...ABSTRACT Nylons comes in many types but the most common and widely used in textile and plastic industries are Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6. Nylon 6,6 is made up of two monomers each containing 6 carbon atoms. One of them is Adipic Acid which is a dicarboxylic acid. It is manufactured by oxidation of Cyclohexanol which is produced by oxidative cleavage of cyclohexane or by hydrogenation of phenol. Commercially Cyclohexane is preferred as raw material because of its lower cost and a two-step mechanism involving Nitric acid is used to produce Adipic Acid. This process has higher selectivity and yield than other processes. The only concern with this process is the emission of nitrogen oxides in the gas effluents which is a major environmental concern. 1. Introduction Adipic acid is an organic compound, with formula HOOC (CH2)4COOH, which is a white crystalline solid and one of the most important Dicarboxylic acid. It is Odorless, Colorless and freely soluble in Ethanol, Methanol and Acetone. Other Important properties of Adipic acid is shown in Table 1.From Industrial perspective it is used mainly in Nylon-6, 6 production. About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually. In US it is mainly produced by three companies at four manufacturing plants, with nearly two-thirds of the total production, 860,000 tons capacity occurring at DuPont's two Texas facilities. The use of adipic acid in food items have started in recent times and this has created a demand...
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...Lab Report Chemistry 341L: Preparation of Cyclohexene Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to prepare an alkene, cyclohexene, by the dehydration of an alcohol, cyclohexanol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene, using phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Unsaturation tests are then done to ensure cyclohexene was prepared. Experimental Scheme: The procedure for the Preparation of Cyclohexene lab started with first having to add 10mL of cylcohexanol (clear liquid with strong odor), and 2.5mL of phosphoric acid (clear liquid) to a 50-mL round bottom flask. These liquids were mixed together well; a boiling stone was added to the flask in order to allow for a smoother and gentle boil. Below is the equation for the reaction that took place in this lab. Equation 1: Formation of the product cyclohexene, from the reactant cyclohexanol with the aid of a catalyst phosphoric acid4 Next a distillation apparatus had to be assembled, using a 25-mL round bottom flask as a receiving flask, this flask was then placed into a beaker of ice water refer to figure 1. Figure 1: Distillation apparatus5 Distillation is used in order to dehydrate the cyclohexanol. After the apparatus was assembled we circulated the cooling water in the condenser, while heating the mixture in the flask. The flask was heated until the product started to distill, and collect into the receiving flask in the ice water bath. We continued to heat the mixture...
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...Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. a) b) c) Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne acetic acid: ethanoic acid e) toluene: methyl benzene formic acid: methanoic acid f) isopropyl alcohol: 2-propanol 3. Be able to use physical or chemical properties to distinguish between organic substances. For example, identify one physical or chemical property you could use to distinguish between the following pairs of organic substances: a) 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol: • 2-butanol is a secondary alcohol so it will undergo oxidation reactions with [O] to produce butanone (a ketone). An oxidizing agent such as KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 will change colour to indicate the reaction • 2-methyl-2-propanol is a tertiary alcohol, so it will not undergo an oxidation reaction with [O]. The oxidizing agent will not change colour b) cyclopentane and cyclopentene: • cyclopentane is saturated while cyclopentene is unsaturated • if bromine in water is added to both compounds, the cyclopentane will not remove the orange colour of the bromine, but the cyclopentene will turn the bromine colourless c) butane and 1-butanol: i) solubility in water: butane is a hydrocarbon so it is non-polar and will not dissolve well in water, while 1-butanol is an alcohol so it is polar and is miscible in water ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii)...
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...Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulations, 1995 2. Scope of Application 2. Subject to the provisions of sub-regulation (2), these regulations shall apply to an employer or a self employed person who carries out work at a workplace which may expose any person to the intake of an HCS at the workplace. 3. The provisions of regulations 3(1), 6 and 7 shall not apply to: a. a self employed person; or b. a person who visits a workplace as contemplated in subregulation (1). 4. The provisions of these regulations shall not apply in the case where the Lead Regulations and Asbestos Regulations apply . 3. Information and training 1. An employer shall, before any employee is exposed or may be exposed, after consultation with the health and safety committee established for that section of the workplace, ensure that the employee is adequately and comprehensively informed and trained, as well as thereafter informed and trained at intervals as may be recommended by that health and safety committee, with regard to: a. the contents and scope of these regulations; b. the potential source exposure; c. the potential risks to health caused by exposure; d. the potential detrimental effect of exposure on his or her reproductive ability; e. the measures to be taken by the employers to protect an employee against any risk from exposure; ...
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