...prefrontal cortex in rodents has two main area, called Infra-Limbic Cortex ( IL) and Pre-Limbic Cortex (PL), which plays a main role in fear acquire and response, as well as the formation of fear memory and conditional fear suppression. These two areas are also in a broad connection with the basolateral amygdala. Anatomically, PL is located in dorsal of IL, and past studies of rodents indicated the impact of this area on conditional fear. In the classic fear conditioning model, inactivate of the PL, cause reduction in the expression of fear and suppressed the freezing behavior. Moreover, advanced studies have shown that there is a very close alignment between rodent IL /PL and human’s vmPFC / dACC, which might be part of inter-species evolutionary connections. As regards, results confirmed the role of dACC in expressing conditional fear in humans as well as the role of PL in...
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...What is hypnosis? Aileen McCartney Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills – Year One - Module One MAIDS1A 12 Word Count: 1984 Tutor: Karen Martin Hypnosis is a well known subject to most people, very often through the drama of the stage or television hypnotist. However, the hypnotic trance is a natural phenomenon that most people will have experienced personally, whether aware of it at the time or not. An example of this might be driving a car along a regular route and arriving at the destination with no memory of the journey, having performed the activity safely and reliably while in another sense being quite detached from the experience. This altered level of consciousness is the starting point for the hypnotic process through an induction which focuses on relaxation, inner experiences, feelings and imagery (Heap & Naish, 2012: 7). It is generally accepted that hypnosis is a different experience to that of being awake or being asleep but debate remains over its true nature within academic and scientific circles (Karle & Boys, 2010:14). This essay will discuss the nature of hypnosis, focusing on the psychological and physical aspects while touching on the role of relaxation. Hypnosis is a complex psychological phenomenon and one which is difficult to find an agreed definition for. Indeed the American Psychological Association definition of hypnosis in 2003 is almost 300 words long but centres around hypnosis being a procedure of suggestions where...
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...Bullying November 17, 2017 DACC What is bullying? Before getting into the various definitions that describe different types of bullies, it is essential to understand the basic definition of what is bullying. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, bullying is defined as “to treat abusively” or “to affect by means of force or coercion.” When you look deeper into the meaning of bullying, you will see that these definitions shine through in the meaning of all these types, giving them a common thread that ties them together. In no sense of the word is bullying ever an appropriate behavior, whether among children or adults. There are still people who think that bullies only hurt others physically, this is not true. As a matter of fact there are several types of bullying that i will be discussing with you shortly. The most common type of bullying is physical bullying. Physical bullying can be anything from hitting, pushing, kicking, spitting, and even stealing. Most of this type of bullying occurs in and around schools. Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the victim, but also the other students who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers, and other concerned adults and young people should be aware of what physical bullying is and some of the ways to handle it. Physical bullying can start at any age, although it is most common around the middle school age. Males are more likely to be involved with bullying than girls. However, girls can...
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...Journal of Accounting and Economics 50 (2010) 344–401 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Accounting and Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jae Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences$ Patricia Dechow a, Weili Ge b, Catherine Schrand c,n a b c University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States a r t i c l e i n f o abstract Available online 4 November 2010 Researchers have used various measures as indications of ‘‘earnings quality’’ including persistence, accruals, smoothness, timeliness, loss avoidance, investor responsiveness, and external indicators such as restatements and SEC enforcement releases. For each measure, we discuss causes of variation in the measure as well as consequences. We reach no single conclusion on what earnings quality is because ‘‘quality’’ is contingent on the decision context. We also point out that the ‘‘quality’’ of earnings is a function of the firm’s fundamental performance. The contribution of a firm’s fundamental performance to its earnings quality is suggested as one area for future work. & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G31 M40 M41 Keywords: Earnings quality Earnings management Review Survey 1. Introduction Statement of Financial Accounting...
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...The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number * 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00800 numbers or these calls may be billed. In certain cases, these calls may be chargeable from telephone boxes or hotels. «The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the European Commission or any of its officials» A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://www.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN 978-92-79-08008-1 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON CHLORE FREE PAPER The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia ••• 2 Preface 5 priorities identified by the Internet Governance Forum: openness, security, access, diversity and critical Internet resources. The use of the Internet in public policies will considerably grow in areas such as education, culture, health and e-government...
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