...century is an information era; it is very rare that one can absolutely be untouched by information and knowledge in their daily living. Many important human activities are not able to function without data, information and knowledge. Data, information and knowledge are different from one another, yet there are interrelated to each other. Data Data are unprocessed raw facts which can be either qualified and or quantified. It explains phenomenal refer to statistical observations and other recordings or collections of evidence (Chaim Zins, 2007, p.480). Data can be in numbers or text. For example, temperature currency, gender, age, body weight. Figure 1, is example of data recorded in Microsoft Excel data sheet. Figure 1 Information The outcome of data processing is information. Figure 2 expresses the process of how data is being transformed to information. Data which is the input when being processed such as organized, examined, analyzed, summarized it gives the output as information. Information is processed data which gives explicit meaning to its readers. Based on Figure 1 data, after processed them, gives you the information of the percentage of a group of 24 youth, the number of times they eat fast food in a week as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 show that youth in their twenties eats fast food at least once a week there are even a small number of them (4.1%) takes fast food almost every day (6 times/ week). It gives the information about the...
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...Transforming Data into Information What is Data? What is information? Data is facts; numbers; statistics; readings from a device or machine. It depends on what the context is. Data is what is used to make up information. Information could be considered to be the same characteristics I just described as data. In the context of transforming data into information, you could assume data is needed to produce information. So information there for is the meaningful translation of a set of or clusters of data that’s produces an output of meaningful information. So data is a bunch of meaningless pieces of information that needs to be composed; analyzed; formed; and so forth to form a meaningful piece of information. Transforming Data Let’s pick a context such as computer programming. You need pieces of data to be structured and formed into something that will result in an output of something; a message, a graph, or a process, in which a machine can perform some sort of action. Well now we could say that information is used to make a product, make a computer produce something, or present statistical information. That would be the output of that data. The data would be numbers, words, or symbols. The information would be a message, a graph, or a process, in which a machine can perform some sort of action. Information Information could be looked at as data as well. Let’s say we need a chart showing the cost of a business expenses in relation to employee salaries. The data for showing...
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...Data: Raw material Data collection costs money Collect only necessary and sufficient data Data is generally used by machines Data is useless unless it is process to create information Information: Processed data Data process by machines giving information Information is used to run an organization efficiently Information used by managers to initiate actions TYPES OF INFORMATION Operational Information - used to day to day operations Example information needed by a shopkeeper: Daily sales account List of low stock items to be re-ordered List of overstock items Long overdue payments Profit loss account Tactical information - used to improve profitability Example information needed by a shopkeeper: Slow or fast moving items Reliable supplier of items Sales trends Strategic Information - information to expand business and explore new opportunities Example information needed by a shopkeeper: Whether to stock different varieties of items Whether to diversify Whether to start a new branch in a different locality Whether to start an e-shop Statutory Information - used to provide information to the government Example information needed by a shopkeeper: Income tax account Sales tax account MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY AND INFORMATION NEEDS QUALITIES OF INFORMATION Accurate Complete Timely Trustworthy Relevant Brief Up-to-date SignificanceEnsure correct input and processing rules Include all data Give at the right time Do not hide unpleasant information Understand...
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...EVALUATING HISTORICAL SOURCES Historians most often use written sources, but audio and visual materials as well as artifacts have become important objects that supply information to modern historians. Numerical data are explained in written form or used in support of a written statement. Historians must be aware of the climate of opinion or shared set of values, assumptions, ideas, and emotions that influence the way their sources are constructed and the way they perceive those sources. In addition, an individual's own frame of reference-- the product of one's own individual experiences lived--must be acknowledged by the perceptive historian in order to determine the reliability and credibility of a source in relation to others. Good historical writing includes: a clear argument that has both logical and persuasive elements interpretations that strive to be as objective as possible but openly acknowledging the underlying concerns and assumptions something new rather than simply re-hashing the work of other authors--sometimes asking old questions and finding new answers or asking questions which never have been asked a response to debates in the field of history, either by challenging or reinforcing the interpretations of other historians evidenced in the footnotes and biography Historical sources are typically divided into two categories: primary and secondary sources. Depending on the historian's intent, some sources change their designation. Determining what sort of...
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...Meaning and definition of data and information Data is the raw material for data processing. The data relate to facts, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information. Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. It is anything that is communicated. For example, researchers who conduct market research survey might ask a member of the public to complete questionnaires about a product or a service. These completed questionnaires are data; they are processed and analyze in order to prepare a report on the survey. This resulting report is informative. Data | Information | Originated at mid 17th century | Originated in late middle time | Data are raw facts. | Information is processed data | May not always be meaningful. | Information is always meaningful. | Input to any system may be treated as Data | Output after processing the system is Information | Data must be processed to understand. | The information is already in understandable form, it may be processed further to make it more understandable. | Difficult to Understanding | Easy to Understanding | Data may not be in the order. | Information should be in the order | Example: Statistics, numbers, characters, images. | Example Reports, Knowledge | Data is used as input to the computer system. | Information is the output of data. | Data is unprocessed facts figures. | Information is processed data. | Data is not specific. |...
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...Trends in Information Analysis and Data Management Trends in Information Analysis and Data Management Over the last decade, advancements in digital technology have enabled companies to collect huge amounts of new information. This data is so large in scope, it has traditionally been difficult to process and analyze this information using standard database management systems such as SQL. The commoditization of computer technology has created a new paradigm in which data can be analyzed more efficiently and effectively than ever before. This report analyzes the some of the most important changes that are currently taking place within this new paradigm. The first part of this report covers trends in database analysis by analyzing the field of data mining. The report covers the topic of data mining by providing an explanation of it, and then by providing examples of real-world examples of data mining technology. Benefits and challenges of data mining are then provided. The second part of the report outlines an even more recent trend in data science, which is the increasing usage of noSQL databases to analyze “big data,” also referred to web-scale datasets. The most recent and major technological developments in the industry are then provided and described. Data Mining Background & Definition Data mining involves the process of discovering and extracting new knowledge from the analysis of large data sets. This is most often done through the use of data mining software...
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...Washing machines, Refrigerators and many more devices. Information management: The planning, budgeting, control and exploitation of the information resources in an organization. It comprises of information relating to personal, finance, marketing, organization and technology. It helps in the coordination and integration of a wide range of information about the activities inside the organization. The information include the formulation of corporate information policy, design, evaluation and integration ofeffective information systems and services, the exploitation of IT for competitiveadvantage and the integration of internal and external information and data. Data management: Data management is an organization's management of information and data for secure and structured access and storage. It includes creating policies for the government, analysis and architecture, database management, integration systems, data security and data source. Is comprises of a variety of different techniques that facilitate and ensure data control and flow from creation to processing, utilization and deletion. It is a main part in an IT industry as data and information builds up the organization. Infrastructure: It is the basic facilities, services and installations needed for the functioning of an organization. It is the underlying base or foundation needed especially by industries or companies to function with ease. Information management consists of computers, instructions, stored facts...
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...Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure Writing Assignment #2 Antwaun Taylor Strayer University CIS 500 Prof. Richard Brown Friday, May 1, 2015 The importance of information management is to gain the maximum benefits from your company's information system, which you would have to exploit all its capacities. Information systems gain their importance by processing the data from company inputs to generate information that is useful for managing your operations. Other duties of management is gathering and distributing information, and information systems can make this process more efficient by allowing managers to communicate rapidly. (Markgraf, 2015) The use of information technology has been an essential part of Wal-Mart's growth. A decade ago Wal-Mart trailed K-Mart, which could negotiate lower wholesale prices due to its size. They created a computerized system that identifies each item sold, that would finds its price in a computerized database, creates an accurate sales receipt for the customer, and stores this item-by-item sales information for use in analyzing sales and reordering inventory. Aside from handling information efficiently, effective use of this information helps Wal-Mart avoid overstocking by learning what merchandise is selling slowly. Aside from handling information efficiently, effective use of this information helps Wal-Mart avoid overstocking by learning what merchandise is selling slowly. Wal-Mart's inventory and distribution...
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...Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Data Breaches By Stevie D. Diggs University Maryland University College IFSM201 Section 7974 Semester 1309 Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Data Breaches Knowing and training on personally identifiable information (PII) is important in today’s society. There has been research on data breaches and identity theft that links them both together. This is to help personnel have a clear understanding on the impact of what is at steak and an explanation of PII. Many businesses and organizations have different definition for PII because of the classification of data for each, and that is why understanding PII is important. Examples of PII include, but are not limited to the following: full name, maiden name, mother‘s maiden name, or alias; personal identification number, social security number (SSN), passport number, driver‘s license number, taxpayer identification number, or financial account or credit card number; address information, street address or email address; personal characteristics, including photographic image, fingerprints, handwriting, or other biometric data. How do you protect PII? Who has access to PII? Who are affected by data breaches and identity theft? How to prevent data breaches and identity theft? The research introduced in this essay is from Verizon along with multiple articles involving military and organizations. PII is defined definitely by military and organizations. Training along with knowing...
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...Implications of Big Data for the design, implementation and use of enterprise-level information systems in Defense While technology rapidly advances and information becomes a strategic asset, Big Data arouses the demand of politicians and military leaders to make use of possible information advantages to allegedly better support the military mission (DOD, 2010). However, the defense sector is still struggling with the implementation of adequate enterprise-level information systems. Therefore, militaries have to assess the necessity of using Big Data within the different business processes, and they have to ensure that the current implementation of enterprise-level information systems remains adaptable and scalable for future business needs. The amount of data is continuously on the rise due to the rapid growth of mobile devices and applications, smart sensors and devices, cloud computing solutions, and […] portals (“Impact,” 2013). Also, the capability to analyze and to correlate structured with unstructured data will enhance. But militaries must avoid getting distracted from implementing a good information management system that serves current business needs, rather than trying to rapidly dominate Big Data. Instead, the success of todays mission has to gain center stage. Thus, one has to focus on three principles. First: One has to act now but also has to keep in mind that there has to be a transition from information management to Big Date in the future, as Big Data will affect more...
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...Transforming Data into Information PRG/211 July 29, 2013 Jennifer Sethman Transforming Data into Information Transforming data into information is an important part in the decision making process in business and in life. In order to create sound decisions, one must process data received from various places and convert it into information. In this paper, we will discuss how this is done, along with the input, processing and output of data. We will also discuss the role of various computer components, the definition of data and information, the application program along with the operating system, higher language and machine code and lastly, graphical versus mathematical or statistical output. Input, process and output is the basic beginnings of turning data into information. When creating programs for any information, we first have to input data we received. This data could be for any situation such as how many customers have purchased a product or are they satisfied with the product due to customer feed back data. Once you input that data into a program writing software, It must be processed in computer language to give you the information you require. The input and process portion is very important in the program writing evolution as it is where a bulk of your work will be completed. Once the data has been processed, it will become output. This is where your information will come from. The computers inner components will allow one to complete the tasks of...
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...Transforming Data into Information Tara Deranek PRG/211 December 9th, 2013 Claude Rushing Transforming Data into Information Transforming data into information is an important part in the decision making process in a business as well as life. In order to make a good decision, one must process data received from various places and convert the data into information. Throughout this paper, it will contain information on how this is done, along with the input, processing and output of data. Also additional information will be covered about, the various computer components, the definition of data and information, the application program along with the operating system, higher language, machine code, and lastly graphical versus mathematical or statistical output. Input, processing, and output are the basic beginnings of turning data into information. When creating any program for any type of information, the first step is to input the data we have received and needed for the program. The data could be for any type of situation, such as how many customers have purchased a certain product or have they been satisfied with the product. This type of information is received due to the customer feedback data. Once this data is input into program writing software, it then must be processed into computer language to give you the information you require. The input and processing portion is very important in the program writing evolution, as it is where the bulk of your work...
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...Transforming Data Into Information Quentin Harper April 2, 2010 Transforming Data Into Information The health data table used by economists represents data used by researchers to investigate specific variable influences on health. The table illustrates two altering factors; an individual’s education level toward school grade completed and Average longevity considered to access age at death. The data within this table explains the numerical results for shifting variables toward an individual’s health will need an understanding in informational form to identify a more theoretical approach to desired findings. Understanding an individual’s education level can help identify significant determinants experienced threw out a person’s social, and environmental life cycle. “This would include an individual’s social status, stress levels, economic and physical environment, and genetic makeup” (1st Health Impact Assessment, 2013, figure 10). The backgrounds of people lives establish their conditioning, character, and developmental qualities. Monitoring a person’s grade level will help group the input regarding individual activities experience throughout age progressions. Informational input helps within this classification under a person’s involvement with actions that may include an individual's social status around fellow peers and the size of the school population enters toward social moods. Throughout a person’s educational lifecycle the factors within this stage can...
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...Transforming Data into Information PRM/211 Transforming Data into Information This paper will be covering the process and topic of transforming data into information as it relates to Economist chart. We will cover the following elements in this process. The logistics of the program; input, processing and output. The hardware components responsible for this process; Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and storage. Definitions of both information and data will be examined to assist developer in discerning the differences in goals and a complete project. Nearing the end of the programming process we will explain more on the application program, operating system, higher language program, and simple machine code. To conclude with the final product, there will be a discussion about the differences in statistical, graphical, and mathematical outputs. Input, Processing, and Output In every application requires the three elements; input, processing, and output. Applications are designed to involve responses from prompts and/or questions. Variable based on the responses are plugged into an equation. The variable into the equation is the input. The input for the Economist’s chart is the “Education level.” The processing step is the equation in which the variables are inputted into. Of the three, processing is the most complex. The equation must be planned and analyzed to always produce the desired output based on the input. The process in which entering the “Education level”...
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...Transforming Data Into Information In this paper we will cover the topic and process of transforming into information. Among the elements in this process we will cover are the following. The program logistics input, processing, and output. The physical elements responsible for this process CPU, memory, and storage. We will examine the definitions of both data and information so that the developer can discern the difference between the goal and when it’s been completed. Towards the end of the program process we will expand on the application program, operating system, higher language program, and simple machine code. Finally in discussing the final product we will talk about the difference between graphical, mathematical, and statistical output. Input, processing, and output In any application there are specific elements you can expect to find. The elements are input, processing, and output. There are questions or prompts in any application designed to invoke a response. The response is simply a variable needed to plug into an equation. The variable can be used to compute an equation that benefits the user, application owner, or both. The aforementioned equation is defined as the processing step in a program. This is the hardest part of a program since it takes a lot of planning and analysis to determine what string of processing will always produce the desired output no matter what information is input. The output part of a program plan is pretty straight forward...
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