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CLASS 2: GAP, TOP
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Date: April 28, 2013
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• Nouns

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✚ Review: Clause Elements
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(S) : Performer, topic
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(O) : Recipient
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: Direct object (DO) and indirect object (IO)
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------------------------------------------------- I sent you a letter. (S) + (V) + (IO) + (DO)
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I sent a letter to you. (S) + (V) + (DO) + preposition + (IO)
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------------------------------------------------- : Object of a verb and object of a preposition
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------------------------------------------------- I kicked you. [You is object of the verb ‘kicked.’]
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on the table [Prepositional phrase: The table is called object of the preposition]
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• Object of a preposition cannot be the subject element.
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✗ [In the world] have many people.
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(C) : Fulfill the meaning of either the subject or the object element
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: Subject complement (CS) and object complement (CO)
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------------------------------------------------- I am a teacher. [Q: Who is a teacher? A: “I.”]
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I consider you a hard-working boy. [Q: Who is a hard-working boy? A: “You.”]
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Decide (v.), decision (n.)

EX: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Fast food companies should be allowed to advertise in schools.” Position: Agree • Point 1: Students have rights to choose what to eat. • Point 2: Some types of fast food are healthy. Problem: Word selection (N.)

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Advertise (v.), advertisement (n.) | ad, ads (n.)
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Right (adj.)
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Right (n.)
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Stakeholder (n.) | employer (n.), employee (n.), customer (n.)
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Parents (n.)
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Guardian (n.)

✚ Topic 1: Nouns
Functions: (S), (O), and (C) [Some (A) : yesterday, today]

[S: Today] is Sunday. I am teaching three classes [A: today].

Function (n.), function (v.) : Nouns can function as the subject element, the object element, or the complement element.

Encounter (v.), encounter (n.)

• When you encounter a noun, …

1st IF : N => NCOMMON or NPROPER

------------------------------------------------- IF : NPROPER => 1. Capitalization
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2. S-V Agreement

• Proper nouns : specific nouns

Top Gap The United States of America G.I. Joe 2 Cabin in the Wood

1. Capitalization

✗ I watched Up In The Air last week. ✗ I watched UP IN THE AIR last week.

Rule : Capitalize the first letter of each word. Exceptions : 1. Prepositions 2. Articles 3. Conjunctions BUT : If a preposition, an article, or a conjunction begins a sentence, it must be capitalized. OR if a preposition, an article, or a conjunction begins a proper noun, it must be capitalized.

✓ I watched Up in the Air last week. ✓On the Floor by Jennifer Lopez is a very famous song.

2. S-V Agreement

Simple Sentence : Subject + Predicate Gap usually goes to work in the evening. [Single subject] Gap and Top usually go to work in the evening. [Compound subject]

IF : N(NPROPER,S) N(Single subject) VSINGULAR On the Floor | IS a very famous song.

IF : N(NPROPER,S) N(Compound subject) VPLURAL On the Floor and Sweet Spot | ARE very famous songs.

Example : ✗ According to the united nations population division, …. ✓ According to the United Nations Population Division, ….

2nd IF : NCOMMON => NCOUNTABLE or NUNCOUNTABLE

------------------------------------------------- IF : NUNCOUNTABLE => 1. Forms
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2. S-V Agreement
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3. Quantifiers

1. Forms

• NUNCOUNTABLE • The + NUNCOUNTABLE ✗ I read book. ✗Human being eats ✓food to survive.

• TOEFL (ERROR) : information, evidence, research, homework, furniture ✗ informations, evidences, researches, homeworks, furnitures ✗ an information, an evidence, a research, a homework, a furniture

2. S-V Agreement

IF : N(NUNCOUNT,S) N(Single subject) VSINGULAR Rice | IS one of the main exports of Thailand.

IF : N(NUNCOUNT,S) N(Compound subject) VPLURAL Rice and polymer | ARE two of the main exports of Thailand.

3. Quantifiers

Little, a little Less + NUNCOUNTABLE Least

amount + NUNCOUNTABLE

✗ Two waters ✓ Two bottles of water ✗ Two informations ✓ Two pieces of information

• TOEFL (ERROR) : ✗ few time, few energy : ✗ little managers, less people =>✓ few managers, fewer people : ✗ an amount of people =>✓ a number of people

3rd IF : NCOUNTABLE => NSINGULAR or NPLURAL

------------------------------------------------- IF : NSINGULAR => 1. Determiner + NSINGULAR
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2. S-V Agreement
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3. Articles
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4. Quantifiers

1. Determiner + NSINGULAR

✗ I read book. [Naked noun] ✓ I read (determiner) book. ✓ I read a book. [Determiner: article] ✓ I read my book. [Determiner: possessive adjective] ✓ I read this book. [Determiner: demonstrative adjective] ✓ I read many books. [Determiner: quantifiers]

EX: As the primary agents of childhood socialization, parents play (det.) critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society.

Corrections: a critical role, critical roles

2. S-V Agreement

IF : N(NCOUNT,S) N(Single subject) VSINGULAR A student | studies English.

IF : N(NCOUNT,S) N(Compound subject) VPLURAL [A student] and [his friend] | study English.

3. Articles
Types : 1. Indefinite articles (a, an) 2. Definite articles (the)

• A, An : a + consonant sounds : an + vowel sounds /อ/

✗ an university ✗ a element ✗ a hour ✗ an heated chamber

• A, An / The :

A : B, What are you doing? B : I am reading (a / the) book. [Activity – book in general; specificity] A : What is (a / the) title of (a / the) book. [Specificity, common understanding] B : Theories of Personality by G. Feist.

[2 Days later…] A : B, have you finished reading (a / the) book? [Context] B : No, I haven’t.

I have a cat. The cat is named Porche. Porche / She / It [Repetition]

1. Common understanding [Reader & Writer / Listening & Speaker] = If common understanding is reached, we can use the.

2. Repetition Mary is a 17-year-old girl. She … Mary is a 17-year-old girl. (A / The) girl … 3. Specificity the sun, the earth, the world, the moon the title of a,the book (a / the) owner of Apple

4. Context • Target word: sun Science class : There is the sun in our solar system. = There is only one sun in our solar system.

NASA’s research : ✓ 1. NASA has discovered a sun in another galaxy. ✓ 2. NASA has discovered the sun in another galaxy. •Both are correct, but they have different meanings. 1. There may be more than one sun in that galaxy. 2. NASA has already completed its trip around that galaxy and found only one sun.

• The + adjective : the rich, the poor, the wealthy [กลุ่มคน] : S(The + adjective) + VPLURAL : ✗The wealth can eat this kind of food.

• Another + NSINGULAR : ✗ another valuable items, another types

• Each, every : + NSINGULAR : ✗ each daughters, each studies : ✓ each daughter, each study : ✗ every students, every people : ✓ every student, every person • Each of the : + NPLURAL : ✓ each of the daughters

• Every + NPLURAL : Every nine years (ทุกๆ 9 ปี)

------------------------------------------------- IF : NPLURAL => 1. Regular plural nouns
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2. Irregular plural nouns
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3. S-V Agreement
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4. Quantifiers

• Regular plural nouns : -s, -es, -ies • Irregular plural nouns : change forms, same forms Regular Plurals | Add -s | Dog Advisor House Flower Month | Dogs Advisors | Add -es * For nouns ending with o, ss, sh, ch, x | Tomato Watch Kiss Box Brush | Tomatoes Watches Kisses | Exceptions: | Piano Dynamo Photo Radio Epoch Stomach | Pianos Dynamos | Add -ies | Baby Lady Country Fly Army Pony | Babies Ladies | Add -ys * Only if the letter in front of y is a vowel | Donkey Day Boy Toy Valley | Donkeys Days Boys | Add -ves | Wife Wolf Calf Shelf Thief Scarf Wharf Hoof | Wives Wolves | Add -s (After f) | Cliff Handkerchief Fife | Cliffs |

Irregular Plurals | Vowel Change | Man Woman Foot Tooth Goose Mouse | Men Women | Add -en | Child Ox Brother | Children Brethren* | Same as singular (Zero plurals) | Deer Fish Salmon Sheep Trout Fruit | Deer Fish Salmon | Change -is to -es | Analysis Axis Crisis Diagnosis Hypothesis Parenthesis Synthesis Thesis Basis Oasis Appendix Codex | Analyses Axes Crises Diagnoses Hypotheses Parentheses Appendices | Ends in –a | Curriculum Datum Phenomenon Criterion Agendum Aquarium | Curricula Data Phenomena Criteria | Change -us to –i | Alumnus Focus Bacillus Cactus Fungus Nucleus Radius Stimulus | Alumni Foci |

• Spokesman, businessman => spokesmen, businessmen
NOUNS: TOEFL (Written Expression)

1. Quantifiers • Another, other • amount, number • much, many • few, little • fewer, less • a few, a little • fewest, least • several : ✗ several film ✓ several films

2. NPERSON vs NTHING

I am taking three courses this trimester: Financial Engineer, Financial Theory, and Advanced Logic.

3. Articles

3.1 A vs An 3.2 A, An vs The 3.3 Missing articles ✗ in normal year

3.4 Number

✗ a several films

4. S-V Agreement

5. Positions

✗ Most stores clothing ✓ Most clothing stores

6. Incorrect Modifiers (ADJ) + noun ✗ (ADV) + noun : ✗ wonderfully ability ✓ wonderful ability : ✗ economically fortune ✓ economic fortune ✗ Noun + quantifier : ✗ most planets other : ✓ most other planets

7. Wrong form

✗ the relax of muscles ✓ the relaxation of muscles
✗ the various of cars ✓ the variety of cars
• Various, numerous, many + NPLURAL
• A range of, the variety of + NPLURAL
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CLASS 3: GAP, TOP
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Date:
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• Noun Phrase Structures

Premodification (n.), premodifier (n.)
Head noun (n.)
Postmodification (n.), postmodifier (n.)

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Single Noun : book
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Noun Phrase : a book
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Noun Phrase : a book on the table
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Noun Phrase : a big book on the table
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Noun Phrase : a very big yellow book on the table