...European Commission, DG Internal Market and Services Unit E2 STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE DIRECTIVE FINAL REPORT | 7 SEPTEMBER 2007 Study on The Economic Impact of the Electronic Commerce Directive COLOPHON Authors Dr. Claus Kastberg Nielsen, Mr. Christian Jervelund, Ms. Karin Gros Pedersen, Ms. Benita Rytz, Mr. Eske Stig Hansen, Mr. Jacob Lind Ramskov Client Date: DG Internal Market and Services, European Commission 7 September 2007 2 Study on The Economic Impact of the Electronic Commerce Directive TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.........................................................................................................4 Preface 6 Chapter 1 Main findings............................................................................................7 1.1. Intermediary providers and certain online merchants have benefitted already.......12 1.2. Cross border trade and productivity growth.........................................................12 1.3. Contractual obligations in consumer contracts may hinder cross border trade......14 Chapter 2 The impact of specific provisions............................................................16 2.1. Limited liability provisions ..................................................................................16 2.2. E-contracts ..........................................................................................................23 2.3. Information requirement...
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...University of Macerata DPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES, COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MASTER’S DEGREE in Studi Politici e Internazionali ‘International Economic and Trade Relations’ LM–62 MASTER THESIS in DEVELPOMENT ECONOMICS Foreign Exchange regimes and major currencies Supervisor Student Prof. Paolo Sospiro Parapatakam Praveen Reddy MAT: 62282 ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014 Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 7 1. History of exchange rate regimes: 7 1.1 Gold Standard System (1880-1914): 7 1.2 Interim instability (1914-1944): 7 1.3 Bretton woods system (1946-1971). 8 Figure1.World Trade (1929-33).............................................................................................9 1.4 Par Value system: 9 2. Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes: 10 2.1 De facto Classification (1998-2009) 11 Diagram1. De Facto Classification of Foreign Exchange Regimes (Nov 1998 – Jan 2009).......12 2.2 Revised De Facto Classification System (2009 January to Present): 15 Table1. Shares of Classifications Using the 1998 and 2009 Systems. 16 2.3 Revised Classification System Definitions: 17 Hard pegs: 17 Soft pegs: 18 Floating arrangements: 19 Residual: 20 2.4 De facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements...
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...Economic Outlook, Prospects, and Policy Challenges 01 CHAPTER This year’s Economic Survey comes at a time of unusual volatility in the international economic environment. Markets have begun to swing on fears that the global recovery may be faltering, while risks of extreme events are rising. Amidst this gloomy landscape, India stands out as a haven of stability and an outpost of opportunity. Its macro-economy is stable, founded on the government’s commitment to fiscal consolidation and low inflation. Its economic growth is amongst the highest in the world, helped by a reorientation of government spending toward needed public infrastructure. These achievements are remarkable not least because they have been accomplished in the face of global headwinds and a second successive season of poor rainfall. The task now is to sustain them in an even more difficult global environment. This will require careful economic management. As regards monetary and liquidity policy, the benign outlook for inflation, widening output gaps, the uncertainty about the growth outlook and the over-indebtedness of the corporate sector all imply that there is room for easing. Fiscal consolidation continues to be vital, and will need to maintain credibility and reduce debt, in an uncertain global environment, while sustaining growth. On the government’s “reformto-transform” agenda, a series of measures, each incremental but collectively meaningful have been enacted. There have also...
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