...Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957) EARLY LIFE Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907 to Exequiel Magsaysay (1874-1968), a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro (1887-1980), a schoolteacher.[ He spent his high school life at Zambales Academy at San Narciso, Zambales. After high school, Magsaysay entered the University of the Philippines in 1927, where he enrolled in a pre-engineering course.He worked as a chauffeur to support himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (1928–1932), where he received a baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic in a bus company and shop superintendent. CAREER DURING WORLD WAR II At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army. When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on at least four occasions. There he organised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain on 5 April 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit & saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply officer codenamed Chow and later as commander of a 10,000 strong force. Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of the Japanese prior to the landing of American forces together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops on January 29, 1945...
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...Land is that part of the earth that is not covered by water (Fisher: 1987). It comprises of all naturally occurring resources whose supply is essentially fixed. Without land, man cannot survive: without access to it, man cannot labour. Land is important as all natural resources are fundamental to the production of all goods. Land as a factor of production is of immense importance because land is the original source of all material wealth. Moreover, the economic prosperity of a country is closely linked to the richness of her natural resources, (Hans, et al: 2009).Land is an economic resource as well asan important factor in the formation of individual and collective identity, and in the day-to-day organization of social, cultural and religious life. It is also an enormous political resource that defines power relations between and among individuals, families and communities under established systems of governance (FAO: 2006). Land reforms involve the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reforms may consist of a government initiated or government- backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. In sight of the above, land reform can therefore refer to the transfer of ownership of land from a relatively small number of wealthy owners with extensive landholdings such as plantations, large ranches, or agribusiness plots, to individual ownership by those who work on the land. Such transfer of land may be with or without compensation;...
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...will end by giving an overview of approaches that paves the way for a clearer understanding of the research problem and identifies the knowledge gap this study seeks to fill. Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD) approach will be discussed in relation to women access to land in Zimbabwe. 2.2. Customary law and land question For many people, customary law is the most important law in their lives, controlling areas of their lives like their marriages, their property, and their right to inherit. Due to customary law in Zimbabwe like in many other African countries with patriarchal systems, women can only access land through marriage or other male relatives. According to Ghosh (2010) customary law refers to African traditions which have become an intrinsic part of the accepted and expected conduct in Zimbabwean black communities. This law defines roles which women should play in society as well as what kind of businesses or economic activities they should venture into. Customary laws emerge from unwritten social rules derived from shared community values and traditions. Customary laws limit women’s rights on land to secondary rights mainly derived from their membership in patriarchal households (WLSA, 2001). This law underpins...
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...University of Notre Dame THE LAND QUESTION AND DISPLACMENT IN KENYA: SUPPORT FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL LAND POLICY By William Kiptoo EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2010 Kenya enacted the National Land Policy following the promulgation of the new through the referendum. This was achieved through many years of consultation between the government and stakeholders of the land sector, mainly civil society organizations. The need for land reform was also identified by the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation as key to long-term peace and reconciliation. The policy aims to address Kenya’s land tenure problems that have caused political violence during elections and mass displacements of the local population due to unresolved land grievances. Internal displacement and land problems in Kenya are a product of the colonial legacy, where the land policy favored the white settlers against the African natives. After independence successive governments inherited these policies and land became political tool to rewards loyalties further creating divisions and discontent. A myriads of land-related conflicts followed pitting communities against each other as political elites continue to benefits. The inability of the government of Kenya to adequately address the land question has implied that the basic needs of significant proportion of the Kenyan population are not met. The basis of the new law is address the root causes of violence. The National land policy addresses inequitable...
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...AGRARIAN REFORM CURRENT ANG HISTORICAL PROBLEMS BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AGRARIAN REFORM * Historically, agrarian-related remedies extended by past regimes and administrators proved to be totally unable to fulfill the promise of alleviating the quality of life of the landless peasants. * The land laws have invariably contained provisions that enabled powerful landowners to circumvent the law, or even use the law to sustain and further strengthen their positions in power. 1. Pre-Spanish Era - Land was not unequally distributed before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. - The notion of private property was unknown then. - The community (barangay) owned the land. 2. Spanish Period (1521-1898) - One of the major initial policies of the governorship of Legazpi was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as part of public domain regardless of local customs. - As such, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal civilian and military as rewards. * In effect, communal ownership of land gradually and slowly took the backseat. * Private ownership of land was introduced. * With this arrangement, every municipal resident was given his choice of the land for cultivation, free from tax. * Large tracts of uncultivated lands not circumscribed within a given municipality were granted by the Spanish monarch to deserving Spaniards. * This kind of ownership became known as the encomienda...
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...Narratives of Land: The Current State of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines ALMOST twenty-six years of implementation, still counting and with completion nowhere near in sight. This amount of time that the Philippine government has taken to implement and complete the key provisions of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) law translates to a whole generation of Filipinos, including children of farmers, who have been born at the time of the law’s passage, have grown up through the years of tentative and unfinished implementation, and reaching adulthood amid current intensified clamor for government to complete its task. CARP is now the longest running program being implemented under a democratic political system, post-EDSA 1986. It has been widely seen as the litmus test of past and present administrations’ commitment to social justice, as mandated by the 1987 Philippine Constitution. CARPER or Republic Act 9700, signed 7 August 2009, gave the original Republic Act 6657 or CARP five more years to be completed. In 1998, CARP’s land acquisition and distribution component had been given its first 10-year extension and additional funding of PhP 50 billion through Republic Act 8532. One of the main goals during the extension period should be the completion of land distribution by June 30, 2014. The program should get PhP 150 billion for five years or PhP 30 billion per year for land acquisition and distribution and agrarian justice delivery (a total of 60 percent...
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...AS MORE than a hundred peasants from Bukidnon continue their march to Malacañang to own the land they have been fighting for, a leader of a tribal group thinks the protesting peasants should also go beyond the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (Carper) campaign. Datu Jomorito Goaynon, chairman of the lumad group Kalumbay, said the marching peasants must not rely on Carper alone to fight for their lands, but also lobby for the approval of the Genuine Agrarian Reform Bill (Garb). Garb, or House Bill 374, is a legislation that Goaynon hopes would offer peasants a far better alternative than what Carper has to offer. uthored by members of the progressive party-list representatives, Garb is still pending at the House of Representatives, while Carper, also known as Republic Act 9700, is set to expire on June 30, 2014. While farmer-groups like Task Force Mapalad (TFM) and Alliance of Land Rights Movement in Mindanao (Alarm-Mindanao) have initiated the march for a cause for the second time to remind the government of their demands, Goaynon said, "They should also set their sights on Garb since Carper’s timeframe is almost at its end." The problem with Carper, he said, is that there are loopholes agri corporations or huge land owners can tweak to their advantage and to the detriment of the peasants. “Their cause is reasonable since they only want to have land they can call their own, but I think Carper may not be the best answer to that,” Goaynon told Sun...
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...Case Digest, How to Write by Diory Rabajante on Sunday, April 4, 2010 Under: tips A case digest or a case brief is a written summary of the case. A case sometimes involves several issues. Digesting the same would help the student in separating one issue from another and understanding how the Court resolved the issues in the case. The student does not need to discuss all the issues decided in the case in his case digest. He only needs to focus on the relevant issue or the issue related to the subject that he is taking. A case digest may also serve as a useful study aid for class discussions and exams. A student who has a case digest does not need to go back to the case in order to remember what he has read. Format of the Case Digest I. Caption. This includes the title of the case, the date it was decided, and citation. Include also the petitioner, respondent, and the ponente. II. Facts. There is no need to include all the facts. Just include those that are relevant to the subject. III. Issues. Include only those that are relevant. Issues are usually framed in the form of questions that are answerable by "yes" or "no," for example, "Is the contract void?" Sometimes, students frame the question by starting it with the word "whether," for example, "Whether the contract is void" or "Whether or not the contract is void." The answer to the question has to be answered in the ruling. IV. Ruling. This usually starts with a "yes" or a "no." This is the answer to the question/s...
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...Difference between Agrarian Reform and Land Reform Agrarian Reform • Compromises of land reform and development of complimentary institutional frameworks such as administrative agencies of the national government rural education and social welfare institution • It means remedying not only the defects in the distribution and use of land but also and especially, the accompanying human relations regarding lands, including economic, social and political relations. • Deals with general agricultural practice like introducing crop rotation or mechanization. • Making better use of farm lands, either it be adding animals or taking them off Land Reform • Refers to the full range of measures that may or should be taken to improve or remedy the respect to the farmer's right in the land they till. • Refers to all sets of activities and measures defined as an integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of defects in the agrarian structure. • Land reform deals with apportionment of lands usually transferring lands from upper class to lower class. • Deals in who is allotted to control the land, generally this type of refom takes away from good users to many users. • Is concerned with rights in land, and their character strength and distribution. • Refers to the improvement of the farmers relationship to the land that they cultivate. However,it is not only the life of the farmer to till the land, but they were also a part...
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...Name: Tutor: Course: Date: World History since 1945 Truman Doctrine The doctrine is named after the then-president Harry Truman. The speech made by the president before Congress in 1947 gave birth to the doctrine. The reason President Truman made the speech was because Britain had announced that they will no longer support the Greek government economically and military wise. Through the doctrine, the government of United States of America (USA) promised to provide political, army and economic aid to all democratic countries under threat from authoritarian powers. It further outlined the change in the USA foreign policy from its usual withdrawal stance from regional conflicts not directly touching on the country, to one of intervention in conflict all over the world. The doctrine also promised to help Turkey and Greece economically and through military actions against the communists this after Britain announced that they would be withdrawing their support. These countries were to receive $400,000,000 aid. The doctrine contents were justified by the need to help free people in their fight against totalitarian rule which would undermine international peace and hence affect the security of the USA (Jones, 36). NSC-68 The National Security Council Paper NSC-68 was a top secret report meant to confront the treat the hostile design of the Soviet Union had on the USA. The report banned the regeneration of US isolationism arguing that it will result in Soviet Union supremacy...
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...BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Im Cliffe Whitney Paug Lapiz, 22 years old, presently residing at Purok1 North Poblacion, Medina, Misamis Oriental. I am currently 3rd year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management at Bukidnon State University-Medina External Studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank almighty God for successful completion of this Development Paper this would not be possible without him. I have taken efforts in this requirement. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. We are really grateful to our subject instructor MR. EDMUND P. VOSOTROS, for all kinds of informative information and valuable advice. To our preeminent head MA’AM FLORENCIA BAANG, to all our deans named; MA’AM MARIETTA T. ASPRIL, MA’AM LARSENEY OBEMIO, MA’AM CICILE ALLOYON let me extend our over whelming thanks giving and our deepest gratitude and appreciation. I would like also to express my gratitude towards to my parents who gave us a support, of giving us money to work on this assignment. Let me give my greatest and deepest gratitude to all of my Classmates, Sir, Ma’am, thank you very much. INTRODUCTION Why do we need to borrow money? There a numerous reasons for the borrowing of money but common ones are; home loans, purchasing of cars, insurance...
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...credit card or bank loan, there are some questions you need to answer before you borrow money. You should ask yourself if you need to spend the money, if you have other ways of financing the purchase and if you can afford to pay back the money you’re planning to borrow. Borrowing money becomes a problem if you borrow too much – that is, more than you can afford. It’s a problem if you borrow to where you can’t do other things or if you need to borrow to pay your regular monthly expenses. Just like your own money, you have to stay in control of the money you borrow from others. Borrowing money doesn’t have to be a bad thing. It can help. Borrowing just has to be done wisely, managed well, and held to a limit you can afford. I. History Land Bank of the Philippines (Filipino: BangkosaLupangPilipinas), also known as LANDBANK or by its initials, LBP, is a universal bank in the Philippines owned by the Philippine government with a special focus on serving the needs of farmers and fishermen. While it provides the...
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...Report and analyze the article in regard to the implications of Agrarian reform and land distribution in Brazil. February 8, 2012 The history of land reform in Brazil to this day remains one of the major unsolved problem since the colonial era. Indeed, during the 18th century, Brazil, a Portuguese colony still has not experienced the social movements that democratizing access to land and that have changed the face of Europe, as presented today. In the 19th century, the specter that spreads across Europe and served to accelerate social progress has not crossed the Atlantic Ocean and affects Brazil with its large concentration of land but unevenly distributed among populations. While, unlike the United States, which, during the colonization of the territories of northern and central-west, settled the problem of access to land, the colonization of land in Brazil have continued to follow the old latifundium model, dominated by the old rural oligarchy. The 1930 revolution that overthrew the old coffee-based oligarchy , has deeply encourages the process of industrialization...
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...HISTORY August 8, 1963 - Land Bank was established as part of the Agricultural Land Reform Code In 1965 - Land Bank's by-laws were approved and its first board of trustees was formed, with the Secretary of Finance as chairman. October 21, 1972 - Presidential Decree No. 27, signed by former President Ferdinand Marcos, emancipated all tenant farmers working on private agricultural lands devoted to rice and corn, whether working on a landed estate or not. The system was implemented through a system of sharecropping and/or lease-tenancy. Land bank was tasked to collect 15-year land amortizations from beneficiaries at the cost of the value of the land plus six percent interest per annum. 1973 - LANDBANK was in financial distress. It lacked the resources and the capital needed to implement the land reform programs and lacked the structure to implement the programs efficiently. July 21, 1973 - Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 251 which revitalized the bank. The decree granted LANDBANK a universal banking license with a social mission to spur countryside development. The decree expanded Land bank's power to include lending for agricultural, industrial, homebuilding and home-financing projects and other productive enterprises, as well as lending to farmers' cooperatives and associations to facilitate production, marketing of crops and acquisition of essential commodities. Land bank was also required by the decree to provide timely and adequate support in all phases involved...
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... the agriculture sector accounts a significant portion of the total employment, which ranged from 45-50% during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this failure of comprehensive agrarian reform and in pronouncing these mistakes, did other countries experience who also employed land reforms if they experienced similar dilemmas. We argue that deeply seated class structures have inevitably played a role in this development policy outcome, particularly elite groups and landlords who have established themselves in the political arena. The...
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