...DATA FOR RESEARCH Data can be defined as ‘the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable.’ Data is plural of Datum which literally means to give or something given. Data is thought to be the lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be done. Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. Data in itself cannot be understood and to get information from the data one must interpret it into meaningful information. There are various methods of interpreting data. Data sources are broadly classified into primary and secondary data. Importance of Data and Data Collection: Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies. Researchers conducted in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every research is based on data which is analyzed and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed from data. Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures in computer are all data. Types of Data There are two types- Primary Data and Secondary Data. Primary Data: Sources of Primary Data: Sources for primary data are limited and at times it becomes difficult to obtain data from primary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless of any difficulty one can face in collecting primary...
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...Gathering Data Research David Thompson CJA/334 Research Methods in Criminal Justice Dr. Lane Roos July 19, 2012 Gathering Data Research Prosecutions, Convictions, Acquittal’s and all forms of legal action in between play a critical role in the courts. However, none of what the attorneys do can be done without first having a firm grasp on each and every case set before them, the judge and the jury that will be making its judgment. But before they can make an informed decision there must have been a gathering of information, or data to support both sides of the case. The gathering of information or data is vital to the case and perhaps even more so to the individual/s that are on trial as their lives can and often do hang in the balance. No matter what profession one may have within the judicial system, researching information is something that at one time or another must be done. The ineffective of data gathering, research and analysis in often one of the primary factors behind an innocent man/woman going to jail and the guilty going free, therefore, the emphases placed on the gathering of information cannot and must not be understated. The goal of this paper The goal of this paper and my research is to define an officer’s duty, to discuss the importance of research and to address the kind of interview/s structures I would choose to use, the particular questioning style to use during the...
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...Gathering Research Data CJA/334 February 23, 2015 Gathering Research Data Law enforcement employees face work-related hazards on a daily basis such as exposure to blood and other bodily fluids, dangerous criminals, and traffic hazards. They have one the most dangerous jobs in America. The summary below explains the purpose of law enforcement job hazard research, the type of questions asked and structure type, the advantages of quantitative data-gathering, and finally, the importance of consent and confidentially. Police Hazards The number one hazard police officers fear commonly relates to injuries from a knife or gunshot, which leads to a disability or death. In addition, police officers face other hazards such as foot pursuits, vehicle pursuits, work stress, traffic control, heat stress, and making traffic stops. Foot pursuit proves to be unpredictable and challenging because it often happens suddenly. According to (Schonely, 2005), the most hazardous situations occur at night when visibility is at its lowest. During a pursuit, suspect run through alleys, backyards, and across dangerous roads. Several officers encounter clotheslines, aggressive dogs, empty swimming pool, and barbed wire fencing. A mishap with any of those can potentially put an officer out of work for an extended period. Exposure the elements pose a very dangerous hazard because officers encounter rain, high temperature, and extreme cold. For example, Las Vegas police officers face...
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...Gathering Research Data Gathering research within the criminal justice field can take time in regards to how certain information must be obtained and measured. When conducting research concerning police officers and their jobs, obtain statistics based on job satisfaction or job hazards can require an approach while using different ways to do so. So far, the quantitative approach can be used, but the qualitative approach must be used to gain a clear answer to this type of research. As of now, based on this type of criminal justice research and specifically in regards to what research method is appropriate, there could be different ways to complete this research. Goal or Purpose behind Proposed Research Today, the goal of research is to gather information concerning police officers and their jobs in regards to job satisfaction or job hazards. For the purpose of this research, job hazards for police officers are already known, but what about their job satisfaction? Obtaining research on these findings will be important because if police officers are not satisfied with their jobs, they will not have complete motivation to get things done or operate properly, which will affect their ability to work effectively. Now, if police officers can’t work effectively due to limited satisfaction, other issues can arise because of that issue alone. The issues that arise include affected work relationships, and mistakes made while on duty due to confidence levels, which will cause bad relations...
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...Gathering Research Data Stormy Magiera CJA 334 08/13/2012 Jody Pennington Gathering Research Data There are many data gathering research methods that can be used in criminal justice. For the purpose of this paper, I have chosen the e-mail survey method. The researched proposed is job satisfaction among police officers, specifically patrol officers. Patrol officers are often overlooked and it is forgotten that patrol is the backbone of the police department. The goal is to target what most dissatisfies a patrol officer during the work week in regards to human resources. The type of interview structure used will be an email questionnaire multiple choice survey. This will ensure every patrolman participates and multiple choices will provide graphical results. Patrol officers are the beginning and often the end to every criminal case in America. From the start of making the criminal offense report, to making the arrest and then to testifying in court, the patrolman handles almost every case from start to finish. Yes, detectives play a role in most cases, but without the patrolman working the street; it is unlikely crime reduction would occur. It is important to know and understand what makes the patrolman satisfied and dissatisfied while on the job. If the majority of patrolmen are dissatisfied at work, crime reduction suffers. Not many are willing to work while unhappy yet alone risk their life for unhappiness. It is the responsibility of the department...
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...One of this week’s chapters discusses Data Mining; the article I will focus on discusses a product created by Hampton Creek. The company created the Just Mayo product which is simply an egg-free version of mayo that hit stores nationwide within the past year. Hampton Creek is partially backed by one of the most famous financial entrepreneurs of the world, Bill Gates and was recently sued by a competitor, Unilever (Smith, 2014). Unilever is just one of many Hampton Creek’s competitors that creates Hellmann’s mayonnaise and believed that the mayo created by HC was falsely advertising its product because it does not includes eggs (Smith, 2014). The overall point of the article focuses on how Hampton Creek utilizes data mining to create more than just healthy food; data mining is utilized to find the best-tasting substitutes for unhealthier foods to change the future of food production (Smith, 2014). In doing so the company is in the process of creating less expensive foods with less water and using less land so that the product is more sustainable and free of GMOs and other unnatural ingredients (Smith, 2014). This article relates to unit two because in chapter 5 of the text book Kotler and Keller (2012) states that data mining can be utilized in a way for business management can gain a competitive advantage (p. 144). Data mining is a process that allows data collection via cluster analysis, automatic interaction detection, predictive modeling, neural networking and even regression...
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...------------------------------------------------- Due to the nature of technology, particularly in crimes committed on the Internet, criminal behavior often occurs across jurisdictional boundaries. It is important, therefore, for law enforcement officers to collaborate with other agencies at the Federal, State, and local levels to successfully investigate these types of crimes and apprehend the offenders. Officers using technology in investigations should also be aware that Federal, State, and local agencies and professional organizations; can provide training and technical and investigative assistance. Information of investigative value; can be collected from a variety of sources including people, places, and things. While conducting interviews, it is important to determine the victims, suspects, or witness’s skill level as it relates to technology. Some technological tools that might be use in the communication process are audio analysis that is; obtain by law enforcement that may contain ambient noise that interferes with interpretation. Technology exists to analyze and improve the quality of the recordings. Video analysis is another tool obtained by law enforcement that are often surveillance tapes, which are multiplexed proprietary in format, will need to be viewed on a specific platform, or are of poor quality. Technology exists to analyze and improve the quality of the recorded images that may be available from the manufacturer or end user of the video equipment...
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...5.2. Data collection Data collection involves the collection of data by using different methods of data-collecting tools. There are two methods for collecting data in scientific research: primary data collection method and secondary data collection. Primary data are sets of data researchers collect from participants and secondary data are sets of data researchers collect from literatures, document from precedent researches and using internet. Primary data collection for quantitative studies consists of interviews, questionnaire survey and observational method. But here the researcher used questionnaire survey to collect data. A total of 25 participants were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants included first, second, third...
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...Research of improve the data quality Abstract Data Warehouse is a data collection which is subject-oriented, integrated, relativelyand relatively stable. and It can reflect the changes of history and support the management decision. It is an important segment to maintain the accuracy of the data warehouse. However, ETL is an important part to build data warehouse and occupy about 60 percent of the load. The improvement of the quality in the data warehouse helps to guarantee the reliability and also help the enterprise to summarize and use the data for a long period of time. There are many methods to improve the quality of data. However, in the view of the experience summary and practice accumulation in the practical application, the paper mainly focuses on the ETL dispatcher and way of check to improve data quality of data warehouse. First of all, the automation of data management which is realized by ETL principle make the data into a data stream., the database where the data exists become as starting point of ETL, saving the data warehouse with ultimate high-quality data as the end of ETL. Second, for the data which the ETL data flow has been formed to generate example, for the data which complete ETL processes structure to handling historical information, thus ensuring that the ETL flow can monitoring. Third, building the processing logic of ETL tectonic processes, is the core of constructing high-quality data, constructing the automated calibration procedures...
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...Gathering Research Data Paper Hayley Lacy CJA/334 April 11, 2016 Rhonda Grant Gathering Research Data Paper Police officers are viewed by the masses of Americans that they are sworn to protect as the men and women in blue. They have sworn to protect the innocent and keep them from harm’s way and in turn do much more than that for their community. It takes an extraordinaire person to be a police officer. They are someone who is willing to dedicate their lives, health and safety in order to protect those who depend on them. In this paper we will attempt to address and research an interest that has been voiced concerning police officers and their jobs. In this paper we will state the purpose behind our proposed research. We will inform you of the interview structure we will use and we will inform you as to some of the questions that we would ask. We will give distinct advantages of a qualitative data-gathering strategy, such as participant observation, over more qualitative approaches. We will inform you when conducting survey research the importance of informed consent and confidentiality. It is a common conception that police officers choose their particular career path simply because they are inheriting a family member’s desire. They choose to be an officer because their father or their mother or a relative was an officer. It is a common conception that officers are not chosen they are inherited and expected to be from family. This area of interest is something...
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...Survey Research and Data Collection Testing Dustin Sparks CJA345 March 14, 2016 Susan Wind Survey Research and Data Collection Testing “Survey research is a commonly used method for collecting information about a population or a research area of interest.” (Week 3 Podcast) In this paper we are going to discuss the different ways of collecting data, as well as how reliability and validity play a part in the research methods of criminal justice. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of certain survey distribution techniques, and how reliability and validity are important. Also in this paper, I will show you the importance of a police officer and their role in collecting data. There are many different ways that data is collected in the criminal justice system. Examples of these are with surveys and questionnaires, and Sampling. These are used to gather information about the area and the people in it. Surveys are made with premade responses to the questions asked. Questionnaires are made with open ended questions. “Questionnaire development is made of a series of steps. The first step would be deciding what information you are trying to receive, identify the participants taking the survey, selecting the methods of reaching the participants, question development. There are many advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the different forms of surveys. There are in Person, Telephone, Computer-Based, and Focus Group Surveys; just to name a few types....
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...If I were to conduct research on police officers and their jobs the information I would look into researching on this topic would be how do police officers handle the long work hours as some departments require officers to work rotating shifts as well as 10 or 12 hour work days. How does this tend to affect the relationships with their family and friends? Does it create for more stress within the family as well as within the work environment? There is the fact that they will not be able to go out with friends as much who work a normal work schedule as well as the fact that the husband or wife will not be around for many holidays as well as working on some of the birthdays of their child. The goal of this research is to determine if working these longer hours in conjunction with working in a hazards and stressful work environment has cause for a higher rate of divorce for police officers in comparison to those who work a regular 9 to 5 pm job and don’t have to deal with hazardous and stressful work environment. The type of interview structure I would use is the depth interview structure. As this is a more intensive and detailed interview, and is particularly useful in life histories or case studies. It is also beneficial in that I would have a general list of topics to be explored, but have the ability to exercise whatever discretion and flexibility when it comes to the direction of questioning I would want to take. Some of the questions I would ask would definitely focus...
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...Name CJA 334 Date Gathering Research Data Paper I am interested in gathering information and learning about officers and their jobs in the criminal justice field. Something specific that I am wondering about is, how many police officers are actually divorced or in the middle of one because of the career path that they have chosen. I have heard in the past, and read, that a higher percentage of divorced individuals were police officers. So, I am curious: do many police officers end up being divorced? And if so, are those divorces due to their particular career choice, or other reasons? The type of interview structure that I would use would be open-ended, leaving anyone I were to interview with the opportunity to feel free to answer as freely and openly as necessary. When interviewing, I would also be organized as far as what questions to ask and what sort of order the questions would be asked. I feel that this sort of structure would create a comfortable setting for the interviewees, as well as a setting that gave off a professional vibe. The questions would be thought out ahead of time, prior to any interview, and if I were to interview more than one person, I would ask the same questions to each individual. Some of the questions I may ask an interviewee would include questions that would allow me to receive information about his or her position in the force, what type of job duties they have, how long they have been a part of law enforcement, what sort of education...
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...comes a rise in hackers and correspondingly a rise in security breaches, where hackers have access to sensitive information. Vulnerabilities are the root of all hacks. For businesses, they result in a decline in reliability. If an individual or a group wants to breach information, they will almost always find a way. With the increasing need for information databases, businesses have to weigh the risks of hacks. When an individual allows their information to be stored in a database, with or without their knowledge they are at risk. When this information enters the database, it becomes the business's responsibility to protect this information. With the amount of sensitive data being stored in databases, current cyber security measures and laws are not up to par. Infamous Data Breaches In 2015, there were 781 data breaches according to the Identity Theft Resource Center (ITRC). One of these infamous breaches being with Anthem, otherwise known as BlueCross BlueShield insurance company. In this breach, hackers stole over 80 million social security numbers and other sensitive information of customers was obtained by the hackers. Similar to Anthem, Target experienced a breach. However, this breach was considerably worse. From November 27 until approximately December 15, hackers stole nearly 70 million credit card numbers from Target’s database. This security breach is widely known, as it happened during prime retail season for Target. This breach opened the public's eye to the cyber...
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...company implements a tier III data center. By doing this, we will yield a savings of $13 million over the next three years. Implementing a tier III data center is so important, since it will make our data management more efficient. Continuing to use a Tier I system is causes us to experience frequent down time since it is has no safeguard to an unplanned interruption in service. However, the key features of a Tier III data center provides backup in case of power outages and allows for data access when certain paths aren’t accessible. This will reduce downtime by .31%. (Uptime Institute) These multiple independent distribution paths aim to continue system operation in the case of any disruption from unplanned circumstances. They also include multiple cooling distribution paths and are concurrently maintainable (datacenters.com), meaning that system problems could be fixed while the system is still online. Installing a tier III data center will strengthen our data management. After analyzing the figures, it is the clear that we will see a quick return on our investment in a Tier III data center. Installing the data center will take a year to complete and cost us $35 million dollars. Although this might seem like a large investment, we must keep in mind that we lose $14,800 dollars for every minute of downtime. With 10 outages to our ERP system in the last year alone, minimizing the amount of downtime is crucial. After installation of the data center is finished, our company...
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