...Building Trinity Road Bradford BD5 0BB UK Telephone: þ44 1274 236546 E-mail: c.mackintosh@bradford.ac.uk M A C K I N T O S H C ( 2 0 0 7 ) Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, 1134–1140 Making patients better: a qualitative descriptive study of registered nurses’ reasons for working in surgical areas Aims. To explore the reasons and motivation identified by qualified nurses for working within the surgical area. Background. Little is known about the career decisions qualified nurses make, although it is clear that some areas of practice are more popular than others. This qualitative descriptive study considers one common area, surgery, and explores the motivation for decisions made by Registered Nurses (RNs) to work in this area. Method. A sample of 16 RNs working within surgical areas participated in semistructured interviews, using a thematic interview schedule. Findings were analysed using the framework suggested by Morse and Field. Results. Analysis of findings indicates that all participants actively chose to work within surgery and that this was because of the pace and turnover of surgical work, personal satisfaction at the recovery of patients; the close links between this type of work; and participants’ original aims when first entering nursing and participants’ preference of surgery to other areas of nursing work. Participants actively rejected working in areas where patients were...
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...Design Patterns CSS/422 September 2, 2013 Design Patterns When developing enterprise software there are several design patterns to choose from. The factory method, abstract factory method, dispatcher data access object (DOA), and model-view-controller (MVC) are design patterns that play an important role in the software development process. By implementing proven design patterns the development process is accelerated and more efficient. The reuse of these patterns also prevents the occurrence of the more subtle issues that may cause significant problems while improving the code readability for architects and coders who are familiar with the design patterns. For effective software design, the consideration of issues that may not become apparent until the latter stages of implementation is essential (SourceMaking, 2012). Factory Method The factory method design pattern creates a family of related objects instantiated by subclasses (University of Phoenix, 2010). This design pattern creates objects without detailing the class of object to be created. The factory method design pattern defines a separate method for the creation of objects by employing subclasses to override the derived type of object being created. In addition, the factory method makes a design more customizable while only slightly increasing its complexity. While other design patterns require new classes, the factory method simply necessitates a new operation (SourceMaking, 2012). Abstract...
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...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...Comparison of Research Designs Capella University Comparison of Research Designs Template The following seven tables are part of a template that will guide you through the comparison of research designs assignment. The tables include: • Descriptions of basic research designs. • Types of basic research designs. • Main characteristics. • Followed steps. • Appropriate usage. • Purpose statement and sample questions. • Associated research paradigms. This template directs you to portions of the course text, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Creswell, 2008). Each table includes chapter numbers and page numbers to guide you to the most relevant sections of the text book. Reference Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Descriptions of Basic Research Designs Develop an original and concise description of each research design. The appropriate sections of the Creswell text are listed to guide you; however, the end product should be your own paraphrase. Each description should be about one to three sentences in length. The first part of the chart has been completed for you as an example of how to proceed. You can leave it in the first cell and consider it to be part of your assignment...
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...4 Research Methodology and Design 4.1 Introduction All research is based on some underlying philosophical assumptions about what constitutes 'valid' research and which research method(s) is/are appropriate for the development of knowledge in a given study. In order to conduct and evaluate any research, it is therefore important to know what these assumptions are. This chapter discusses the philosophical assumptions and also the design strategies underpinning this research study. Common philosophical assumptions were reviewed and presented; the interpretive paradigm was identified for the framework of the study. In addition, the chapter discusses the research methodologies, and design used in the study including strategies, instruments, and data collection and analysis methods, while explaining the stages and processes involved in the study. The research design for this study is a descriptive and interpretive case study that is analysed through qualitative methods. Questionnaires were used to evaluate participants’ WebCT skills (before the course starts) and to determine their levels of satisfaction in the course (at the end of the case study). A descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the student satisfaction survey. Participant observation, face-to-face interviews, focus-group interviews, questionnaires, and member checking were used as data collection methods. Furthermore, the justification for each of the data collection methods used in the study was discussed...
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...of research design A research design refers to a master plan, blue print and even a sequence of research task activities. Research design in simple terms is a plan of methods and procedures that is used by researchers to collect and analyze data needed by the manager. They also contain clear objectives, specify information sources on which the data will be collected, the type of data, design technique, sampling methodology and budgets as well. The three types of research design are namely exploratory, descriptive and causal research design. Exploratory research design Exploratory research design is a study which is designed to find out enough about the problem to usefully formulate a hypothesis. It stems from the general problem description such as finding out how consumers make decisions about things like life insurance. Exploratory research design is used when looking for insights into the problem and also to help define hypothesis (but does not test) and key variables. It is also used to identify course of action when information needs are vague and also to establish priorities for further research. Characteristics of exploratory research design Exploratory research design is flexible and unstructured It is used for finding tentative data Used as building block for more research. For example pilot surveys, secondary data and focus groups It is done on small non representative sample Methods used Exploratory research design uses soft methods such as depth...
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...PART I WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? 1 THE CONTEXT OF DESIGN Before examining types of research designs it is important to be clear about the role and purpose of research design. We need to understand what research design is and what it is not. We need to know where design ®ts into the whole research process from framing a question to ®nally analysing and reporting data. This is the purpose of this chapter. Description and explanation Social researchers ask two fundamental types of research questions: 1 2 What is going on (descriptive research)? Why is it going on (explanatory research)? Descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as `mere description', good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society. Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age pro®le of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively 2 WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining?', `How secular is society...
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...1. Diagramming Method When it comes to recording the results of a system analysis, there are so many diagramming tools and methods available that it can be difficult deciding which one to use. Before discussing the details of any template or methodology, there are two principles that are common to all diagramming techniques. First, the context of a diagram must be clear, and second, each diagram must present a view of the system that is independent of other views. A diagram's context must be fully understood by its title, title block, a reference to a larger (smaller) context, or some combination thereof. Time and version dependencies should also be considered. Care to waste your time writing a new program - from an old database document? A date and time stamp will resolve any confusion. If you can expect a second version to be made (almost always), a version identification will also help. Some media (e.g. the Internet) facilitate keeping a document within context, while others (e.g. paper) require extra care. If there will be more than one type of diagram for a system, each diagram type must be Orthogonal to all the others. Orthogonal projections show aspects of a system from perspectives that are fully independent of each other. In the same way that an architect views a building plan from front, side and planar elevations (relating to the perpendicular x, y and z axes), we we want to view a system from similar orthogonal views. Given a 3-dimensional system, any 2-dimensional...
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...measurement as it offers the essential linkage involving relationships. The research has data that is in numerical terms like percentages and statistics. The researcher evaluates the data with the aid of statistics hoping the number will yield an impartial outcome that can be used in generalizing a huge population (Patten, 2009). Quantitative research is applicable in the studies interested in establishing the impact of a hand-washing curriculum on grade school children. It applies to such example because quantitative research tests theory, its cause and the effect of the theory correlation. Quantitative research is an outstanding approach to finalizing outcomes and attesting an assumption. The method is standard across numerous scientific field and discipline because its structure has not changed. The approach leads to a comprehensive solution that can be discussed and published subsequent to a statistical examination of results. The design experiments filter out exterior factors when appropriately structured leading to acquiring real and unbiased results. Besides, the design experiments are helpful in testing the outcomes from a sequence of qualitative experiments that leads to the final solution. Hence, the design narrows down potential directions to follow up research. Despite the design advantages, the design also has numerous disadvantages discussed as follows. The design tests are complex and time-consuming. It...
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...Taguchi methods Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods and, more recently, to biotechnology [1], marketing and advertising. Taguchi methods are considered controversial among some traditional Western statisticians but others accept many of his concepts as being useful additions to the body of knowledge. Taguchi's principal contributions to statistics are: 1. Taguchi loss-function; 2. The philosophy of off-line quality control; and 3. Innovations in the design of experiments. [pic]Loss functions Taguchi's reaction to the classical design of experiments methodology of R. A. Fisher was that it was perfectly adapted in seeking to improve the mean outcome of a process. As Fisher's work had been largely motivated by programmes to increase agricultural production, this was hardly surprising. However, Taguchi realised that in much industrial production, there is a need to produce an outcome on target, for example, to machine a hole to a specified diameter or to manufacture a cell to produce a given voltage. He also realised, as had Walter A. Shewhart and others before him, that excessive variation lay at the root of poor manufactured quality and that reacting to individual items inside and outside specification was counter-productive. He therefore, argued that quality engineering should start with an understanding of the cost of poor quality in various situations. In much conventional industrial...
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...satisfaction of company’s products/services 2. Marketing research According to American Marketing Association (AMA), “Marketing Research is the systematic gathering, recording and analysing of data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and services.” According to Philip Kotler, “Marketing research is a systematic problem analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of improved decision-making and control in the marketing of goods and services.” 3. Differentiate market research and marketing research Market Research pertains specifically to the study of the various dimensions of 'markets' for Products & Services Marketing Research encompasses the study of Promotion-related, Pricing-related, Packaging-related & Distribution-related dimensions of a 'market' - in addition to Product-related inquiries "marketing research" covering a broader array of research efforts associated with marketing decisions while "market research" is specific to understanding nuances of a particular market. 4. Scientific research method The scientific method means the use of techniques of science in marketing research. If the research is conducted in an objective and systematic manner, it is termed scientific method.The majot methods used by the researchers to eliminate uncertainity are a.tenacity b. authority c. intuition. The steps in scientific research process are a....
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...Research Methodology PART 3 Research Design & Plan M S Sridhar Head, Library & Documentation ISRO Satellite Centre Bangalore 560017 E-mail: sridhar@isac.gov.in & sridharmirle@yahoo.com Research Design & Plan Synopsis 1. Introduction to Research & Research methodology 2. Selection and formulation of research problem 3. Research design and plan 4. Experimental designs 5. Sampling and sampling strategy or plan 6. Measurement and scaling techniques 7. Data collection methods and techniques 8. Testing of hypotheses 9. Statistical techniques for processing & analysis of data 10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences 11. Report writing M S Sridhar, ISRO 1. Significance of research design 2. Meaning & process of design / plan 3. Writing the plan (protocol) 4. Contents of the plan (protocol) 5. Qualities of good research design 6. Choice of research topic, method/ approach and methods of data collection 7. Types of research design 8. Comparison of research designs 9. Action & Applied Research 10. Correlational, Ex post facto, Ethnogenic & Triangulation Studies 2 Research Methodology 3 Significance of Research Design 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search) Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data) Costs least in terms of effort, time & money Maximizes reliability of results Provides firm foundation to the endeavor Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless futile exercise...
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...Week Three Reflection Summary Anna Delarosa RES 351 February 3, 2014 Dr. Joseph Oloyede Week Three Reflection Summary Within our third week, the team was tasked with the objective to differentiate between qualitative and quantitative methods of research. Next, the team was asked to explain the commonly used qualitative research designs and quantitative research designs. Finally the team was the asked to identify how to select appropriate research designs in any given situation. Quantitative research attempts to achieve precise measurement of something; often the responses received are veiled, classified, and condensed to numbers to be manipulated for statistical analysis (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 164). The insights gained from completing this research is limited by the opportunity to probe respondents, and the quality of the original data collection instrument. Additionally, this will follow data collection and data entry, with a small window of opportunity to circle back with survey participants. In contrast, qualitative research is intended to tell the examiner how and why things happen as they do, it also aims to achieve a thorough understanding of a situation. The expected result or insights with this method provide a more profound level of understanding; which is determined by the type and amount of open-ended questions. Using qualitative research allows the researcher to inform insights and test them throughout the study process. Qualitative...
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...SCIENCE. 4. PROPOSED DEGREE: M. Sc. (INFORMATIC SCIENCE) 5. TITLE: Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design: a case of District Health Information System, Mozambique. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i INTRODUCTION 1 RELEVANT FINDINGS (LITERATURE REVIEW) 2 OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 2 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND WHY THIS PROBLEM AREA 5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 6 TARGET GROUP 7 PERSONAL MOTIVATION 7 METHODOLOGY 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 13 ABSTRACT Many organisations are relying on software systems. Thus these organisations spend a lot of money on software systems and, to get a return on that investment, the software must be usable for a number of years. For many organisations, introducing new software implementation from scratch is a risk. This is because their requirements are not well defined or they don’t have enough expertise to understand and identifies software that can fit their problems. So, many organisations adopt software. That means they take analogy software (software developed for another organisation with the some similarities) and adopt it to fit their needs. In my research, I want to address the problems of adopting systems developed in the functional-oriented methodology and propose object-oriented systems analysis and design methodology. Mainly I would like to assess the flexibility of the structure of software and the development and implementation...
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...beliefs (i.e., cognitive thoughts) and expressed emotions (i.e., affective feelings) regarding those beliefs. Knowing these interactions can be helpful in predicting a person's behavior (i.e., conative action). Not all researchers accept this trilogy approach to measuring attitudes; some simply see attitudes as a global indicator of a person's feelings (i.e., affect = attitude) toward an object or behavior. No matter the approach, these is significant diagnostic value to both researchers and practitioners in understanding the different scale measurements used to capture people's belief structures versus emotional feelings versus behavior tendencies. Tell how to correctly design and text Likert, semantic differential, and behavior intention scales, and explain their strengths and weaknesses. Likert scale designs uniquely use a set of agreement/disagreement scale descriptors to capture a person's attitude toward a given object or behavior. Contrary to popular belief, a Likert scale format does not measure a person's complete attitude, only the cognitive structure. Semantic differential scale format are exceptional in capturing a person's perceptual image profile about a given object or behavior. This scale format is unique in that it uses a set of bipolar scales to measure several different yet interrelated factors (both cognitive and affective) of a given object or behavior. Multiattribute affect scales use scale point...
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