...DNA Profiling: Private and Personal Information The topic of ownership and sharing policies of DNA profiling results is a controversial topic amongst individuals, families, doctors, and employees. Individuals should possess ownership of their genetic information. From a legal, ethical, and social standpoint, it is wrong to force someone, unwillingly, into sharing their DNA. Socially, the release of one’s DNA may cause tension and angst between family members. Legally, it is unrealistic to assume that shared genetic information will always end up in the right hands. Many argue over who is legally responsible for test results. Aside from laws regarding doctor patient confidentiality, individuals should the legal owner of their results....
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...these changes brings controversial issues about the violation of our civil liberties The Patriot Act was signed into law on October 26, 2001, As evident by the date the patriot Act was signed in to law I think it is safe to say that this country was in a state of trauma and depression which is why the act was passed with little debate. Years later citizens no longer view the act as a good choice and mainly section 215 of the act which expands law enforcement surveillance capabilities with the use of cctv and other surveillance systems has been the most debatable. The main issues are not the new technology itself but the lead way law enforcement was granted while using this technology. Many U.S citizens feel that the new technology tramples over our fourth amendment rights and privacy. The best way to understand the public view on new technology is to compare it to being a prisoner in your own home. With the use of new technology like surveillance systems, DNA collection citizen are left feeling like we are targets almost as if privacy is a thing in the past and the ending results leaves us feeling exposed. As far as mandating DNA collection programs are concerned the public has deemed it both and ethical and civil liberty violation. Many people are opposed to the idea of allowing law enforcement to obtain DNA from anyone who is arrested because there DNA stays in the system weather the individual is found guilty or not. This brings up a new issue...
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...1. Introduction Genetic profiling for the public has been around for a few decades but it has already changed many people’s lives. However, though it has many benefits an ethical issue arises should someone have the duty to disclose their genetic information to someone who may be at risk. In this essay, the issue of disclosure will be discussed, it will be broken down into 3 main topics: the advantages and disadvantages of genetic profiling; disclosing genetic information to family members and finally disclosing genetic information in the work place. This essay will then prove in its conclusion that there though there are ethical objections to disclosing genetic information there is a greater moral duty to show information. 1.1. Definition of genetic profiling Genetic profiling is also called DNA and genetic finger printing. According to the glossary of the National Human Genome Research Institute (n.d., n.p) the definition is “Genetic testing is a laboratory test to look for genetic variations associated with a disease. The results of a genetic test can be used to confirm or rule out a suspected genetic disease or to decide the likelihood of a person passing on a mutation to their offspring.” 2. Genetic Profiling and Ethics 2.1 Advantages of genetic profiling and ethics Even though genetic profiling is still relatively new, its positive outcomes can already be seen in the world around us. A layman’s example would be the use of genetic testing to discover the...
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...Forensic Science Introduction Within this paper the author will explain what DNA is, describe how it used and discuss the ethical issues surrounding the idea of having a national database. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material in all humans and almost all other living organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA however no two people have the same DNA make-up. Most DNA can be found in a cell nucleus. (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna) DNA was first discovered in 1892 but wasn’t used in criminal investigations until a murder inquiry of two young girls between 1983 and 1986 which Professor Alec Jeffreys used DNA profiling to convict suspect Colin Pitchfork in 1988. Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA differs from one person to the next. Scientists or forensic profilers can use this to generate a DNA profile of an individual using samples from blood, bone (marrow), hair, semen and other body fluids and tissues. Main Body In 1984 a very popular figure of the party Greenpeace Hilda Murrell was murdered in Shrewsbury. She had been stabbed, sexually abused and kidnapped before being left to die in a Shropshire wood of hypothermia along with her other injuries. She was due to give evidence at a public inquiry about a proposed nuclear reactor. Also her nephew played a crucial part in the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands war. This prompted a rash of conspiracy theories pointing the finger at British...
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...perfect example of such attempts. In nature, cloning is the process by which genetically identical organisms are produced by way of asexual reproduction. With some success, scientists have been working on ways to reproduce this phenomenon through biotechnology, in a laboratory setting. In biotechnology, cloning refers to the process used to create copies of DNA, cells, or entire organisms. Each of these forms of cloning will be described in this paper, which will then explore the issues surrounding cloning from biological, technological and public health standpoints. Molecular cloning, or DNA cloning, is the process of making multiple copies of an isolated sequence of DNA fragments (Strachan & Read, 1999). This form of cloning is most often used in biological research, but is also used in more practical applications such as genetic profiling and protein production. In practice, techniques such as this are often used producing vaccines and researching cures to common ailments. Molecular cloning isolates a desired segment of a DNA and links this fragment to a primary DNA sequence that is capable of replicating itself and the fragment DNA linked to it. Once this new DNA sequence has been formed, it is then inserted into a cell which will make identical genetic copies of the...
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...1)Introduction; Crime today is at an extreme high. However, forensic science has been there to help solve every crime committed Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past. The word forensic comes from the Latin forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum. The word forensic basically means the key to solve a crime.This is the technology used to help forensic teams to analyze and solve crimes.- This is especially important in law enforcement where forensics is done in relation to criminal or civil law,[1] but forensics are also carried out in other fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and geology to investigate ancient times. Forensic Science is used to Identify Criminals Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. . In modern forensic science, the crime laboratories include photography section, Evidence storage section, identification section, chemistry section, General examination section, Fire arms section, instrument section and crime scene search section. 2)Origins of forensic science: In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs.[9][10] Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation...
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...ISSUE NO. 267 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice JOURNAL Police Use of Force: The Impact of Less-Lethal Weapons and Tactics n Toward a Better Way to Interview Child Victims of Sexual Abuse Solving the Problem of Untested Evidence in Sexual Assaults Extending the Time to Collect DNA in Sexual Assault Cases Also in this issue In Brief: Block by Block: Zeroing in on Crime Trends Minimizing the Risks of Hazardous Materials: The CBRN Standard Improving Forensic Death Investigation In Brief: Expanding Research by Sharing Data n n i Building Knowledge to Meet the Challenge of CriMe and JustiCe National Institute of Justice John H. Laub Director, National Institute of Justice The NIJ Journal is published by the National Institute of Justice to announce the Institute’s policy-relevant research results and initiatives. The Attorney General has determined that publication of this periodical is necessary in transacting the public business of the U.S. Department of Justice as required by law. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. All products, manufacturers and organizations cited in this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and their discussion does not constitute product approval or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Justice. Subscription...
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...Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal Ethical Operational Legal, Ethical and Operational Issues P3 Ben Bush | Contents: * ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION 2 ------------------------------------------------- LEGAL ISSUES 3 * Data Protection Act 1998 3 * Freedom of Information 2000 ...
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...Running Head: AFTER CONVICTION: EXONERATED AFTER CONVICTION: EXONERATED Curtis C. Dix Jr. Prof. George Ackerman CRJ-330 February 19, 2012 Abstract There are many things that have been and will be discussed regarding our justice system and the justice system of other countries. Differently there are varying types of courts all throughout these other countries as well. Similarly, all countries have criminal sanctions, sentencing practices, types’ of punishment, imprisonment, and death penalties. The question I present is what about all those whom have been wrongfully convicted, sentenced and then later on exonerated based upon DNA or whatever evidence available? What about the various countries whom have taken the act in an attempt to exonerate those individuals especially here within the United States? I believe that the wrongly accused deserve to not only be exonerated from their sentence but also compensated for all the time lost due to being wrongfully convicted in the first place. Anyone that has been exonerated should be well provided for due to the simple fact that those whom have been incarcerated may have the tendency to be unprepared meeting the challenges of the world today in some shape or form. Since most topics in criminal justice systems and contrast/comparisons have been spoken of numerous of times and the idea of exonerating individuals is current plus still a fairly new field of study and concern, I will share some accounts, data, and my standpoint on...
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...The Limits on Genetic Testing There are many arguments out there that need have the concerns of many Americans including the one that will be presented today. The biggest one in the world of science and technology is possibly genetic testing. Genetic testing has so many possibilities in the today’s society that there are legal, social, and ethical problems that allow it to stay at bay. There is fine line that should be drawn when it comes to genetic testing especially when it comes to healthcare and when it leads to vanity. Genetic testing examines a person's genetic code by using a sample of blood or other body fluids/tissues, for health or medical identification purposes; it’s also a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins (Genetic Testing). The Human Genome Project, human cloning and stem cell research are all part of this group. Genetic cloning is the reproduction of a new organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing, or previously existing, being (Clone). Stem cell is an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell, and they have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells (Stem Cell). The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Human Genome Project formally began in 1990...
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...Invasive Security: Does it Work Bruno Gerardo Introduction to Canadian Aviation (MOS 1022F) Dr. Suzanne Kearns 23 November, 2011 Abstract On September 11, 2001, the world watched in terror as America was under attack. As a result of these events, the aviation industry was restructured to improve reliability and security of commercial air travel. Although the new security changes have improved the overall safety of air travel, concerns have been raised that the changes introduced are invasive to privacy, and are an infringement of individual rights. Biometric and advanced imaging technology have been criticized for this reason, however, they have been effective at preventing further terrorist attacks. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the security measures that have been introduced as a result of September 11th 2001, and evaluate the effectiveness of the changes and how they impact both safety and privacy. Keywords: Biometrics, Advanced imaging technology, September 11 Invasive Security: Does it Work On September 11, 2001, the world watched in terror as America was under attack. Early that morning, four commercial airliners departed from Newark and Boston with arrivals at San Francisco and Los Angeles were taken over by nineteen hijackers (National Commission, 2004). Two of these aircrafts collided with the Twin Towers in New York City resulting in the destruction of both buildings. An additional aircraft flew into the Pentagon in Washington D.C, and...
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...Pharmacogenomics 1.Introduction: Genomics: The study of genes and their function. Genomics aims to understand the structure of the genome, including the mapping genes and sequencing the DNA. Genomics examines the molecular mechanisms and the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease. It is used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organisms and a fine scale genetic mapping. The field also includes study of intra genomic phenomena such as Hetrosis, Epistasis, Pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. 2.History: The term genome was introduced by H. Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes present in an organism, including a virus. This term is used in the same sense even today. The term genomics was coined by T.H. Roderick sometime in 1987 mean mapping and sequencing to analyze the structure and organization of genomes. But today genomics includes sequencing of genomes, determination of the complete set of proteins encoded by an organism, and the functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. Thus genomics not only deals with the determination of the genetic information present in an organism, but also with the understanding the mechanism by which this information is used by the organism. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the...
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...(Zane). Testing for medical tendencies to screen and reduce the possibility of future illness or diseases is now feasible. Genetic testing can enhance and improve lives with immeasurable benefits. The rewards of this testing outweigh any reservations. Genetic testing are examinations of blood and other tissues of the body that doctors in the medical field prepare to test for possible defects of the body. These DNA based tests generally involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself and are very sophisticated techniques of testing genetic disorders in the bodies of human beings. Prenatal genetic testing with the procedure of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD is a technique whereby testing is performed of an approximate three-day-old embryo to confirm that it does not carry a particular disease or diseases (Naik). The test predicts, with variable confidence, what the possible medical problems will be in the future. Then the doctor implants this embryo, which is free of that syndrome, in the mother's womb. It appears to be relatively easy to check the DNA and eliminate future diseases that are linked to a single malfunctioning gene such as cystic fibrosis or autism. In the 1990s, this type of prenatal genetic testing, PGD, was first introduced with vast numbers of parents utilizing this screening to avoid the potential hereditary passing of many deadly disorders to their children (Naik). In the very near future parents will be able to pick or select the...
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...Evidence To what extent has the use of technology in evidence altered our understanding of adversarialism? What is adversarialism? The adversarial system is the two-sided structure under which criminal trial courts in the UK operate. There are four prominent structural features of the English adversarial system. Firstly, the parties dominate the conduct of proceedings with the judge playing a relatively passive role. Secondly, the parties are free to choose the terrain on which to fight out their legal battles and to select their forensic weapons. Thirdly, Trials are continuous, oral and public events. Fourthly, the imbalance of power between the state and the accused is ameliorated by rules and principles reducing inequality of arms. High level definitions or at least descriptions of the adversarial system abound such as that of Lord Denning in Jones v The National Coal Board.They are all to the effect that the judge is a passive and neutral umpire who cannot descend into the arena for fear of having his or her judgement clouded. The adversarial system is said to be the most efficient means of arriving at approximate truth because it harnesses the power of self-interest on each side to unearth the best evidence. Similarly the best legal arguments are thought to emerge from the clash of advocate’s submission on the law. A classic quotation is that of Lord Eldon in Ex Parte Lloyd that ‘truth is best discovered by powerful statements on both sides of the question.’ This...
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...High-volume, high-variety and high-velocity information that demand the innovative forms of processing, cost-effective for improved insight and decision making. This technological definition does not encompass the societal aspect and. Therefore, it can be argued to be one-sided definition. To incorporate the societal aspect, the definition needs to be viewed in a broader manner so that the aspect of data analytics can come in. In this regard, the two terms can work together so that a meaning of full terms big data/ data analytics can denote the cloud collection and storage of the information (including personal data) in large data sets and in which interferences and predictions can be made. Ethical Impacts One of the adverse implications of the big data is the corruption of the ethical values in the society. The big data have corrupted human values that the society once held dearly such as privacy, identity, free choice,...
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