...Documents > Application Notes > A/D and D/A Conversion/Sampling Circuits > APP 5317 Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > High-Speed Signal Processing > APP 5317 Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > Wireless and RF > APP 5317 Keywords: RF, direct RF, RF-to-digital, RF transmitter, direct RF radio transmitter, IF, LO, I and Q, wireless base transceiver station, BTS, wireless base station, DAC, zero IF APPLICATION NOTE 5317 Implementing a Direct RF Transmitter for Wireless Communications By: Ajay Kuckreja, Principal Member Technical Staff, Product Definition May 16, 2012 Abstract: The application note summarizes the RF transmitter architectures of zero-IF, complex IF, high (real) IF, and direct RF before detailing the benefits of the direct RF transmitter for wireless applications, which have increased with the rise in smartphone and tablet computer use. As the application note shows, the superiority of a direct RF architecture with a high-performance DAC results in reduced component count and lower power dissipation while synthesizing very wideband signals. A similar version of this article appears on Wireless Design & Development, March 29, 2012. Introduction Wireless radio transmitters have evolved over the years from real IF (intermediate Click here for an overview of the wireless frequency) transmitters, to complex IF transmitters, to zero-IF transmitters. components used in a typical radio ...
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...signal, it is made up of binary digits 1 and 0 and if there is no “noise” or “distortion” during the transmission of the information then everything will stay the same. If there is a change in the signal it will be measured by the receiver, encoding will not be necessary because the information that is being transferred will be converted into a binary form. An example of this in voice communications through telephones because when a call is made it is not in any type of binary form, they are analog signals that vary is value and must be converted into digital form so that it can be used in a digital communications system. When you convert a digital signal to an analog signal you must use a converter and in this case the converter is a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). What the DAC does is it accepts the discrete binary value and it will convert them into a continuously varying value of an analog signal. If you don’t monitor the conversion, then the sound quality of the signal might be affected. Examples of this situation are analog phones lines or POTS ranging from standard phones lines, faxes and alarm system lines that are converted from digital to analog signals, the best example of a conversion from analog to digital signal is a modem connected to your computer then connecting to the internet. References Kvedaras, R. R., Kvedaras, V. V., & Ustinavicius, T. T. (2011). Settling Time...
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...currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0. ADC is used in more occasions than people think. For example, whenever music is transmitted through the radio, the signal is sent in as analog and then through ADC changed into digital. Another example is the use of phones. Voice is analog, so a conversion needs to take place at the switch to convert it into digital. Analog is an older technology that is still widely used, so it is important...
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...Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT) – Semester 1/ Diploma in Information Technology (DIT) – Semester 1 BT0064 – Digital Logic ------------------------------------------------- Assignment Set – 1 Q1. Convert the following octal numbers to base 10 a. 273 Answer: 187 b. 1021 Answer: 529 Q2. What is a logic gate? Answer: When we deal with logical circuits (as in computers), we not only need to deal with logical functions; we also need some special symbols to denote these functions in a logical diagram. There are three fundamental logical operations, from which all other functions, no matter how complex, can be derived. These functions are named and, or, and not. Each of these has a specific symbol and a clearly-defined behavior, as follows: | | The AND GateThe AND gate implements the AND function. With the gate shown to the left, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in order for the output to be a logic 1. With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to logic 0.If your browser supports the Javascript functions required for the demonstrations built into this page, you can click the buttons to the left of the AND gate drawing to change their assigned logic values, and the drawing will change to reflect the new input states. Other demonstrations on these pages will work the same way.There is no limit to the number of inputs that may be applied to an AND function, so there is no functional limit to the number...
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...Network Interface Card (NIC) Any computer that is to be connected to a network, needs to have a network interface card (NIC). Most modern computers have these devices built into the motherboard, but in some computers you have to add an extra expansion card (small circuitboard) Some computers, such as laptops, have two NICs: one for wired connections, and one for wireless connections (which uses radio signals instead of wires) In a laptop, the wireless radio antenna is usually built in to the side of the screen, so you don't need to have a long bit of plastic sticking out the side of your computer! Network Cable To connect together different devices to make up a network, you need cables. Cables are still used in most networks, rather than using only wireless, because they can carry much more data per second, and are more secure (less open to hacking). The most common type of network cable cable in use today looks like the one shown above, with plastic plugs on the ends that snap into sockets on the network devices. Inside the cable are several copper wires (some used for sending data in one direction, and some for the other direction). Hub A hub is a device that connects a number of computers together to make a LAN. The typical use of a hub is at the centre of a star network (or as part of a hybrid network) - the hub has cables plugged into it from each computer. A hub is a ‘dumb’ device: if it receives a message, it sends it to every computer...
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...Define the following words in a Word document. Upload your response to the Schoology dropbox. Rachel Hodges * ACLs * Boot Loaders- a program that loads an operating system when a computer is turned on. * DAC - In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A or D-to-A) is a function that converts digital data (usually binary) into an analog signal (current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function. * Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)- GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. * Kernel Space- Kernel space is where the kernel (i.e., the core of the operating system) executes (i.e., runs) and provides its services. * Linux Daemons- A daemon is a type of program on Unix-like operating systems that runs unobtrusively in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user, waiting to be activated by the occurance of a specific event or condition. * Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)- is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. * Linux Immutable Files * Linux Loader (LILO)- a boot loader (a small program that manages a dual boot) for use with the Linux operating system. Most new computers are shipped with boot loaders for some version of Microsoft Windows or the Mac OS. If...
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...Synopsis ECE 441 HDL Programming Topic: Analog to Digital Converter using Verilog programming Language By: Kamaalbir Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B28) & Jasmeet Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B27) Introduction: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions ("samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Design (Using Verilog): * The basic module of the adc will have an input, an output and a clock (clk) as part of the port list. * It will also include some user defined parameters (basically different data types). * The main logic for an adc is to convert an analog input signal into a digital one, so we will design logic for quantization and sampling etc. Applications: * The major applications of an adc include Music Recording and Digital Signal Processing. * Analog to Digital converters are used virtually everywhere where...
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...can be transmitted. Nowadays almost all equipment being produced is digital based. Analog to digital conversions or A/D conversions is the process of changing a continuous variable signal to a multi-level signal without altering the vital contents or the information or data. A prime example of a telecommunication that uses this form of conversion is a telephone modem. Voice communications vary in range and are not in binary form, so these analog signals must be translated into digital signals. Digital to analog conversions or DAC is the conversion of binary code to analog signal. In order words, signals having few defined levels or states are converted into signals having a theoretically infinite number of states (Rouse, 2005). Going from digital to analog can sometimes be tricky and even cause the quality of the signal to be compromised. An example of digital to analog conversion would be the use of Internet via a modem; the modem converts computer signals (digital) using standard phone lines. Amplitude Modulation &...
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...Wire Symbols | | Electrical Wire | Conductor of electrical current | | Connected Wires | Connected crossing | | Not Connected Wires | Wires are not connected | Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols | | SPST Toggle Switch | Disconnects current when open | | SPDT Toggle Switch | Selects between two connections | | Pushbutton Switch (N.O) | Momentary switch - normally open | | Pushbutton Switch (N.C) | Momentary switch - normally closed | | DIP Switch | DIP switch is used for onboard configuration | | SPST Relay | Relay open / close connection by an electromagnet | | SPDT Relay | | | Jumper | Close connection by jumper insertion on pins. | | Solder Bridge | Solder to close connection | Ground Symbols | | Earth Ground | Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection. | | Chassis Ground | Connected to the chassis of the circuit | | Digital / Common Ground | | Resistor Symbols | | Resistor (IEEE) | Resistor reduces the current flow. | | Resistor (IEC) | | | Potentiometer (IEEE) | Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. | | Potentiometer (IEC) | | | Variable Resistor / Rheostat(IEEE) | Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals. | | Variable Resistor / Rheostat(IEC) | | | Trimmer Resistor | Preset resistor | | Thermistor | Thermal resistor - change resistance when temperature changes | | Photoresistor / Light dependent resistor (LDR) | Photo-resistor - change resistance with light intensity change...
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...binary signal is made up of two symbols namely binary digits or bits 1 and 0. If there is no influence of noise and distortion during transmission, the binary information will be the same. The change in the signal is being measure at the receiver. Encoding is needless if the information to be transferred has already been converted in binary form just like in data communications. In contrary, voice communication through telephone is not in binary form. These are analog signals that vary in range of values and therefore must be converted to digital form before it is being used in digital communications system.” (T. T. (2011). Digital signal to analog signal conversions involve the use of DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converters). DAC accepts the discrete binary values and converts them into continuously-varying values of analog signal. This conversion may affect the fidelity of the signal if the process was not properly monitored. Analog telephone lines, most commonly called POTS lines, uses separate lines (e.g. standard phone and fax lines, alarm lines, etc.) from the digital equipment lines (e.g. PBX). The use of modem for computer’s connection to the internet is one of the best examples of conversion from analog to digital signals using standard phone line. Advantages and Disadvantages of Common Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Advantages - Amplitude Modulation (AM) covers wider area than Frequency Modulation...
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...Oracle® Business Intelligence Applications Installation Guide for Informatica PowerCenter Users Release 7.9.6.4 E35271-01 November 2012 Provides the steps to install and set up Oracle Business Intelligence Applications Release 7.9.6.4. Oracle Business Intelligence Applications Installation Guide for Informatica PowerCenter Users, Release 7.9.6.4 E35271-01 Copyright © 2009, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Primary Author: P Brownbridge This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed...
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...IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 47, NO. 7, JULY 2012 1585 A 53-nW 9.1-ENOB 1-kS/s SAR ADC in 0.13- m CMOS for Medical Implant Devices Dai Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, Ameya Bhide, Student Member, IEEE, and Atila Alvandpour, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper describes an ultra-low power SAR ADC for medical implant devices. To achieve the nano-watt range power consumption, an ultra-low power design strategy has been utilized, imposing maximum simplicity on the ADC architecture, low transistor count and matched capacitive DAC with a switching scheme which results in full-range sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low...
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...component E.G. RAS, VPNs, Shared resource permissions assigned by NOS - policy E.G. rules defining operation of S/W to limit access to resources 3 • Access Control sets the conditions of access. • Access Control Policy consists of a precise set of rules for determining authorization as a basis for making access control decisions. • Access Mechanism implements access control policy. 4 Sub-components of Access controls (Access control policies) • MAC – MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROL • DAC – DISCRETIONARY ACCESS CONTROL • RBAC – ROLE-BASE ACCESS CONTROL 5 MAC • protection decisions not to be decided by owner of objects. • Level of access is defined and hard-coded in the Operation system or application and it is not easily changed. E.G. denial of access or deletion of certain root/system files in Windows XP. 6 DAC • Defined by the owner of an object. • It is discretionary because the protection on this data object is set at the discretion of the owner of the object. • A DAC mechanism allows users to grant or revoke access to any of the objects under their control without the interaction of a system administrator 7 • Requires less coding and Administration than MAC. • Permits system users to allow or disallow other users access to objects under their control; i.e only owner of the file who controls other users' accesses to the file and this is modifiable and transferable as desired. 8 RBAC • Defined by job function and are definable with much more...
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...Table 5.3.1: External Interface of GPIO core 5.4 UART 16550 Core The UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) core provides serial communication capabilities (the data format and transmission speeds (baud rate) are configurable) with a modem or other external devices using a serial cable and RS232 protocol. The UART core uses a shift register to convert between serial and parallel data. Using UART is advantageous as serial transmission of digital data through a single wire is less expensive than parallel transmission through multiple wires. The transmitting UART receives data from a controlling device like a CPU and transmits it in serial to the receiving UART, which then converts the serial data back into parallel data for the receiving...
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...laser printer operates with an electrical charge and the attraction of ink to this charge while a dot matrix printer moves a print head containing a matrix of pins over the paper A pattern of pins matching the character or symbol to be printed is forced out of the print head, generating printed images and characters similar. 9. Describe the types of optical input devices. For what type of input is each device intended? Types of optical input devices are mark sensors and bar-code scanners, optical scanners, digital cameras, and potable data capture devices. Mark sensors are used to input answers to surveys and multiple choice answers. Barcode scanners can be used to input and track items in an inventory. Optical scanners are used to convert pictorial text and moving images into its equivalent digital representation. Digital cameras are used to capture images. Portable data capture devices are used for task such as warehouse inventory control and package routing, tracking, and delivery and in retail settings, such as grocery stores and Walmart. 10. What additional components are added to flat panel display to enable it to accept touch input? The additional component added to a flat panel display to enable it to accept touch input is capacitance. Capacitance is the ability of a substance or object or object to hold an electrical charge. A capacitive touchscreen embeds capacitors within the screen at closely spaced intervals. Enable users to use a touchscreen feature on their...
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