Crisis in Darfur: An Educational Simulation
July 10, 2009

U.S. Diplomacy Center
Department of State

PARTICIPANT BACKGROUND GUIDE
INTRODUCTION: “CRISIS IN DARFUR”
Whether the murder, rape, pillage, and displacement of tens of thousands in the Darfur region of
Sudan is labeled a tragedy, or civil war, or ethnic cleansing, or genocide “in slow motion” 1, the world can’t ignore what is going on in western Sudan. According to the UN, over 2.1 million people are believed to have left their homes, and up to 70,000 have been killed. Other estimates put the death toll higher, up to 400,000.
International media has only limited access due to the remoteness and instability in this vast region the size of France. So we don’t see all the day to day details of suffering as we did, for example, in late 1998 in Kosovo. Those images and reports helped trigger UN ultimatums and eventual NATO intervention in 1999.
After the Holocaust, the world said “never again” should we stand by and watch while millions are slaughtered. After the Cambodian genocide of the 1970s, after the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and after the mass killings in Srebrenica in Bosnia in 1995, the world also stood by, and then said “never again.” And now we have Darfur. Thus Darfur can be seen as a profound test of the credibility of the international community: the United Nations, the international NGO community, the African
Union, and citizens and governments around the world. Is there the will to act in Darfur or will we stand by once again?
Questions to consider:
On the political level: Is it a rebellion? Is it an internal
It would be too easy to lay the blame
Sudanese matter? Under what conditions can other states for the current crisis on the infamous intervene? “Janjaweed” or on the Sudanese government in Khartoum or on Sudan’s
Is the killing “genocide”? How would this be determined history of civil war. The truth is that in the terms of the 1948 Convention on Genocide? What the causes of this crisis are complex. action does the Convention authorize if a determination of
Wherever you start - with the colonial genocide is made? Which countries have decided that the period or with the famine and drought killing in Darfur qualifies as genocide? Does it matter in the 80s, or with the civil war and what it is called? rebellions in Sudan and neighboring
Humanitarian crisis: What is being done to bring help to countries in the past 50 years - there is the thousands in the refugee camps right now? Is enough blame to go around. And the permission required for NGOs and UN and other problems will not be solved overnight.
But right now, there is international and near universal outcry to do something to “save Darfur.” 2 But what should be done? Who can do it?
1
2

assistance organizations to go in? Are those staff safe from attack? Who will provide funding, food, medicines, transport, and protection for refugees and those who deliver assistance? How long will assistance be needed?

See Nicholas Kristof, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18674a. http://www.savedarfur.org/content Crisis in Darfur: An Educational Simulation
July 6, 2009

U.S. Diplomacy Center
Department of State

A. STAKEHOLDER GROUPS
Each participant will be assigned to a delegation representing one the following Stakeholders:
 Government of Sudan
 United Nations
 United States Department of State
 The African Union
 China
 Non-Governmental Organizations
Each Stakeholder group will prioritize these possible actions:
 Stabilize the Darfur region and border areas of Chad so refugees can return home
 Bring those responsible for the killings to justice
 Bring in new business opportunities for the people of Darfur to rebuild the region’s economy  Implement a viable ceasefire in Darfur
 Deliver emergency humanitarian assistance to refugees - internally displaced and those in neighboring countries
 Open up Darfur for foreign business and tourism
 Implement the terms of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) of May 2006 or devise another political process to prevent future conflict in Darfur

To prepare for the negotiation, Stakeholders should read p. 1-10 of the Background Guide.
Stakeholders should prioritize possible actions (listed above) in order of what they most strongly support and in accordance with their Stakeholders policy positions. They should be prepared to discuss a proposed timeline of when and in what order priorities should be taken, and how each priority will be accomplished (By whom? Who will pay?)
Stakeholders should write a one-page position paper to distribute to other Stakeholder groups prior to the negotiation. This one-pager will state their position on the crisis in Darfur, prioritize possible actions and how they propose to address them, propose a timeline of implementation, and describe the resources and conditions necessary for the actions they propose.
Suggestions for Sources for Research for Position Papers are listed p. 10-17. All Stakeholders should read the materials listed in the first section, and then the materials for their own Stakeholder group. Stakeholders might find it useful to take a look at some of the references for other groups.
Each Stakeholder will select a chief diplomat who will serve as lead negotiator. The job of the chief diplomat is to represent his/her group’s perspective and work towards consensus on how to address the problems of Darfur with the other groups. Diplomats will use negotiating skills to find agreement and make policies.

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B. BACKGROUND ON STAKEHOLDERS
Government of Sudan:
Sudan is the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, sitting along the Red Sea, sharing borders with
Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Libya, and Uganda. Sudan’s population, estimated at 41 million in 2006, is one of the most diverse on the African continent. There are two distinct major cultures--"Arab" and black African-with hundreds of ethnic and tribal subdivisions and language groups, which make effective cooperation a major political challenge. About 70% of Sudanese are Sunni Muslim, 25% hold indigenous beliefs, and 5% are Christian. Sudan, independent since 1956, has a Provisional
Government established in January 2005, with one President – Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmed alBashir and two Vice Presidents. Country-wide elections are expected in April 2010. The capital city is Khartoum.
Since independence, Sudan has experienced almost constant ethnic and religious strife. The protracted conflict is rooted in the cultural and religious divides that characterize the country.
Northerners who have traditionally controlled the country have sought to unify it along the lines of
Arabism and Islam despite the opposition of non-Muslims, southerners, and marginalized peoples in the west and east. The conflict has affected all the states bordering Sudan. The civil strife has retarded Sudan’s economic and political development as well as forced massive internal displacement of its people.
The Darfur region in western Sudan was always poor and politically marginalized. In 2003, a rebellion against the government broke out in Darfur by groups representing Muslim black African ethnic groups who had traditionally been farmers. To defeat the rebel movements, the Government of Sudan armed and supported local tribal and other militias, now known as the "Janjaweed." The militias are composed of Muslim black African groups who were traditionally nomadic herders of cattle, camels, and other livestock. Attacks on the civilian population by the Janjaweed, often with the direct support of Government of Sudan forces, have led to the death of tens of thousands of persons in Darfur, with an estimated 2.7 million internally displaced persons and another 250,000 refugees in neighboring Chad, i.e., 200,000 in 12 camps and 50,000 in the border area. Disarming the Janjaweed is essential to any solutions. But, although the government of Sudan helped arm the
Janjaweed who have conducted joint operations with the Sudanese military in the past, it is questionable if Khartoum could actually disarm the militias now.
The African Union first sent peacekeepers to Darfur in 2003. Since the UN Security Council authorized a UN peacekeeping force in August 2006 to bolster the AU forces, the government of
Sudan refused to give approval. Sudan claimed the AU had the situation in hand and that their country is not interested in being “re-colonized.” On June 12, 2007, the Sudan government announced it would accept the hybrid UN-African Union force. However, Sudan has a record of foot-dragging on promises and on implementation of past agreements. Since the July 31, 2007 UN
Security Council Resolution 1769 authorized the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur
(UNAMID), the Government of Sudan has successfully used bureaucratic obstacles and

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obstructionism to delay the deployment of the peacekeeping mission. Despite such obstacles,
UNAMID now numbers over 13,000 forces.
In October 2006 the Sudanese ordered the head of the UN office in Sudan to leave the country.
Attacks in Darfur continue and work of relief organizations has been limited by concerns over safety of their staff, as well as by the Government’s own actions. In March 2009 the Government of Sudan expelled 13 international aid organizations and closed three national aid agencies.
Tensions rose in March 2009 when the International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted President alBashir for war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing but not for genocide, as ICC
Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo had originally sought. In June 2009, Ocampo announced that he would appeal the decision and pursue the genocide charge.
Media reports suggest that international protest lead by groups such as SaveDarfur are increasingly anxious for international action on Darfur after what these groups see as months of “foot-dragging” and that the situation on the ground in Sudan, especially in Darfur, is not changing. The former
Sudanese Ambassador in Washington, John Ukec Lueth, gave a press conference at the National
Press Club on May 30, 2007, after Former President Bush put further sanctions on corporations operatin in Sudan. He condemns sanctioning these corporations saying “We just want the people of
United States to know that their government is going the wrong way. The situation in Darfur is more complex. You know, don't run away with the issue of genocide. We do not like any woman to be raped. We do not like anybody to be killed. These are our brothers and sisters. We are more concerned about them than anybody who pretends to say that.” See Sources for Research for Sudan for more information on Lueth’s statements.
Questions to consider:
Who is in charge in Khartoum? What is their vision of Sudan’s future?
How do they see Darfur, the people there, and what is going on now?
What resources and capabilities does the government have?
What allies and partners does the government have?
How do different international players and countries view the Sudanese government?
How could the government be influenced to maintain or alter its policies on Darfur?
United Nations (UN):
The United Nations is an association of sovereign states that was formed in 1945 after World War II to promote global peace and security. Starting with 51 original members, the UN now has 191 member states – virtually every nation in the world is part of the organization. The goals of the UN as stated in its charter, signed in 1945, are to:
 Maintain international peace and security;
 Develop friendly relations among nations;
 Promote cooperation among nations for the purpose of solving international; economic, social cultural and humanitarian problems, and to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
 Serve as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.

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The UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) was established by Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005, as a full-fledged UN peace support mission, to work in Southern Sudan at the end of the 21-year civil war in that region, after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the
Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) in fall 2004.
UNMIS duties include: monitoring and assisting with the implementation of the CPA, facilitating the voluntary return of refugees and displaced persons, providing de-mining assistance, and contributing towards international efforts to protect and promote human rights in Sudan.
In May 2006, the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was signed, and the Security Council passed
Resolution 1706 on 31 August 2006 to expand the UNMIS mandate to cover Darfur in western
Sudan. This resolution also authorized UNMIS to deploy up to 17,300 peacekeepers and 3,300 civilian police personnel to Darfur, on top of the UNMIS’s existing operations.
The UN Security Council approved several portions of Resolution 1706 under Chapter VII of the
UN Charter, which means the Mission could use “all necessary means “to protect itself, prevent attacks against civilians, support the DPA and seize illegal arms. However, UNSCR 1706 Article 1
“invites the consent” of the Sudan government, given the reality that without consent, no effective action could be taken.
Sudanese objections to UNSCR 1706 promoted the adoption of UNSCR 1769 in July 2007 which created the hybrid UN-AU peacekeeping mission with a “predominantly African character”.
UNSCR 1769 authorizes the deployment of 26,000 infantry troops and police officers to the Darfur; however, since the UN’s January 1, 2008, assumption of peacekeeping responsibility in Darfur, there has been limited increase in the number of troops to the region. The United States, along with others in the international community, continues to press the United Nations to be more proactive in the deployment of this peacekeeping mission.
Although UNAMID struggles to be deployed, the UN presence in Sudan is virtually complete. As of
31 May 2009, UNMIS had on the ground a total of 9,891 uniformed personnel, including troops, military observers, police, international civilian personnel, local civilian, and United Nations
Volunteers. Citizens of over 70 UN member states are now in Sudan under UNMIS. See: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/facts.html Sudan expert Alex de Waal believes that the Darfur Peace Agreement negotiated in May 2006, if implemented as written, does contain the elements of a successful solution to the crisis in Darfur.
But implementation so far has faltered. Only one of the major rebel groups signed the DPA and its successful implementation continues to be challenged by the now numerous rebel groups vying for power, ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), proxy forces loyal to the
Sudanese government and non-signatory rebel groups, as well as the ongoing cross-border violence between Chad and Darfur. The African Union-United Nations Joint Chief Mediator, Djibril Yipène
Bassolé, has initiated an effort to re-launch the peace process between the Darfur rebel groups and the Government of Sudan, with the help of Libya and Qatar, and with the involvement of the U.S.
Special Envoy.
Questions to consider:

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What has the UN accomplished in Sudan so far?
What additional action can the UN undertake?
Where does the UN make decisions on peacekeeping activities like in Sudan?
How should the UN coordinate with the African Union in Sudan?
How should the UN and Sudanese government interact in Sudan?
What are the views of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council on Darfur?
Why is attention on China to act on Sudan?
How could action in Darfur be funded? Which countries might contribute troops? Are troops the answer to Darfur’s security problems?
United States Department of State:
The State Department leads the United States in its relationships with foreign governments, international organizations and the people of other countries. It aims to provide a freer, prosperous and secure world. The State Department has four main policy goals:
 Protect the U.S. and Americans;
 Advance democracy, human rights and other global interests;
 Promote international understanding of American values and policies; and
 Support U.S. diplomats, government officials and all other personnel at home and abroad who make these goals a reality.
Sudan is one of the highest foreign policy priorities for President Obama and his administration. The
U.S. is determined to stop the killing in Darfur, and is the only country so far to label the killings as
“genocide” and the U.S. is committed to working through the UN to end the crisis in Darfur. In
September 2006 when former President Bush appointed Andrew Natsios as Special Envoy to Darfur, the President said, “We believe the world has a responsibility to respond to what this government has called genocide. …. The United Nations can play an important role in helping us achieve our objective, which is to end human suffering and deprivation. "
In March 2009 President Obama appointed General Scott Gration as the new Special Envoy to
Sudan. Since his appointment, Special Envoy Gration has made several trips to Sudan and the region and has most recently hosted an international conference to reinvigorate the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement (CPA). U.S. officials are increasingly worried about the regional impact of the violence in Darfur, especially in Chad and the Central African Republic. Special Envoy Gration has traveled repeatedly to Chad in particular to talk with officials there about calming the Chad-Sudan tensions that in turn stoke the Darfur crisis. Both Chad and Sudan are reportedly using rebels inside the other’s territory to fight a “proxy war” between themselves.
The U.S. is the largest single international donor to Sudan and provided more than 65% of the World
Food Program (WFP) food aid to Sudan in 2006 and 2007. In Fiscal Year 2007, the U.S., through a variety of U.S. agencies including the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), provided over $1 billion for humanitarian, development, and peacekeeping assistance for Sudan.
President Bush has requested funding for FY 2008 that will bring the total to more than $2 billion. In
February 2008, following his trip to Africa, former President Bush announced that, in addition to assessed contributions to the peacekeeping missions, the United States would provide an additional

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$100 million to train and equip African peacekeepers going to Darfur as part of United NationsAfrican Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID). In addition, the United States provided over $450 million in in-kind support, construction of 34 base camps, equipment, and training to the African
Union Mission in Sudan (AUMIS), the predecessor to the current hybrid peacekeeping mission
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769.
On May 29th 2007, the State Department imposed new economic sanctions on individual Sudanese and rebel leaders and on 30 companies owned or controlled by the government of Sudan which were added to a list of over 100 Sudanese companies currently sanctioned by the U.S.
Questions to consider:
What is the policy of the United States government on Darfur?
What action has the U.S. taken to date? What is the level of US aid for Darfur?
In what ways has the U.S. been successful? Unsuccessful?
What additional action is the U.S. able to take?
What are the limitations on further U.S. action?
African Union (AU):
The African Union (AU), formed in 2002, aims to protect the security of the continent, rather than the sovereignty of individual states, a change from the mission of its predecessor organization. Fiftythree countries in Africa are members of the AU (Morocco is the only African country that does not belong), which is headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The AU is the world’s only regional or international organization that explicitly recognizes the right to intervene in a member state on humanitarian and human rights grounds.
Although the AU still is reforming its governing bodies, it plays an increasingly high-profile role in peacekeeping most prominently in Darfur. The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) consisted of approximately 7,200 peacekeeping troops, military observers, civilian police, and civilian staff in
Darfur. The largest contributors are Nigeria and Rwanda. The African Union has had a peacekeeping role in Darfur since 2003, when it helped broker a cease-fire between the government of Sudan and rebel groups. It initially had fewer than one hundred observers in Darfur to monitor the agreement, but gradually increased its presence to include soldiers and police. The AU mandate authorized their force to monitor the ceasefire and to help improve overall security, but only to protect civilians who are under immediate threat in sight of AU peacekeepers. This mandate expired when the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769, authorizing the deployment of 26,000 infantry troop and police officers to Darfur, took in to effect on January 1, 2008 and the African
Union troops were “re-hatted” as United Nations peacekeepers.
In September 2006, the AU agreed to extend the mandate of its peacekeeping force in Sudan’s
Darfur region after the Sudanese president refused to accept a 20,000-strong UN peacekeeping force called for in Security Council Resolution 1706 in order to resolve conflict in Darfur. In January
2007, at the annual summit AU members once again refused to grant the Presidency of the AU to
President Bashir of Sudan who would have been entitled to this office in 2006 in the normal rotation.

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Instead they named President John Kufour of Ghana to this role for the year. Mr. Assane Ba is the
Spokesman of the African Union for Darfur.
Recently member countries of the AU have been rallying around Sudanese President Bashir in a show of support against Bashir’s International Criminal Court (ICC) indictment. Several AU members threatened to withdraw their membership in the organization if Bashir were indicted.
Questions to consider:
Why is the current strength and scope of AU operations and mandate insufficient?
Which African countries have contributed personnel?
What is the view of the Government of Sudan on current and an increased AU role?
What else could the African Union do? How much more can the AU take on?
What are the limitations on further AU action?
China:
China is in East Asia and is the world’s most populated nation. China is the world's fourth largest economy and is a permanent member of the UN Security Council. China is one of the largest exporter and importers in the world, and consumes a third of the world's steel and over half of the world's concrete. There are currently more construction projects in China than any other country on earth. China has been led by the one-party, Communist Party of China since 1949.
China’s investment in Africa—which is projected by Chinese officials to reach $50 billion this year, up from nearly $40 billion in 2005—has boosted growth rates and spurred much-needed infrastructure improvements in many African countries. Some Africans welcome the aggressive inroads China is making on the continent. “China knows what it means to be poor , and has evolved a successful wealth creation formula that it is willing to share with African countries,” writes a former Nigerian finance minister. But popular resentment in Africa—where many complain that cheap Chinese-manufactured goods are damaging local industry—is growing.
Western officials and human rights organizations express alarm at China’s willingness to invest in countries with questionable human rights records. For example, under Beijing’s policy of
“noninterference in domestic affairs,” China is investing in Sudan and buying its oil without regard for Sudan’s refusal to accept UN peacekeeping troops in Darfur. And it also seems “business as usual” with the repressive regime of Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe. These countries welcome China’s ability to offer a “package” of cash, technology, and political protection from international pressures.
Chinese purchases of Sudanese oil provide much needed income for the Sudanese government.
China is a major supplier of weapons to the Sudanese government, which has spent $100 million on the purchase of Chinese fighter planes alone. Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Sudan in early
February 2007, and publicly called on nations to “respect the sovereignty of Sudan” and promised to build a new presidential palace for the Sudanese president, cancelled $80 million in debt, and announced plans to build a new road to an oil refinery partly owned by China.

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International pressure is building on China to use its influence with the Sudanese government and in
July 2007, China assumed the rotating presidency of the Security Council and pushed very hard to ensure that United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1769, authorizing the deployment of 26,000 infantry troops and police officer to Darfur, passed on the last day of its presidency. In an effort to show continued interest in bringing peace to Sudan, China has sent 150 engineers to the
Darfur peacekeeping mission and held an international conference in June of this year in Beijing on
Darfur. It also designated a Special Representative for Darfur, Mr. Liu Gui-jin, who has been very active in diplomacy dialogue with Sudan.
Questions to consider:
What is the nature of China’s investments in Sudan? How do both China and the government of Sudan benefit?
What does China think should be done in Darfur? Why?
What is China’s view on UN peace keepers going into Darfur?
What could motivate China to use its influence on the government of Sudan to stop the violence in Darfur?
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
NGOs are private organizations, independent of governments, which work to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development (defined by the World Bank’s Operational Directive 14.70).
Most NGOs depend on charitable donations and voluntary service, and can receive government funding to carry out specific projects. NGOs, though not directly affiliated with any national government, can still have a significant impact on the social, economic and political activity of the country or region in which they operate or are involved.
A number of international NGOs have taken Darfur as an extremely high priority issue, and have been working for several years to influence governments and international organizations, and to mobilize citizens around the world to take action to stop the killing in Darfur. Because the crime of genocide is at issue, the Committee on Conscience of the National Holocaust Memorial and Museum is also focused on Darfur. NGOs are very effective in giving voice to victims on injustice who are not able to take their case to the world. A range of NGOs are active on Darfur: some delivering humanitarian assistance, mobilizing public opinion on Darfur, and others gathering data and preparing policy options to address the crisis. NGOs are different from advocacy groups that attempt to directly influence government policy regarding Darfur. One example of an advocacy group is the
Save Darfur Coalition.
In March 2009, the Government of Sudan expelled 13 international aid organizations and closed three national NGOs, resulting in a massive drop in assistance to vulnerable populations. The government accused those NGOs expelled of having colluded with the International Criminal Court
(ICC) and overstepped their mandates. Since that time four new organizations have been allowed back into the country, but reports indicate that aid has not been completely restored to pre-expulsion levels and that Government interference and obstruction to NGO operation persists.

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Many NGOs working on Darfur feel that world leaders have dropped the ball on Darfur and that the role of moral leadership has been filled by university students, churches and temples, celebrities and armies of schoolchildren. Others wonder how green armbands, phone calls to the White House, bake sales to raise money, and a “Save Darfur" lawn sign in Peoria can influence the Sudanese government or militia members in Sudan who throw babies into bonfires. Can the international vilification of the Khartoum regime in editorials, columns and ads make a difference?
Questions to consider:
Which are the main NGOs at work in Darfur?
Compare and contrast the roles of the different types of NGOs active on Darfur: relief, political action, expert/think tanks.
What are they doing to take action on the crisis?
What is beyond the scope of their action?
What have NGOs accomplished in ending the crisis?
What limits further action by NGOs?

C. SOURCES FOR RESEARCH FOR POSITION PAPERS
For All Stakeholders: Background on Sudan and Darfur
United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1706: This resolution authorizes the deployment of UN peacekeeping troops in Darfur, Sudan, but will not come to pass until
Sudan's government allows the troops' presence.
UNSCR 1769: This resolution authorizes a joint UN-African Union peacekeeping force of
26,000 in Darfur.
UNAMIS: United Nations Mission in Sudan instituted by Resolution 1590.
UNAMID: United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur instituted by the UNSCR 1769
State Department Background Note on Sudan: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm
Sudan: The crisis in Darfur and the Status of the North-South Peace Agreement: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/125504.pdf Detailed MAP of Sudan: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/facts.html and find
Darfur on Google Earth: Go online to: http://earth.google.com/download-earth.html. Click on 'Download Google Earth,' and wait for the software to be downloaded
BBC News Sudan Country Profile: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/820864.stm and

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BBC News Special Reports: Sudan: A Nation Divided (regularly updated), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/sudan/default.stm Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap, by Alex de Waal, London Review of Books, August 5,
2004: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/waal01_.html
Tragedy in Darfur, On understanding and ending the horror, by Alex de Waal, Boston
Review, October/November 2004: http://www.bostonreview.net/BR29.5/dewaal.html
Darfur’s Fragile Peace, by Alex de Waal, Open Democracy website, July 5, 2006: http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-africa_democracy/darfur_peace_3709.jsp Time for Diplomacy not Confrontation in Darfur, by Alex de Waal, September 22, 2007,
CSIS Policy Blog. Scroll down to this piece posted in September http://forums.csis.org/africa/?cat=3 This is a must read for all participants, along with blog comments.
WorldPublicOpinion.org conducted a survey of public opinion in 18 countries on the situation in Darfur and what action the UN and their own governments should take. There are some surprising results. See: http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btjusticehuman_rightsra/340.php?nid=&id= &pnt=340
Washington Post prepared a graphic backgrounder with maps, facts, and figures in April
2007, entitled “Sudan at War With Itself.” See: http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btjusticehuman_rightsra/340.php?nid=&id= &pnt=340
Saving Darfur, Multiple Steps at a Time: Coalition's Lobbying Blitz Is Credited with
Spurring Bush's Sudan Sanctions, by Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, Washington Post, June 1, 2007; http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/31/AR2007053102184.html Gives the background on the formation, financing, impact, strengths and weaknesses of this
NGO coalition.
For a look at the Save Darfur website: http://www.savedarfur.org/content
Darfur, Saving Itself, by Julie Flint, Washington Post, June 3, 2007. See: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/01/AR2007060101850.html This piece discusses the role of the Darfurians in the resolving the crisis and concludes, “The people who will “save” Darfur are the Darfurians.”
ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan. April 3, 2009: http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm Alex de Waal and Julie op-ed in the Washington Post June 28, 2008:

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http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/27/AR2008062702632.html
The Government of Sudan:
The website of the Embassy of the Republic of Sudan in Washington, DC: http://www.sudanembassy.org/ For a sense of official, but less up to date, Government of Sudan views on Darfur, please check Sudanese embassies in other English speaking counties:
 In Kenya: http://www.sudanembassynrb.org/default.asp
(See Sudan Foreign Policies section)
 In Canada: http://www.sudanembassy.ca/index_e.htm
 In South Africa: http://www.sudani.co.za/
The Capital Interview: Sudan’s U.S. Ambassador Says Darfur Crisis Exaggerated, Interview with John Ukec Lueth Ukec, Council of Foreign Relations, June 5, 2007. See: http://www.cfr.org/publication/13544/ View the VIDEO version of this article, see http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/video/2007/05/31/VI2007053100504.html
See the Sudan Government Plan for peace in Darfur, submitted August 17, 2006 to the UN
Secretary General: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article17352
Sudan Moves to File Charges Against ICC Prosecutor: Article from the Embassy of the
Republic of Sudan: http://search.globescope.com/sudan/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid =38&cntnt01returnid=15
The United Nations:
UN Website: http://www.un.org
Latest news on Darfur, go to UN News Centre Sudan page: http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=88&Body=Sudan&Body1= UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) webpage: http://www.unmis.org/ covering all UN programs in Sudan.
See UNAMID website for the latest developments in Darfur: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamid/index.html A Climate Culprit In Darfur, opinion piece by UN Secretary General Ban Ki moon,
Washington Post, Saturday, June 16, 2007; http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/06/15/AR2007061501857.html

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U.N. Calls on Veteran Diplomat to Find Solution to Darfur Dilemma, by John Shaw, The
Washington Diplomat, June 2007. http://www.washdiplomat.com/June%202007/a1_06_07.html (This is an informative interview of Jan Eliasson U.N. Special Envoy for Darfur.)
UNICEF: February 2009 Darfur Fact Sheet http://www.unicef.org/sudan/UNICEF_Darfur_fact_sheet_February_2009.pdf United States Department of State:
State Department Sudan page: http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/su/
 U.S. Darfur Envoy Andrew Natsios video podcast with latest on Darfur, June 4, 2007: http://video.state.gov/?fr_story=4747c1adb74725125a695c268ab451dbb9cd57f1  U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan Updates http://www.state.gov/s/sudan/cpa/index.htm  U.S. supports Doha-Darfur Agreement, February 2009 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/02/117478.htm  U.S. Embassy Khartoum Website: http://khartoum.usembassy.gov/
 U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan Scott Gration, remarks at the forum for support of the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement, June 2009 http://www.state.gov/s/sudan/rem/125255.htm  U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan Scott Gration, appointed March 2009 http://www.state.gov/s/sudan/index.htm United States Agency for International Development (USAID): www.usaid.gov
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USAID Africa Bureau (AFR) Sudan Program (SP) webpage: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/countries/sudan/index.html USAID Democracy, Conflict & Humanitarian Assistance Bureau (DCHA) Office of Foreign
Disaster Assistance (OFDA) Sudan webpage: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/sudan /template/index.html
USAID/DCHA Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) Sudan webpage: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/crosscutting_programs/transition_initiatives/country/sudan/index.html See: Satellite Imagery of various refugee and internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps and of destroyed villages on a clickable map of Darfur: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/subsaharan_africa/countries/sudan/images/satellite/index.html

From the White House:

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Department of State

President Obama Statement on Darfur, March 2009 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-After-Meeting-withSudan-Special-Envoy-Scott-Gration-Sudan-Advocates-and-Members-of-Congress/ White House Fact Sheet: Fighting Genocide in Darfur
Former President Bush Announces Increased Sanctions against the Government of Sudan http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/AF/WH/20070529-2.pdf Testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Africa,
“Chad and the Central African Republic: The Regional Impact of the Darfur Crisis”, James
Swan, Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, (3/20/07) http://www.iccnow.org/documents/Sudan,_Chad,_and_the_Central_African_Republic_The_ Regional_Impact_of_the_Darfur_Crisis.pdf
The current situation in Sudan has serious consequences for regional stability and international security. The State Department lists Sudan as a “State Sponsor of Terrorism” in the annual report to
Congress. See criteria to be listed and the section on Sudan in The Country Reports on Terrorism
2006, April 2007: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82736.htm.
The African Union:
African Union webpage: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/index/index.htm
The African Union Darfur page http://www.africa-union.org/DARFUR/homedar.htm# does not seem to be updated.
The AU’s Responsibility to Protect, a Council on Foreign Relations report on the AU in
Darfur, by Stephanie Hanson, October 6, 2006: http://www.cfr.org/publication/11621/aus_responsibility_to_protect.html The Nascent African Union, a Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder by Stephanie
Hanson, October 6, 2006: http://www.cfr.org/publication/11616/
Human Rights Watch page on “The African Union and Darfur,” January 2005:
(http://hrw.org/wr2k5/darfur/5.htm);
African Union Force Ineffective, Complain Refugees in Darfur, an AP story by Alfred de
Montesquiou, October 16, 2006: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/10/15/AR2006101500655.html
Details of NATO support of African Union mission in Darfur: See: http://www.nato.int/issues/darfur/index.html, Brookings report on AU in Darfur November 2005: http://www.brookings.edu/comm/news/200511_au_darfur.htm, 14

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Department of State

The International Crisis Group report Darfur page, “The AU’s Mission in Darfur: Bridging the Gaps,” July 2005 http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=3547
China:
See website of Chinese Embassy in Washington: http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/ Statements by China regarding the latest in Darfur: http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/xw/ See website of China’s mission to the United Nations: http://www.china-un.org/eng/
Into Africa: China’s Quest for Resources and Influence, by Jacques deLisle, Foreign Policy
Research Institute, February 20, 2007.
See: http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200702.delisle.intoafricachinasquest.html
China, Oil, and Africa, Council on Foreign Relations backgrounder, by Esther Pan, January
12, 2006: http://www.cfr.org/publication/11886/perils_of_beijings_africa_strategy.html
China in Africa: Strictly Business, Council on Foreign Relations report, November 6, 2006: http://www.cfr.org/publication/11907/china_in_africa.html Soft Power and Hard Materials: China’s Africa Campaign, November 6, 2006: http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=25467 The Perils of Beijing’s Africa Strategy, Council on Foreign Relations editorial;
November 2, 2006: http://www.cfr.org/publication/11886/perils_of_beijings_africa_strategy.html A Palace for Sudan: China's No-Strings Aid Undermines the West, by Sebastian Mallaby,
Washington Post, February 5, 2007. See: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/02/04/AR2007020401047.html
China, the Unlikely Human Rights Champion, by Andrew Small and Stephanie KleineAhlbrandt, Policy Innovations, February 14, 2007. http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?id=279&parent_type=P China Jumps In, by Andrew Small with Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt of the Council on
Foreign Relations, International Herald Tribune, February 2, 2007 http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?id=267&parent_type=P The NGO Community:

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InterAction webpage: http://www.interaction.org/sudan
Global Day for Darfur: http://www.savedarfur.org/pages/global_campaigns/ An organization of organizations that came together to coordinated the rallies for the Day for
Darfur on September 17, 2006 all over the world.
See Action Africa’s pages on Darfur: http://www.africaaction.org/campaign_new/resources_analysis.php?issues=1024 Africa
Action from its website: “Africa Action is the oldest organization in the U.S. working on
African affairs. Our mission is to change U.S. Africa relations to promote political, economic and social justice in Africa. We provide accessible information and analysis and we mobilize popular support for campaigns to achieve this mission.”
Darfur Genocide: http://www.darfurgenocide.org/
Article by Nicholas Kristof: Grassroots Efforts: Citizens' movement influences Darfur, from
SudanWatch blog, January 18, 2007. See: http://sudanwatch.blogspot.com/2007/01/citizensmovement-influences-darfur.html
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
The International Criminal Court (ICC) http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+and+Cases/Situations/Situation+ICC+0205/ US and International Media on Sudan/Darfur:
Darfur and Beyond: What is Needed to Prevent Mass Atrocities, by Lee Feinstein, Council on Foreign Relations Special Report, CSF No. 22, January 2007. See: http://www.cfr.org/publication/12444/darfur_and_beyond.html Arab Nomads, ‘Not Pro-Anything,’ Also Suffer in Darfur, by Stephanie McCrummen,
Washington Post, April 7, 2007. See: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/04/06/AR2007040601894.html
Darfur, Saving Itself, by Julie Flint, Washington Post, June 3, 2007. See: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/01/AR2007060101850.html Blogging Communities on Darfur
Voices on Darfur, Committee on Conscience of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://blogs.ushmm.org/index.php/COC2/C12/ 16

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Second Life program on Darfur genocide: Actress and activist Mia Farrow will discuss and answer questions about the worsening situation in Darfur and neighboring Chad at a live, virtual 3-D event in the on-line community Second Life. The landmark program will be open to the press and the public without charge, on Tuesday, January 9, 2007, from 2 PM to 3 PM
(Eastern Time)/ 11 AM to 12 Noon (Second Life Time). See: http://www.lcmedia.com/darfurevent.htm The Darfur Blog: written by Toniyah Tonijah of Nigeria. See: http://thedarfurblog.blogspot.com/ Coalition for Darfur: http://coalitionfordarfur.blogspot.com/

(updated 7/10/2009 9:00 a.m.)

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