instance, Sorvari and Pirttila (2008) define microbes as tiny invisible disease-causing organisms only seen by the use of a powerful. Notably, there are four different types of pathogens that cause sickness. These are viral diseases that are the most common type of microbe causing diseases to human beings. Examples of viral diseases include AIDS, chicken pox, influenza and measles (World Health Organization, 2004). Bacterial diseases such as anthrax, cholera, chlamydia and peptic ulcer diseases give an account of the second class of microbial diseases. Fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot and Dutch elm disease form the third class whereas protozoan diseases occupy the fourth place in the division and consist of diseases such as malaria, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organization (2004) an epidemic refers to a rapid spread of infectious diseases to affect large numbers of people in a given location. For example, the spread of meningococcal infection. Endemic diseases are infections with the ability to remain constant in a given region without the need for external inputs such as malaria and chicken pox. In addition, pandemics are diseases that spread throughout...
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...The Millennium Development Goals: Where Bangladesh Stands? Six countries including Bangladesh received the UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Awards for their significant achievements towards attaining the goal. Three of these countries are from Asia and three from Africa. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina receiving the UN MDG Award in New York’s Astoria Hotel on Sunday 19 September 2010 Bangladesh received the UN award for its remarkable achievements in attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) particularly in reducing child mortality. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina received the award at a colorful function at New York's Astoria Hotel on Sunday (19 September 2010). Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina with other Ministers in a photo session following receipt of UN MDG Award 2010 (19 September 2010, New York) 1 | MDGs and Bangladesh In September 2000, world leaders endorsed the Millennium Declaration, a commitment to work together to build a safer, more prosperous and equitable world. The Declaration was translated into a roadmap setting out eight time-bound and measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): They include goals and targets on poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality, environmental degradation and the Global Partnership for Development. The proud Minister for Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh Professor Dr AFM Ruhal Haque, MP with the UN MDG Award Crest...
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...upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals, experienced health workers and local health workers. This is also essential for sustainability. In addition, for any change to occur there must be surveillance to ensure that patients adhere to their medications or treatment plan. However, limited resources can also be contributory factor for a poor outcome. Thus, a process evaluation of health services needs to be assessed in order...
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...Malaria has a long history since it first appeared more than 4000 years ago. It has always proved very deadly to the human race (CDC, n.d.). It is unknown when Malaria come across into the US. However, during the construction of the Panama Canal at the turn of the 20th century, U.S. officials made great progress in controlling malaria which was wide spread in the U.S. at that time. By 1914 eradication efforts reduced Malaria to about 6000,000 cases per year. By 1934, that number was further reduced to about 125,5000 cases per year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium in mosquitoes. Human malaria is caused by four different species of Plasmodium: P. Falciparum, P. Malariae, P. Ovale and P. Vivax. A person can get malaria by mosquitoes that are infected with the Plasmodium species. In 2011, approximately 2,000 cases of malaria were diagnosed and treated in the United States (CDC, n.d.). There were top 3 states of malaria outbreak cases in the US. There were 238 cases in New York City, 126 in Maryland, and 104 in New Jersey. The overall number of cases represents an increase of 14 percent from the 1,691 cases reported for 2010 and the largest number of reported cases since 1971. Many malaria cases were reported diagnosed each year in the United States are imported from regions where mosquito borne malaria transmission is known to occur. 75 percent occurred among U.S. residents and 25 percent among residents...
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...Since symptoms vary from person to person, the best treatment approach is to have a health care team that will tailor treatment to the specific conditions of the patient. Often physical therapy, pain management, and psychiatric treatment are needed in addition to Doctors who specialize in the treatment of the systems affected. Current pharmacotherapies include: *Biological DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs); cyclosporine, leflunomide, mycophenolate, methotrexate *Nonbiologic DMARDs; MTX, HCQ, LEF, SSZ *Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac *Corticosteroids; methyl prednisone, prednisone *Antimalarial; hydroxychloroquine Prognosis: Before 1955, the 5 year survival rate in SLE was less than 50 percent. The natural history of SLE ranges from relatively benign disease to rapidly progressive disease, and even death. Because symptoms of SLE are different for every person, the mortality rate is highly variable, dependent on the severity and type of symptoms. With proper care and treatment, 80 to 90 percent of people with SLE can expect to live a normal lifespan. Medication side-effects also have an increased impact on mortality. Preventative Measures: There is currently no way to prevent SLE. Hydroxychloroquine Schedule & Pregnancy Category: This is not a scheduled drug, but is a Pregnancy Category C drug. Available as:...
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...------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,KUMASI. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BIRTHWEIGHT OF NEWBORNS IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT OF ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN ------------------------------------------------- PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) DEGREE IN POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...RESEARCH PAPER ON DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH IN BANGLADESH Introduction: Bangladesh is a developing country with a population of 152,518,015 (approx.) Since our war of independence we have face numerous amount of health and nutrition issues in our country. Although Bangladesh has seen impressive progress in health and nutrition in the last few decades. Despite still low social indicators and continuing prevalence of poverty (40% of the population lives below the poverty line), the health sector in Bangladesh has shown impressive progress. We improved in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, increasing number of doctors, increasing number of hospitals and medical colleges. ICDDR’B etc. The government of Bangladesh has shown policy continuity and commitment to improving health conditions, placing particular emphasis on improving the health conditions of its citizens and targeting the poor, women and children. Where as many of the problems still remains unsolved. The ministry of health and family planning is responsible for the health service of the country should take necessary steps to solve those problems. Objective: The main objective of this whole research is to evaluate the health condition of Bangladesh. From 1971 to 2013 health condition of Bangladesh has radically changed. We are here to present that the number of health centers, hospitals, medicals colleges and other institutions related to health development of our country. We have also seen numerous amount of development...
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...project on “Study of MALARIA” has been sincerely and satisfactorily completed by “Ms. Surbhi Pandey” of std “12-B” , in the academic 2015-2016 and submitted to AISSCE practical examination conducted at St. Josephs high school , under the guidance of “ Mrs. Chitra Singh” Subject Teacher’s Principal’s {Sign} {Sign} Sign of External School Examiner Stamp ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Principal, Mrs. Kalpana Dwivedi of St. Joseph’s High School, New Panvel for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which i shall remain in debt for her. I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs.Chitra Singh for her vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this project could not have been completed. INDEX What is malaria..? Cause of malaria… Life cycle of malaria parasite… Transmission of malaria… Symptoms of malaria… Treating and preventing… Case study on malaria… BIBLIOGRAPHY What is Malaria…? Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that lives part of its life in humans and part in mosquitoes. Malaria remains one of the major killers of humans worldwide, threatening the lives of more than one-third of the world’s population. It thrives in the tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, where it strikes millions of people. Each year 350 to 500 million cases of malaria occur worldwide. Sadly...
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