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De Pestepidimie

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Submitted By r0586331
Words 714
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Van 14e eeuw tot 19e eeuw
Belangrijke vormen: builenpest en longpest
Builenpest: meest voorkomende vorm door de bacil overgebracht door de rattenvlo. Symptonen na ongeveer 4 dagen gepaard met pijnlijke lymfeklierzwellingen die overgaan tot verettering, koorts, hoofdpijn en stoornissen in de hersens. Zonder behandeling overleeft minder dan 40% van de geinfecteerde personen.
Longpest: overgedragen via hoesten, niezen, kan al fataal aflopen na 2 dagen, gevaarlijkste infectieziekten; patienten moeten in quarantaine zorgt voor ophoesten van helderrood schuimend bloef, snelle moeizame ademaling hoge koort, snelle hartsalg, hoofdpijn, onrust, woedeaanvallen en verwardheid
Schatting dat door de zwarte dood van 1347-1351 een derde van alle euopeanen, (enkele tientallen miljoenen) het lever verliet
Vlooeien brachten dit over door bloed van een geinfecteerde op te zuigen en dit dan bij andere persoon opnieuw probeert te doen
De pest werd gezien als een straf van god, ook de joden werden beschuldigd omdat ze zouden waterputten vergifteg hebben en bronnen en het mengen van een verdachte stof in eten
Ook de wind werd beschuldigd, slecht ruikende winden zouden de ziekte verspreiden, dus verbranden ze tonnen kruid en pek. De rook moest de lucht verdrijven, sommigen droegen zelf maskers met kruiden om ze de slechte lucht weg te drijvn

Het meest voorkomende symbool voor de pest is de pijl

Hoe bestreed men de pest?
De artsen uit de 14e eeuw waren niet geheel onervaren. Ze konden tanden trekken, botbreuken genezen en zelfs huid transplanteren. Maar ze stonden machteloos tegenover de pest. De artsen in de Middeleeuwen probeerde het 'gif' door verlies, laxeermiddelen of klisteer uit het lichaam te verwijderen. Er werden verschillende geneesmiddelen voorgeschreven. Men verbrandde geurende stukken hout om de lucht te reinigen en de grond werd met rozenwater en azijn besprenkeld. Verschillende voedingsmiddelen werden aanbevolen om te verhinderen dat men aan de pest ging lijden. Het kan soms wel eens gewerkt hebben, omdat de betrokkenen meer weerstand kregen tegen infecties. Maar de beste bescherming tegen de pest vond men toch in de geestelijke vrede met God. Inderdaad kwamen de artsen in de ziekenkamers op de tweede plaats, want eerst smeekte de priester Gods hulp af voor pestlijders en namen deze de biecht af. De mensen wilden dat nu eenmaal zo, omdat ze wisten dat hun toestand hopeloos was. En in hun wanhoop smeekten ze om een plaatsje in het hiernamaals, voor het geval de geneesmiddelen niet zouden helpen.

Slechts enkelen dachten aan besmetting van de ene persoon op de andere. Ze richtten daarom speciale ziekenhuizen of pesthuizen in. Daar werden de lijders geïsoleerd, dat wil zeggen: streng van de gezonde mensen gescheiden. Huizen waar de pest heerste, werden met een kruis gemerkt. Men was dan gewaarschuwd. Veel geneesheren weigerden uit afkeer en angst de zieken te behandelen. Hun werk werd dikwijls overgenomen door priesters en bedelmonniken. Ze verenigden zich in pestbroederschappen. Deze mensen waren gekleed in zwarte lange mantels met wijde kappen. Ze probeerden de huizen te ontsmetten door ze uit te roken en de bedden te verbranden. Met gevaar voor eigen leven verpleegden ze de zieken zo snel mogelijk. Ze begroeven ook de doden. Eerst gewoon in kisten op het kerkhof. Maar al gauw waren er zoveel doden, dat ze in een massagraf werden gelegd. Men bestrooide de lijken met ongebluste kalk om ze snel te vernietigen. Soms werden lijken zomaar in een rivier gegooid.
De gevolgen
De gevolgen van de pest waren verschrikkelijk. Dorpen en steden en soms hele landstreken raakten totaal onbevolkt. Door gebrek aan werkkrachten rotte de oogst op de velden. Vruchtbare akkers verwilderden en er kwam een groot gebrek aan voedsel. Hongerende boeren en armen verenigden zich in benden. Rovend, moordend en brandstichtend trokken ze door het hele land. Geen wonder dat een waanzinnige angst over de bevolking heerste. Velen dachten dat het einde van de wereld was aangebroken. De angst werd nog vergroot omdat men niet wist waar de geheimzinnige ziekte vandaan kwam. De meeste dachten dat het een straf van God was. Sommige middeleeuwse geleerden meenden dat het van een vergiftigde wolk kwam, die over de wereld trok. Professoren van de Parijse universiteit verklaarden dat het aan de ongunstige stand van de sterren lag. In veel gevallen werden de joden als de schuldigen aangewezen. Zij zouden de waterbronnen vergiftigd hebben. Daar was totaal niks van waar. Toch werden tal van joden onschuldig gedood.

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