...when I found a reference to King Athelstan. He established what is the first recorded almshouse – in York in the 10th Century. I also found that the oldest established charity still in existence is thought to be the Hospital of St. Oswald in Worcester, founded around 990. What I found disturbing is that even though the almshouses in Great Britain survive and thrive – after many adaptations to this day – the almshouses established in the United States evolved to become very bad places. (Almshouses.org website) In our text, we read that in the United States, human services were established and modeled according to the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601, and that the first principle laid down in the colonies defined poor relief as a public responsibility. Another principle stipulated that people would be denied support if they had family members who were not poor, i.e., parents, grandparents, adult children, or grandchildren. (Woodside, p. 33) This entire subject area is fascinating. Early Peoples Recorded In History In researching “human services from the early peoples recorded in history” we can go back pretty far. Human services,...
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...Helping the Poor Helping the Poor Friendly visiting, dole charities and dole queues Robert Whelan based on research by Barendina Smedley Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society London First published October 2001 © The Institute for the Study of Civil Society 2001 The Mezzanine, Elizabeth House 39 York Road, London SE1 7NQ email: books@civitas.org.uk All rights reserved ISBN 1-903 386-16-0 Typeset by Civitas in New Century Schoolbook Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Contents Acknowledgements Authors vi viii Introduction: Hand-outs and Leg-ups Section 1: The Visiting Charity The Charity Organisation Society 1. The Organisation of Charity 2. Preaching the ‘Gospel of Social Reform’ in West London 3. The Fulham and Hammersmith Committee and Its Cases Section 2: The Dole Charity The Mansion House Fund 4. From West End to East End 5. Lord Mayor Aid 6. The Aftermath 7. Moralities and Mathematics Appendices Appendix 1 Applications for Relief Received by the Fulham and Hammersmith District Committee of the COS, November 1879 - October 1880 Appendix 2 The 27 Extant Fulham and Hammersmith Casebooks Appendix 3 The Charity Organisation Society by Miss Octavia Hill Notes Index 1 9 24 39 51 59 85 90 99 137 164 166 182 v Acknowledgements This book has been made possible by a generous grant from the Wincott Foundation. The author would like to express his thanks to the trustees. The research...
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...The poor relief of 1601 was an act of the Parliament of England. It created a National poor law system for England and Wales, which is commonly known as the Law that made the individual parishes responsible for poor law legislation. It drew together a collection of laws from between 16th and 18th centuries which included an improvement of the ‘Act for the relief of the Poor 1597’ that founded ‘overseers of the poor’ (May, 1995). The 1601 act was responsible for introducing a less barbaric approach, which was prevalent under the Tudor system and its main focus was to help as oppose to punish beggars and vagabonds (Slack,1990). The two forms of relief for the poor was either indoor relief meaning inside a workhouse or outdoor relief (outside a workhouse), this was the most common form of relief as the cost of building different workhouse were extremely expensive. A huge majority of relief came in the form of food and distribution of money during this period (Slack,1990). The ‘Deserving’ and ‘undeserving poor’ were ways of defining whether a person was accepted of the poor relief. The idle poor were identified as those avoiding work, the law wanted to warrant that these people were punished, although branding and whipping was abolished once the 1601 poor law was introduced as it was seen as barbaric and a more humane approach was maintained (Quigley,1996). They were still forced into work, much often forced to work long hours in the workhouses. The impotent poor were genuinely...
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...discussions of the poor laws were written in England during his stay there for 18 years. During this period there was heated discussion and condemnation of the poor laws in England. Franklin was a scholar with keen interest in economics, and political discourse and was easily drawn in the discussion. In 1766 he was upfront in questioning the poor laws, and advocating outright repeal. He made it clear that he was for helping the poor. His point of contention was the means to support them. Franklin was making the case, that the poor can workout of poverty. He believed what was needed was providing them jobs, leadership and motivation for them to work. He earlier mentioned that perhaps the order of God and nature of wants and miseries is about leading or driving...
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...pauper children were required to work 10. Daffy- a widely used tonic, one can assume the tonic was mixed with some sort of liquor 11. Half Baptized- baptized privately without full rights, usually only dome when there is fear that the baptized infant is not going to survive much longer 12. Settlement- “condition” for one to receive poor relief, burden usually fell on the mother 13. Pick Oakum- a horrible job assigned to felons in prison, tear apart old ships’ ropes for reuse 14. Doctor’s commons- the only court in which divorce could be granted 15. Porringer- a small bowl that gruel was served in to the people living in workhouses 16. Por diem- each day (Latin) 17. Commons- staple food shared by others 18. Ten shillings- pre decimal coinage in Great Britain, there are 20 shillings to a pound 19. Indentures- the contract binding apprentice- legal document required review of magistrate (judge) 20. Charity boy- a pupil at school supported by charity 21. Leathers- breeches (pants) a distinctive form of charity school clothing 22. Kennel- open drainage gutter 23. “the grave was so full” another illustration of the treatment of the poor. Those being buried at parish expense were buried in mass graves and literally “dumped” on top of one another. 24. Hot band- funeral dress- like a black crape...
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...outweighed the negative effects brought by industrialization. Pessimists argue that the quality of life for workers deteriorated greatly between 1780 and 1850, with very limited improvements for some skilled sectors before the 1870’s. This purpose of this paper is to analyze the debate from an economic and social perspective. We will examine both arguments and prove that although there was a rise in real wages, that rise was not as high as many optimists believe, and that the rise in real wages did not mean that the living standards of the average citizen were necessarily improved. This paper will substantiate that the benefits resulting from the rise in real wages, did not outweigh the costs that followed. We will examine how pollution, poor working conditions, and an overall lack of basic human rights and equality, plagued the British population and did not initially raise the living standards of the average person in Britain. The majority of debates between pessimists and optimists consist of exchanging evidence from various indices including money wages, and real wages. The optimist’s argument is one dimensional, purely economic, and boiled down to the fact that the Industrial revolution brought gains in real wages (P.H. Lindert, 1983). In a 1983 paper by optimists Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson, the authors produced estimates of real wages in England from 1781...
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...------------------------------------------------- Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Old Poor Law" redirects here. For the Old Poor Law which existed in Scotland between 1574-1845, see Old Scottish Poor Law. The Poor Relief Act 1601[1] | Parliament of England | Long title | An Acte for the Releife of the Poore.[2] | Citation | 43 Eliz 1 c 2 | Status: Repealed | The Poor Relief Act 1601 (43 Eliz 1 c 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601, popularly known as the "Elizabethan Poor Law", "43rd Elizabeth"[3] or the "Old Poor Law"[4] was passed in 1601 and created a national poor lawsystem for England and Wales.[5] It formalised earlier practices of poor relief distribution in England and Wales[6] and is generally considered a refinement of the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 that established Overseers of the Poor.[7] The "Old Poor Law" was not one law but a collection of laws passed between the 16th and 18th centuries. The system's administrative unit was the parish. It was not a centralised government policy[6] but a law which made individual parishes responsible for Poor Law legislation. The 1601 act saw a move away from the more obvious forms of punishing paupers under the Tudor system towards methods of "correction". Several amending pieces of legislation can be considered part of the Old Poor Law.[8] These include: * 1662 – Poor Relief Act 1662 (Settlement Acts) * 1723 – Workhouse Test Act...
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...In 1834, after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act, workhouses were set up to prevent workers from claiming poor relief, and instead earning to keep. Victorian workhouses were undoubtedly a phenomenon that defined a huge aspect of Victorian society, notably the grim reality for the working class in England. Oppression and discrimination towards the working class was an established issue at the time, reflecting in some of the most classic pieces in Victorian Literature, specifically, in the writings of Charles Dickens, who rebuked many social and economic aspects of Victorian Society. Dickens addresses his fascination with the sympathy for the poor, especially the children. In this essay, I will be discussing how social class,...
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...Oliver Twist is a novel by Charles Dickens, published in 1837 and was concerned 1834 Poor Law. The Poor Law was introduced by the Prime Minister, Earl Grey. The Poor Law should have been introduced to help the poor but instead it made their life a living hell. The poor were put into workhouses and little children were put into a baby farm until the age of 9. Dickens motive for writing this novel was to make people understand the full horrors of the Poor Law. Dickens showed his dislike of the 1834 Poor Law through his characterisation. Mrs Mann runs the baby farm which is where the young Oliver lives. She is a very greedy, callous and corrupt woman, “she appropriated the weakly stipend to her own use” which means that she steals from the little children that she was “supposed” to look after and starves them. She is a lying hypocrite, she tells the world that she “cares” and “loves” the children, this is because she says “Ah, bless’em, that I do, dear as it is “replied Mrs Mann.” I couldn’t see ‘em suffer before my very eyes, you know, sir.” Mrs Mann is lying so that she can keep her job and so she can continue to steal from the children. Mrs Mann neglects and abuses the children because “either it sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident.” Many children died and their deaths covered up. She has no womanly feelings, Dickens gives her the name, Mrs Mann. Mr Bumble employs Mrs Mann to run the baby farm. He is very pompous...
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...of planning initiated by “an act to provide for the erection of the houses for the employment and support of the poor in the counties of Chester and Lancaster” (passes February 27, 1797) and the establishment of the office of the Directors of the Poor. A tract of land was purchased from Matthias Slough in 1799. In reading over the Minutes of Directors of the Poor and the House of Employment Dec. 18, 1799 it reads as follows: The board met desires to know how much money will be required for the purpose of completing the House of Employment Total- $6424.76. The Rules that they put into place for anyone being admitted to the House were...
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...The Poor Law relief system was first introduced in 1597 to provide relief for paupers in England and Wales. The Elizabethan Poor Law concerned the impotent poor, the able-bodied poor and children, who were most often sent away on an apprenticeship from the age of seven in order to provide them with good working habits which would hopefully stop them and the generation below them needing to depend on such relief. There were many extensions to the ‘Old Poor Law’ such as the Act of Settlement, Knatchbull Act and the Gilbert’s Act but by 1832 the Royal Commission felt that the Poor Law needed to be drastically reformed due to costs of relief. This is when the 1834 Amendment Act was introduced as a means of cutting expenditure and poverty in Britain...
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...is one of Charles Dickens’ most famous novels and a classic poor-to-rich story about an orphan who was born into a workhouse and must navigate his way around the criminal underworld to avoid being corrupted. Literature incorporates the history of the workhouse and reflects the concerns of both paupers and ratepayers, and it also challenges the dehumanizing effects of the Law’s administration. The time period of Oliver Twist was still under the time of the Old Poor Law, but it was mainly seen as criticizing of the New Poor Law. Felix Driver writes, “The account of the starving child who asked for more was almost certainly based on the earlier system, although the extent to which the old survived in the new does not entirely invalidate the criticism”. Scholars tend to focus on the scene where Oliver asks for more food as indicative of the meagre portions that the inmates received. These scholars identify hunger as the main threat of the workhouse, but that approach neglects the larger threat of death, which shapes Oliver’s character. When the opening chapters of the novel are considered more broadly, the workhouse is actually a site where the poor carry an obligation to one another. High death rates within the workhouse encourage solidarity as seen by the behaviours of the orphans. While providing charity carries the risk of supporting idlers, and Dickens is consistently critical of charity, he also writes the poor as recognizing common risks and finding their own ways to overcome...
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...In the story ‘‘To Kill a Mockingbird’’ written by harper lee, set in a small town called Maycomb, Alabama the character known as Mayella is a poor white woman living behind a dumpster, has convicted Tom robinson of rape. Harper lee determines mayella's power by using Race,Class,Gender in the story.In the small town word gets around fast about the situation people quickly took mayella's side and instantly said tom robinson was guilty because of his race. Mayella gets the upper hand in the courtroom because she is a white woman living in the 1930s when segregation was a law. I believe Mayella is a powerful character in the story because she he lives in a small southern town where everyone discriminates against colored people and very protective...
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...Summer Hensley Mrs. Pond Transitional English 9 September 2016 US History DBQ: English Colonies, North and South The east coast of North America was settled by English settlers of the same ethnicity, yet by the 1700 they had developed into two totally different societies. In the Massachusetts colony, a theocracy was established based on the strict Puritan beliefs as written in the Bible. The settlers worked together in order to guarantee their mutual survival. The Virginia settlers, on the other hand, were young, single men out too make their fortunes, and their priority to achieve personal wealth. The Chesapeake people were only after gold not willing to help the poor, not for a family either. The governor of Virginia wanted his prosperity...
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...APUSH Study Guide 8 A weak Confederacy and the Constitution, 1776-1790 Themes/Constructs: The federal Constitution represented a moderately conservative reaction against the democratilizing effects of the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation. The American Revolution was not a radical transformation like the French or Russian revolutions, but it produced political innovations and some social change in the direction of greater equality and democracy. The American Revolution did not overturn the social order, but it did produce substantial changes in social customs, political institutions, and ideas about society and government. Among the changes were the separation of church and state in some places, the abolition of slavery in the North, written political constitutions, and a shift in political power from the eastern seaboard toward the frontier. The first weak government, the Articles of Confederation, was unable to exercise real authority, although it did successfully deal with the western lands issue. The Confederation’s weakness in handling foreign policy, commerce and the Shays Rebellion spurred the movement to alter the Articles. Instead of revising the Articles, the well-off delegates to the Constitutional Convention created a charter for a whole new government. In a series of compromises, the convention produced a plan that provided for a vigorous central government, a strong executive, the protection for property, while still upholding republican...
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