...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ....................................
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................
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...ABSTRACT This paper gives an outline of the developing cybercrime issue and surveys two criminological speculations that have been connected to the investigation of cybercrime and cybercrime exploitation. Enactment which characterizes cybercrimes. Also gives the lawful base to arraigning such wrongdoings has been produced at both the government and state level. Numerous government law requirement orgs have offices that endeavor to battle a wide scope of PC unlawful acts from PC interruptions to licensed innovation burglary. This paper additionally surveys different meanings of cybercrimes and orders these unlawful acts into three general classes. It then goes ahead to analyze the current level of cybercrime exploitation for both organizations and people in internationally. Digital exploitation has influenced numerous people and organizations in the very states and this issue appears to have expanded as the utilization of PCs and the web expanded in the course of the most recent decade. In the wake of investigating the current level of cybercrime internationally in this paper inspects the use of restraint and routine movement hypothesis to the investigation of cybercrime. Both of these hypotheses can be connected to the investigation of PC wrongdoing and exploitation. We also going to take interview with some IT experts of software and network companies based on cybercrimes. At long last this paper closes with a few proposals for territories of future exploration. ...
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...Cybercrime: The Real Deal Reginald McInnis SEC 402 Information Warfare and Homeland Security Strayer University Spring 2012 Instructor: Professor Scott McCrea In our society there are many different way of communication around the world. With the rapid usage of the Internet and the access of personal computers, we must be aware of the global threats that await the consumer and business it we are not prepared and educated. One of the fastest crime in the United States and all over the world is cybercrime. What is exactly cybercrime? According to the book Scene of the Cybercrime author Michael Cross defines it as a broad and generic term that refers to crimes committed using computers and the Internet, and can generally be defined as a subcategory of computer crime. It can be also said that cybercrime can lead to criminal offenses committed using the internet or another computer network as a tool of the crime (Cross, 2008). According to the Computer Security Institute's Computer Crime and Security Survey for 2007, 494 computer security professionals in the United States corporations, government agencies, universities, and financial medical institutions reported that computer fraud was the greatest source of financial losses, with losses resulting from virus attacks falling into second place for the first time in seven years. In addition to this, 29 percent of the organizations suffered a computer intrusion that they reported to law enforcement (www.gocsi...
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...years has led to the increase in new form of crime – cybercrime – throughout the world. Cybercrimes are responsible for the interruption of normal computer functions and have been known to cause the downfall of many companies. This research paper aims to discuss following aspects of cybercrimes: the definition, who they affect and some cybercrime prevention procedures. Broadly speaking, this report will display all necessary information helping people avoid being victims of cybercrimes. Table of contents ABSTRACT 1. Introduction 2. Discussion of findings 2.1. What are cybercrimes? 2.2. What are the effects of cybercrimes? 2.3.1. Potential economic impact 2.3.2. Impact on consumer trust 2.3.3. Impact on national security 2.3. How to prevent cybercrimes? 2. Conclusion REFERENCES 1. Introduction In our modern technology-driven age, keeping our personal information private is becoming more and more difficult. The truth is, highly classified details are becoming more available to public databases because we are more interconnected than ever. This creates a negative stigma that the use of technology is dangerous because practically anyone can access one’s private information for a price. Technology continues to promise to ease our daily lives, however, there are dangers of using technology. One of the main dangers of using technology is cybercrimes. Cybercrimes are any crimes that cause harm to another individuals...
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...of expansion. This paper intends to discover the bang of cyber crime on developing countries mainly in terms of economic losses. Findings – The paper in general terminates that the internet is crushingly strong equipment for expansion. Inconsistently, the internet is a “double-edged sword,” offering several choices for peoples and associations to expand except at the similar time, has carried out with it fresh choices to execute crime. The paper disputes that the internet shows fresh confronts to law enforcement in every expanded and budding nations. Conversely, budding nations endure significantly as of the actions of internet crime than their expanded counterparts as budding nations have insufficient expertise, infrastructure and deficient law enforcement proficiency. Consequences of Cyber Crime Phenomena for Developing Countries Cyber crime means any act of crime through computers and networks; in general this act is called hacking. Moreover, this crime also comprises conventional crimes performed by the Internet. As an example; theft of identity, hate offenses, credit card account thefts, telemarketing and Internet fraud are viewed as cyber crimes when the unlawful activities are conducted by the Internet. Many publications and reports on cybercrime commence by determining the term “cybercrime”. Another example for a global approach is Art. 1.1 of the Draft International Convention to Increase Security from Cyber Crime that indicates cybercrime cites to activities...
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...Case Studies of Cybercrime and Its Impact on Marketing Activity and Shareholder Value Katherine T. Smith Department of Marketing Texas A&M University 4112 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4112 Tel: 979-845-1062 Fax: 979-862-2811 Email: Ksmith@mays.tamu.edu L. Murphy Smith, CPA* Mays Business School Texas A&M University 4353 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4353 Phone: 979-845-3108 Fax: 979-845-0028 Email: Lmsmith@tamu.edu Jacob L. Smith Grace Bible Church College Station, TX 77845 JacobSmith@grace-bible.org *Corresponding author Forthcoming in Academy of Marketing Studies Journal Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1724815 CASE STUDIES OF CYBERCRIME AND ITS IMPACT ON MARKETING ACTIVITY AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE Katherine T. Smith, Texas A&M University L. Murphy Smith, Texas A&M University Jacob L. Smith, Grace Bible Church ABSTRACT Cybercrime, also called e-crime, costs publicly traded companies billions of dollars annually in stolen assets and lost business. Cybercrime can totally disrupt a company’s marketing activities. Further, when a company falls prey to cyber criminals, this may cause customers to worry about the security of their business transactions with the company. As a result, a company can lose future business if it is perceived to be vulnerable to cybercrime. Such vulnerability can lead to a decrease in the market value of the company, due to legitimate concerns of financial analysts, investors, and creditors. This study examines...
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2014 The Impact of Mobile Information and Communication Technology on Cybercrime in Nigeria Oyenike Mary Olanrewaju1, Faith Oluwatosin Adebiyi2 1,2 Department of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria Keywords: Cybercrime, Intelligent, Investigatory Security, Mobile I. INTRODUCTION Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT). ICT is a term that summarizes the role of unified communications networks and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers and all its form of networks as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information to meet day to day needs of the society. A mobile device or mobile ICT basically describes a small, handheld computing device, typically having a display screen with a miniature keyboard and potable enough for users to carry with hands or conveniently kept in a pocket. They are also location independent. In other words their functionality is not confined to a specific geographical location. Nokia, LG, Motorola Mobility, BlackBerry, Samsung, and Apple are just a few examples of the many manufacturers producing these types of devices. A handheld...
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...UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE | The Impact of Cybercrimes on Organization Supply Chains | ASCM 630 Research Paper | TurnItIn Originality Score: 27% | April Dorsey | 4/1/2012 | The paper must follow APA format, be written on an approved topic related to the course, and include discussion of how the topic relates to Acquisition and Supply Chain Management. The paper must list and discuss a minimum of 10 scholarly references (other than websites and the textbook) with at least 5 references that are scholarly journal articles on the topic from UMUC’s online library databases. | ABSTRACT This paper will discuss the impact of cyber crimes on organization supply chain functions, and steps taken to improve supply chain security. Cyber crimes include, but are not limited to, piracy, implanting viruses, netspionage, and credit card fraud. During these times, it is getting easier and easier for computer hackers and frauds to gain access to confidential information from anybody. It could be passwords and social security numbers of individuals, to databases and network systems of large corporations. For businesses, the main supply chain areas at risk are the processes and controls for various departments, such as human resources, finance and accounting, procurement, and marketing. One of the processes at bigger risk is procurement. Majority of companies use other businesses outside their own, like manufacturers and distributors, as part of their purchasing...
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... 2 I have chosen to my term paper on Cyber Crime. I chose this topic because I myself have been a victim of this malicious crime in the past. With knowledge I can warn others. Cybercrime can only be described as illegal activity committed on the Internet. I thought it would be good for me to make myself aware of all the research behind this topic so that I will not be a victim again. Cybercrime is a very serious offense and a lot of people do not even realize they have been a victim of it. Cybercrime is no laughing matter. Criminal activities in cyberspace are on the rise. (National Research Council, (NRC), 1991) Computers today are being misused for illegal activities like e-mail espionage, credit card fraud, spams, and software piracy and so on, which invade our privacy and offend our senses. The internet, along with its advantages, has also exposed us to security risks that come with connecting to a large network. Cybercrimes can basically be divided into three categories: Cybercrimes against persons, cybercrimes against property and cybercrimes against the government. As cases of cybercrimes grow, there is a growing need to prevent them. Cyberspace belongs to everyone. Cybercrime is a menace that has to be tackled effectively not only by the official but also by the users by co-operating with the law. Cybercrime is one of the fastest growing areas of crime. More and more criminals are exploiting the speed...
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...for the private and public sectors since the beginning of the computer era, the increased level of concern over the most recent attacks has resulted in devoting more resources to combat this threat. This paper analyzes numerous cyberattacks by Russian computer enthusiast group Chaos Hackers Crew and other hacktivists during Operation Allied Force in 1999, that included taking down and defacing various NATO and US Government websites, several successful virus propagation attempts on military servers and countless spamming storms. This particular case raises curious questions about the legal definition of term cyberconflict itself, magnitude of the damage from a potential cyberattack on U.S. Government by terrorists and the level of preparedness of key military and intelligence units for the cyberwar. The cyberterrorism threat is real, however it’s essential to recognize that preserving the state of continuous distress over computer vulnerabilities can be profitable. Based on this research, cultural differences play a huge role in the world of computer hackers who decide what entity to attack and how, also the scale of a cyberattack doesn’t matter as economic damage can be devastating regardless of its size. Global governments need to continue working on creating workable laws that accurately describe the problem of cyberattacks and effectively enforce the solution. The modern world still has a long way to go before all security threats are addressed, appropriate defence is in place...
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...Cyber crimes and effectiveness of laws in India to control them Under the Supervision of Dr. P.K. Rai Birendra Singh (M.Phil(CS)) Department of Computer Science APSU Rewa ABSTRACT:- India owes a lot to the exponential growth of the Information Technology service Industry over the last 15 years. Though India got its first codified Act in the Information Technology Act (“IT Act), in the year 2000, the IT Industry and in fact all businesses with cross-border obligations have been left crying themselves hoarse for more! The Indian Legislature has now passed a mish –mash legislation in December 2008, which clearly demonstrates the appeasement policy adapted to meet the various and in some instances divergent interests of the Industry and the Government. The scope of this paper is to highlight some important provisions of the cyber criminal laws in India relating to data protection, privacy, encryption and other cyber crimes and the extent to which the said provisions arm the enforcement authorities to combat not just existing but emerging trends in Cyber Crime. INTRODUCTION:- The general laws in India were drafted and enacted in the 19th century. Whilst each of the general laws have undergone modifications and amendments, the broad and underlying provisions have withstood the test of time, including unimaginable advancements in technology, which speaks to the dynamism of the General laws. The general laws referred to in this Article are the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“IPC”), which...
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...170 Information Technology in Criminal Justice Dr. Jacob Ogunlade Spring 2015 Table of Contents Certificate of Authorship 3 name 3 Purposes one (1) strategy that the U.S. could use in order to mitigate the challenges in question. 8 Explain the fundamental manner in which the U.S. could align the efforts of federal agencies in order to better protect the nation against digital crimes and terrorisms 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Certificate of Authorship I have read and understand Strayer University's Academic Integrity Policy. I promise to conduct myself with integrity in the submission of all academic work to the University and will not give or receive unauthorized assistance on the completion of assignments, research papers, examinations or other work. I understand that violations of the Academic Integrity Policy will lead to disciplinary action against me, up to and including suspension or expulsion from the University. I know that all students play a role in preserving the academic integrity of the University and have an obligation to report violations of the Academic Integrity Policy committed by another student. In addition, I name certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format for all sources that I obtained ideas, data and words. Sources are properly credited according to the APA guidelines. name Due Week 10/ Date: June 17, 2015 Abstract ...
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...Computer Ethics and Cyber Crimes Computer ethics has become a vital and necessary aspect in the world today. With the growth of computer use and technology it is imperative that some standards and guidelines are set to protect the public. Today it is common that each household has multiple computers that is utilized by everyone in the household, including children. According to Wall, the term ‘cybercrime’ is widely used today to describe the crimes or harms that result from opportunities created by networked technologies. With the increase of user knowledge comes the increase potential for crimes committed with the use of technology. Cybercrimes can be committed without ever leaving the comfort of ones home and is getting harder to prevent. In this paper specific cybercrimes such as hacking, identify thief, embezzlement, and secure fraud will be analyzed. The one of the most common cybercrimes is hacking. Computer hacking is when someone gains access to another individual's or company's computer network without their knowledge or permission. There are several different types of hacking. Bluetooth hacking is one form. Bluetooth hacking is when the Java programming language is used to gain access to various cellular phones. For this process to work the phone that is targeted to be hacked must be able to support JSR-82, this is the official Java Bluetooth Application Programming Interface. The best way to prevent your phone from being hacked using a bluetooth is to set your...
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...AVILA Master of Science in Information Technology College of Computer Studies April 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 2 2.0 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2.1 CYBERCRIME 9 2.2 THEORIES OF CRIME 2.2.1 CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 10 2.2.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES 12 2.3 TYPES OF CRIME 14 2.3 CAUSES CYBERCRIME 19 2.4 CYBERCRIME PREVENTION 22 CHAPTER 3 3.0 ANALYSIS CYBERCRIME CASES 26 SUMMARY OF CYBERCRIME CASES 38 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 43 REFERENCES 44 ABSTRACT The 21st century has brought about certain influences in the lives of everyone including the way we do business transactions, the way we gain education and the way we communicate; these influences are mostly revolutionized through the use of modern day technology and though these technologies have been proven to be beneficial to the entire society, it also carries with it aspects that can be worrying for everyone. Certain professionals in the said field use their expertise to illegally develop ways on how to take advantage of others with of course the use of technology hence cybercrime. This study aims to provide an overview of the said topic and depict real life incidents with major companies and also discuss ways of avoiding them. CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION At early times the word computer was first conceived...
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