...Weak USA Cyber Policy vs China’s Security Threat to the USA? Abstract A cyber spy network based mainly in China hacked into classified documents from government and private organizations. One of the biggest questions still remains unanswered. Should the U.S. Congress conduct an in depth assessment of Chinese cyber spying and consider imposing tougher penalties on companies that benefit from industrial espionage. In this paper I will review china’s cyber threat and possible USA solutions to protect against the threat. Could Weak USA Cyber Policy be the cause of China’s Security Threat? U.S. corporations and cyber security specialists have reported an daily attack of computer network intrusions originating from China. Of the seven cases that were adjudicated under the Economic Espionage Act in 2010, six involved a link to China. U.S. corporations and cyber security specialists have reported a huge increase of computer network intrusions originating from China. Some of these reports have alleged a Chinese corporate or government sponsor of the activity, but the U.S. intelligence community has not been able to confirm these reports. In a study released in February, McAfee attributed an intrusion attempt they labeled Night Dragon to a Chinese Internet Protocol (IP) address and indicated the intruders stole data from the computer systems of petrochemical companies (Minnick, W. 11 Dec, 2011).” So could the problem be U.S. Cyber policy? I believe congressional committees...
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...FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYBER SECURITY WITHOUT CYBER WAR U.S. Military vs. International Law Perspective A SHORT PAPER ASSIGNMENT TWO SUBMITTED TO: IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR CYB 5275: ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SECURITY BY CRAIG CANNON MELBOURNE, FLORIDA JANUARY 25TH 2013 In her article “Cyber Security without Cyber War”, Mary Ellen O’Connell does a brilliant job in giving the reader an overall view of the debate concerning which government should have primary responsibility of the internet when it comes to the legal authority of cyberspace. She begins the article by citing two major players in this debate: the U.S. Military with its rules and legislation vs. NATO and its international law. According to O’Connell, the USA feels that the military should have primary responsibility over the internet since it has the largest number of technical experts and legal authorities with respect to cyberspace than anyone else in the world. Many in the international community would disagree with allowing the US military to police the internet. They raise the question: What legal rules would be used to guide the military in its supervision of the internet. They believe that using international law is the best way to govern cyberspace usage. (Johnson, 1996) Still others favor the US military’s Cold War strategy of deterrence as a way of patrolling the internet. These that favor...
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...Escalating cyber-attacks on the general public and distinct divisions such as the immediate neighborhood, nationwide, and worldwide level have stimulated an increase in financing and support for the examination of increased cyber security enhancements. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the new technologies for boosting cyber security in a local level, national level and in the Global level. The paper focuses on pointing out the mandate of the government to fight cyber insecurity. New technologies need to dynamically assess networks in real-time such as with the use of Remote Agents for real time reports. These technologies also need to make the probability of attack less predictable and constantly evolving such as through the use of moving target defense. Introduction Cybercriminals still create new routes in which to exploit and victimize people and In as much as country state programmers trade off with firms, government organizations, and non-administrative associations to make undercover work systems secure, information is still being stolen. As the social world gets to a new paradigm where use of sophisticated devices and gadgets and technology go mainstream, we end up putting our privacy into the brink of attack. This is because the cyber criminals too are advancing in their technology to exploit victims in the new paradigm. For instance, a large number of staff today now carry versatile gadget that are able to detect their location using the Global...
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...Being behind a computer screen affords the offender a comfortable area of anonymity, it is important to remember that there is always a potential way to track activity and that there is no such thing as privacy anymore. Kubic also states that cyber criminals and organizations pose a significant threat to global commerce and society because many rely on technology, computers and digital communication as a primary tool (Federal Bureau of Investigation,...
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...Cyber-Crime Article Analysis Team D June 12, 2013 CJA/394 Cyber-Crime Article Analysis Cyber-crime is an increasing type of crime locally and globally. Cyber-crime is defined as, “criminal activity or a crime that involves the Internet, a computer system, or computer technology,” ("Cyber-crime," 2012). Law enforcement, courts, and corrections are affected in different ways by cyber-crimes. Law enforcement faces issues with cyber-crime, such as privacy, confidentiality, determining the location the crime initiated, and locating the perpetrator(s). Courts face issues, such as loss of evidence and loop holes in laws. Correctional facilities face internal cyber-crimes and overcrowding as a result of cyber-crimes. The following information will discuss the issues within each division of the criminal justice system and provide remedy recommendations. The information will conclude with an analysis of global crime. Cyber-crime and Law Enforcement Cyber crime has made a major impact on the law enforcement it has not only given them more things to have to worry about but also has helped them to solve and organize crime better. The internet has changed so many things about this world, from how we purchase things, how we keep in touch with one another, and of course how some can conduct crime. Not only can a criminal stalk someone, but they can also stalk that person’s child, especially at sites like Face Book. A Hacker...
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...International risk management 1 Geopolitics, International Environment and Business Risks identification Are we leading towards economic war? 2 Geopolitics, International Environment and Business Several agencies seem to reinforce this idea, particularly regarding international trade 3 “Public economic warfare” Japan JETRO, Japan External Trade Organization (www.jetro.go.jp) Created in 1958 to promote Japanese exports From the 80s it expands to developing countries. 21st century: To promote FDI into Japan To help small & medium sized companies to export. 4 USA (1992, 1993): Bill Clinton Policy "Putting People First, A National Economic Strategy For America" Governor Bill Clinton June 21, 1992 Opening up world markets. […] we will move aggressively to open foreign markets to quality American goods and services (for instance, NAFTA) Economic security council / Advocacy Center / CIA / FBI –Economic Counterintelligence Program The stakes in this game are high! 5 FRANCE: UBIFRANCE -Offices in France (partnership with chambers of trade) -80 offices in 60 different countries (156 in 120 countries if Economic Missions considered) -More than 1,400 collaborators MISSION: to make French exports easier, to support and to monitor French companies abroad. 6 7 “Private economic war” International competition Is it replacing military conflicts? Competitive intelligence and/or industrial spying? Information is...
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...09898839289 EMAIL-ID: nupuragarwal201995@yahoo.com CO-AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR JOSHI AFFILIATION: UNITED WORLD , SCHOOL OF LAW MAILING ADDRESS: 67, SWAGAT CITY , GANDHINAGAR – MEHSANA ROAD ADALAJ GANDHINAGAR PHONE NO: 9408968686 EMAIL-ID: nupurjoshi184@gmail.com TITLE OF THE PAPER: CYBER SPACE MASS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS,INFRINGEMENT OF PRIVACY OF INDIVIDUALS, BY STATE IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY. ABSTRACT: In this present era of cyber revolution and globalization, citizens have turned into “Netizens”. The advancements in the field of technology is also accompanied with the development of various methods of surveillance and intervention by the State into individuals’ private information. Governments are keeping an eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and frameworks along with the technological developments and the increasing trends on States’ surveillance practices has created an environment in which citizen’s right to privacy is easily violated, leading to human...
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...Technovation 34 (2014) 339–341 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Technovation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/technovation Editorial The challenge of cyber supply chain security to research and practice – An introduction a b s t r a c t The tremendous potential to assist or degrade economic and national security performance make security in the cyber supply chain a topic of critical importance. This is reflected by the tremendous activity in the public and private sector to better understand the myriad of cyber challenges, identifying existing gaps and needs and closing these gaps as quickly and firmly as possible through government policy initiatives, public/private partnerships, and legal/insurance penalty and incentive regimes. However when we examine the academic literature, the research and publications in this area are rather sparse. Consequently, this special issue on Security in the Cyber Supply Chain is intended to act as a resource to practitioners and as a call to research. & 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Introduction In general, the cyber supply chain provides tremendous advances in efficiency and effectiveness. The economy gains through transactions being more efficient through the low cost rapid transmission of information related to supply chain management. Not only does this rapid transmission reduce cost, but it also provides value through increased effectiveness allowing for services and decisions that were not possible...
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...in the context of information security Dear delegates, After reading your position papers, we made a summary as follows. Please read it and may it help you. Country Name Argentina Basic Position Argentina is focusing on cracking down the ill-using of ICTs. Past Actions Reached a ‘Tunisia commitment’ with many countries to make the commitment in advancing the development of information technology and accelerate the national exchange. Proposed Solutions (1) Introduce a law named" Information security law "to promote the protection of the domestic information security. (2) Call upon national institutions and social organizations to corporate to promote the maintenance of information security. (3) Call for regional organization to implement technology exchange. (1) Normalize laws and standards on cyber perpetration and ICT intelligence use and supply. (2) Promote a comprehensive collaboration framework based on critical regional cyber security organizations. (3) Elaborate common terms and definitions and exchange national views on the use of ICTs in conflict for the sake of confidence-building. Australia Australian government calls for international collaboration to cope with information perpetration and to establish constricting norms on the state use of ICT, relieving international instability and enhancing the freedom of information. Communication and cooperation among (1) Committed $125.8 million to cyber safety measures. (2) Cyber Security Strategy was ensued; (3) Completed...
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...become easier to establish relationships with people from different backgrounds, culture and location. People can sit at home, and learn about another country, their religion, language, way of living, etc without ever visiting the place. Internet proves to be the most helpful tool for all fields. Students use the internet almost always, to study and conduct research for their courses. Doctors and medical students use the web to publish their research papers, findings, different technologies, and cures for various diseases. Cyber attack is a crime that most people do not report When we talk about national security, we talk about the security of over one billion people and sovereignty of a country that is culturally rich, politically stable, socially compact and economically emerging. The worst victim of terrorism and naxalism India and its national security has been threatened recently by cyber crime. They concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the...
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...explosion of the accessibility of information and data via the today’s Web has brought along the concern and need for cyber security. With these issues of cyber security has also come the need to protect national informational assets from hackers and such who utilize the Web as a means to attack information that can aid in cyber terrorism. Information professionals are now looking to measures of protection that will ensure private citizens are not put into danger by the threat of cyber espionage. This also has extended to the protection of critical infrastructure within the United States and abroad. Critical Infrastructure Protection With the ever evolving presence of cyber-attacks that threaten to put citizens’ privacy and Internet security at risk, the government has had to intervene in order to take measures to protect its’ citizens due to the alarming fact that cyber-attacks are replacing other modes of attacks by terrorists. The Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, was developed to carry out broad missions such as preventing terrorist attacks within the United States. This was mainly in response to the terrorist attacks that occurred on U.S. soil on September 11, 2001. Since then the DHS has taken on the mission of developing security that extends to information security and developing plans to implement critical infrastructure. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 extends the mission of this department even further. According to Caldwell (2014), “the DHS is to...
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...Attack On Government Computers Computer Security Attack on Government Computers The emergence of computers has augmented information storage in various sectors. Information System (IS) refers to an assembly of computers that aids to collate, stockpile, process, and commune information. The government is one of the principal entities that utilize IS to ensure safety of the country’s information. However, the storage systems normally face attacks by some outer entities. The aim of such hackings ranges from access to confidential information to attacks. Some of the remarkable attackers encompass rival states, revolutionaries, criminals, as well as illegal insiders (Rainer Jr & Cegielski, 2009)The software and information engineers have the required expertise to safeguard the systems thus evading and countering the attacks. The US government has faced myriads of attacks, especially the security information. It is imperative to assert that the notable attacks arise from the terrorists who target the government and other critical points within US. Records show that cyber attacks on federal computer networks increased 40 percent last year, and that figure is likely low as it reflects only the reported attacks. Based on data provided to USA Today by US-CERT, unauthorized access to government computers and installations of hostile programs rose from a combined 3,928 incidents in 2007 to 5,488 in 2008. (Government, 2008) According to Brad Curran, Frost & Sullivan...
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...Mandiant is an USA information security company. The key people of this Mandiant are Kevin Mandia and Richard Bejtlich. Kevin Mandia is the CEO of this Company and he is the former officer of the United States Air Force and served as a Company's chief executive officer. It gives occurrence reaction and general security counseling alongside episode administration items to major worldwide associations, government and fortune 100 companies. Government officers are also its customers. The Mandiant Intelligence center released an unknown facts reveling APT1's multi-year , enterprise scale computer espionage campaign. APT1 is one of many risk bunches Mandiant tracks the world over and we consider it to be a standout amongst the most productive as far as the sheer amount of data it has stolen. There are lot of highlights in the Mandiant Report. Some of them are : 1. Interesting details of more than 40 APT1 Malware families and timeline 2. points of interest of APT1's broad assault foundation and timeline 3. A course of events of APT1 monetary surveillance directed subsequent to 2006 against 141 casualties over different commercial ventures. 4. APT1's usual way of doing things including an arrangement of features demonstrating real APT1 action The APT 1 report is completely filled with above 3000 APT 1 indicators , IP Addresses and Domain names. It stood out as truly newsworthy around the globe in such standard distributions as The Wall St Journal and The New...
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...Solo causing $800,000 in damages (Campbell, 2014). While in the systems, McKinnon deleted vital files from the operating systems, which ultimately shutdown approximately 2,000 computers on the U.S. Army and Navy networks. In 2002, the UK National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU) interviewed McKinnon and his computer was seized. During the interview, he acknowledged accessing the systems, but stated he was gathering information about UFOs because the government was hiding pertinent facts. Additionally, McKinnon was indicted by a federal grand jury in the U.S. and potentially faced a maximum sentence of 70 years in confinement; however, he was not extradited because of a controversy involving jurisdiction , extradition laws and penalties for cyber crime. Furthermore, the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) refused to conduct a trial in the UK because a bulk of the evidence was located in the US and McKinnon’s actions were against the US and its interests (Arnell & Reid, 2009). In 2008, McKinnon was medically diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome, a form of autism, and having clinical depression. After being diagnosed, the political parties within the UK were divided because the main topic of discussion was McKinnon’s human rights versus his criminal behavior (Mackenzie & Watts, 2010). Even though some called McKinnon’s condition a trick and a way for him to avoid extradition, others felt the UK government was being insensitive and should have done more because various reports...
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...of fear with this type of network being a risk to our national security. While most of us find the internet to be a great tool of information, and unlimited capabilities, it can devastate us personally and financially. The internet can increase the risk of theft, fraud and even the possibility to suffer from a cyber-attack or even worse a cyber-terrorism, leaving our country at risk especially for those who work in the government defense agencies and private corporations. In 2003, the conflict with Iraq created a round of speculations that the United States was going to experience cyber-attacks in revenge (Clarke). But, since 1995 there haven’t been any reports of cyber-attacks that would produce panic or damage to U.S. infrastructure or that affects our military operations. By any means this is not a result of idleness by terrorist groups. Between 1996 and the end of 2001 there was 1,813 international terrorist attacks performed. To mention a few that involved citizen targets, there is the Khobar Tower Bombing in June 1996, the Embassy Bombing in East Africa in August 1998, and the USS Cole attack in October 2000. Between 1996 and 2003, to compare between terrorist attacks around 1,813, computer security incidents around 217,394 and cyber-attacks on infrastructure which they were 0, reporters have noted that the cyber terror on infrastructure are an unlikely threat to the security of the United States. In 2005, Cyber-attacks cost were $48 billion to businesses and $680 million...
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