...Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Reminiscence of few decades before, these progressive nations took out significant figures of loan packages to stimulate their economy expansion (examples). Unfortunately, this manner accompanies with a significant drawback; the ‘Debt Crisis’ that followed due to unpredictable economy fluctuation all around the world. A debt crisis deals with countries and their ability to repay borrowed funds; which include international lending, national economies and budgeting. The “Debt Crisis" definition have varied over time, the most common one – “when a national government cannot pay the debt it owes and seeks, as a result, some form of assistance” (eHow.com, 2012). An international debt crisis erupted in the early 1980s was “one of the most traumatic international financial disturbances” of the twentieth century (Cline, 1995). Nineteenth century’s debt crises plus far-flung nonpayment loans specifically in 1930s sternly interrupted capital flows to Latin America and Southern and Eastern Europe. Yet, offhanded 1980s debt crisis undoubtedly threatened the international banking system and many less developed countries. AIMS This paper will discuss the factors which lead to the notable 1980s debt crisis. At first, we will describe the economics background concerning 1970s and 1980s. Then, it follows by the factors; both from the debt’s demand and supply perspectives. On the demand side, the factors are non-productive investments, the oil prices, the interest...
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...I would like to start by discussing the equality issues surrounding the mortgage debt crisis. In March of this year one in nine Irish mortgages were in trouble. The most recent figures suggest that one in eight are now struggling and the problem is likely to get worse. By ‘struggling’ I refer to those home owners who are currently in arrears and struggle to meet their monthly mortgage repayments due to severely reduced incomes and lost jobs. For these, the financial crisis they find themselves in is having devastating impacts on their psychological well-being. The knowledge that one is repaying far more than their home is worth is highly stressful, to say the least. It is estimated that 60% of mortgage holders have a loan to repay that is a lot larger than the current value of their asset. However our concern in this debate is not so much with negative equity but with those who are struggling to repay their mortgages. The majority of these are younger people, usually but not always, aged from 45 downwards and often with children to care for. They had been somewhat persuaded by greedy banks, with the encouragement of the state’s tax policies, to borrow large sums of money for 30-40 years. They wanted homes, maybe even with gardens where kids could play, beside schools and family. They bought because they didn’t want to rely on the state to provide them with housing. The vast majority had not borrowed for stock market investment, fancy cars and foreign holidays as is sometimes...
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...The student loan debt crisis is a major issue in the United States. Every day, students are dropping out of college because they cannot afford college. Ever since college tuition went up in the 1960s, the student loan debt has risen. Student loan debt takes a major effect of student’s lives after college is over and they must start paying their loans off. On average, students take out as much as $28,000 to $30,000 of student loans (Holland). Taking out these large amounts of loans cause students to dig a hole of financial debt for themselves. From the history of student loan debt to the current solutions that could solve the debt issue, student loan debt will always be a constant issue in students’ lives unless drastic measures are taken to...
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...The European Sovereign-debt Crisis Throughout history, debt has been an issue and a concern for many countries around the world. Nations borrowing money, unnecessarily spending, corruption, inability to pay back loans and a variety of other factors have contributed to the devastating and lasting effects of monetary absolution. In recent years, some of the most significant and devastating economic occurrences that have taken place were released to the general public. One that has received a great deal of attention is known as the European Sovereign- debt Crisis or the Euro zone crisis. The European Sovereign Debt crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it impossible for some countries in the Europe to repay or refinance their government debt without the assistance of third parties (Wikimedia). Countries across the European Continent are struggling to find ways to cope with the crisis and the impact that it has taken on debt stricken nations. Europe’s politicians, regulators, and market players are trying different approaches to deal with the problems at hand (Bloomberg LLP). Due to the number of countries that are involved this financial crisis is not only affecting these countries but the entire world. The Euro zone crisis had a variety of origins that grew their roots over a course of many years, but the situation was not released to the general public until back in late 2009 when the concerns intensified. Fears of a Sovereign Debt Crisis arose among investors...
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...European debt crisis and its impact on worldwide economy Shanika Mitchell-Gregg April 30, 2012 Dr. Tzu-Man Huang BUS 5200 Strategic Finance for Executives EMBA, 2011-12 (Stockton Cohort #7) “The European Union only takes action after the facts. They only address a situation when it has already become a problem.” Zdeneil Kudrna, political economist The European debt crisis was brought on by several Eurozone countries running large budget deficits and borrowing money from central European banks. Out of 27 member states, 17 of those countries use the euro as their currency. The larger countries involved were; Italy (the worst effected), Germany, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Switzerland, Britain and Ireland. The European economic debt crisis has resulted from a combination of complex factors including; the interconnection in the global financial system, that if one nation defaults on its sovereign debt or enters into recession putting some of the external private debt at risk. Easy credit conditions, during the 2002–2008 were a period ones were encouraged of high-risk lending and borrowing practices. International trade imbalances or international interconnection of debt protection, institutions entered into contracts called credit default swaps (CDS) that result in payment should default occur on a particular debt instrument (including government issued bonds). But, since multiple CDS's can be purchased on the same security, it is unclear what exposure each country's...
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...International Financial Management (IFM) Individual Project Report Title of the project- Foreign Debt crisis management of RCOM Batch–PGCBM -21 Centre –DAKC, Mumbai Name- Rajesh Kumar Verma Email- rkv3466@gmail.com, rajesh.kr.verma@relianceada.com SMS No- 110387 SID- RB12044 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Purpose of the assignment 3. Gratitude to Professor and support staff 4. Introduction of IFM Assignment topic- Foreign Debt Crisis Management of RCom 5. Company Profile 6. Assignment analysis and study A. Reliance Communications has secured loans from a host of Chinese banks to refinance $1.18 billion B. RCom has filed a prospectus with the Singapore Stock Exchange and plans to divest as much as 75% stake in Flag Telecom to raise about $1 Billion i) Background of Reliance Globalcom (Flag Telecom) ii) Cable network of Flag Telecom iii) Solutions offered by Reliance iv) Strategic Move by Reliance to fight with debt crisis C. Reliance Communications has put on hold the initial public offering of its undersea cable unit Flag Telecom in Singapore D. Impact of heavy debt on company's financial credit worthiness and impact of rupee devaluation on overseas loan E. The impact of the high-debt levels has been further compounded because of the steep depreciation of the rupee 7. Impact of Un-hedged foreign currency debts due to rupee devaluation 8. Conclusion INTRODUCTION As a student of International Finance Management...
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...Causes of Euro debt crisis 1. Profligacy of the European Government & Unsustainable Fiscal Policy Countries including Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Italy in Europe are now paying a heavy price on their profligate way of spending, as reflected by the Euro debt crisis starting from late 2009. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenses and taxation income so as to influence the economy, while the average fiscal deficits had grown from 0.6% in 2007 to 7% at the beginning of the debt crisis across the Europe (Économistes Atterrés, 2010). Therefore, more and more debts were being issued by the above governments so as to support their national expenses, leading to an excessive rise in government debt levels. For instance, the average government debts per GDP had raised from 66% to 84% in the same period (Krugman, 2012).Basically, government debt is the money owed by the central government to the debt holders. As a result, with a high level of the debt-to-GDP ratio may imply that the country is less likely to repay the debt holders but higher chance to default on its debt obligations. Greece, contributing about 3.3% of the annual GDP towards the European Union (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012), with a 165.3 % of debt-to GDP ratio in 2011, was responsible for the outbreak of the Euro debt crisis. Historically, Greece Government’s Debt to GDP ratio was already at a relatively high level across Europe (McAuley, 2011)(Graph 1). Following by the adoption of the...
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...The debt crisis of Nigeria and Greece Introduction National debt is a problem that can inflict any country including the developed countries. Almost all countries go into budget deficit one way or the other and end up borrowing money. The most direct effect of the government debt is to place a burden on future generations of taxpayers. When these debts and accumulated interest come due, future taxpayers will face a difficult choice. Inheriting such a large debt cannot help but lower the living standard of future generations. In the 1960s and 1970 some developing countries were encouraged to borrow money to service old debts and also to finance development projects in their country like infrastructure. This has been necessitated by the availability of huge oil earnings deposited by OPEC member countries and were eager to lend at very low rates. Moreover, it is misleading to view the effects of government debt in isolation. Government debt can be divided into two categories namely domestic debt and international debt. The International debt is facilitated by the formation of such institutions like the International Monetary Funds (IMF) the International Bank for Construction and Development (World Bank). Governments borrow money from the private sector and foreign governments if they can't pay for all their spending with taxes and government revenues. A government will issue bonds at bond auctions every so often and market participants will come in and bid for them. Market participants...
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...27.12.2011 Sovereign Debt Crisis - Greece vs. Argentina Everyday more and more headlines are being filled with the debt crisis in Europe. But the center stage of the developments in Europe is being taken away by Greece. As Greece is being basically bankrupt, its expenses are way bigger than its obligations; it is also being supported by the EU because of the fear of consequences from its collapse. Analyzing a Bloomberg article, about two economists, and their view of the Greece debt crisis, I found out that they tried to compare the “Greece crisis” with Argentina’s default in 2001. They argued about two lessons concerning how and what could Greece possibly go through. According to the article “the first lesson has to do with the timing and size of the debt exchange”. As I figured out it is about building up the solvency for the debt in way to get access to capital markets. First of all in the article it says that “Greece and its private creditors have been invited to implement a bond exchange with a nominal discount, or haircut, of 50 percent of face value”. This voluntary agreement they also call the default. So in order to do the right thing, the Greece attempt to extend the debt relief beyond the 50% haircut agreed upon, should be assessed by someone. Also it is argued that the faster Greece starts contributing solutions instead of delaying their problem they will be able to begin normalizing the relationship with capital markets. The second lesson as said in the article...
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...The United States is in the middle of a big economic crisis. This crisis was caused by a lot of factors that led to a crash in our economy for enough quarters that led to a recession. We are currently trying to get our economy boosted and headed in a positive direction. The biggest problem people have is they do not know what caused this to our economy. It started with a housing crisis and ended up causing our economy to head in a bad direction. The finical crisis which started in 2007 was caused by many banking issues that left investors and banks in debt because people didn’t pay back their loans. Since a lot of loans and housing loans were being given out at a rapid pace and once these loans couldn’t be paid back it led to a lot of problems in our economy. The finical crisis was started by a housing market crisis which left a lot of banks evicting and foreclosing properties which left the banks in a bad position which led to the government having to bailout banks. This crash with the housing market caused values of securities tied to pricing to decline. “Beginning in the early 1990s—in order to enable more Americans to buy homes—the government began to press housing lenders such as banks and the movement sponsored enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to reduce the requirements for a mortgage so that more Americans would be able to buy homes.” (Wallison, 2010, pg397-406) The government’s idea to get Americans to buy more homes was something that backfired on them...
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...In May of 2011, the United States reached its debt ceiling cap which could have caused major issues to the American government and economy. The debt ceiling cap is the amount of money the government can legally borrow to pay off its debts owed to the public including U.S. bonds and government trust funds such as Medicare and Social Security. The first debt ceiling limit was set in 1917 at $11.5 billion and has been raised 74 times since 1962. Ten of those times have been since 2001. If the debt ceiling wasn’t raised U.S. Treasury would not have the authority to borrow any more money which is a problem because the government borrows to make up the difference between what it spends and what it takes in. That means the government would have to pick and chose who to pay and who to put off paying and this puts the country in the perception of being in default (Sahadi, 2011). To avoid going into default in May, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner took extraordinary measures and was able to bring the total debt down enough to allow the government to continue borrowing until August 2, 2011. Although disaster was briefly postponed, the debt ceiling debate deadline was looming and sparked a significant conflict between Republicans and Democrats in Congress and the President. Republicans did not want to raise the debt ceiling without making significant spending cuts and used the urgency of the situation as leverage to try and negotiate to get what they wanted (Sahadi, 2011). The form...
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...Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 2 2. THE CRISIS ........................................................................................................................... 2 3. THE WAY TO THE CRISIS...................................................................................................... 3 4. HOW DOES THE CRISIS AFFECT THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM? .................................... 4 5. WHAT IF GREECE LEFT THE EURO ZONE? ........................................................................... 5 6. IF GREECE HAS RECEIVED BILLIONS IN BAILOUTS, WHY IS THERE STILL A CRISIS? ............. 6 7. CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................... 7 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 8 1|Page Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis 1. Introduction The economy of Greece is the 45th largest in the world with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $238 billion per annum. It is also the 51st largest in the world by purchasing power parity at $286 billion per annum. As of 2013, Greece is the thirteenth-largest economy in the 28-member European Union. Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and...
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...The European sovereign debt crisis Introduction At the beginning of 2010, its emerged that the sovereign debt crisis would drastically spread through the entire European Union since Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy and Ireland, which are jointly known as the PIIGS were in facing the significant increase in their deficit as well as public debt. The events about the crisis were closely tied to Greece since there were doubts about its ability to offset the huge sovereign debt it owed as well as government deficits. This crisis of confidence in Greece resulted in the significant downgrade of the Greek bonds into a junk status as well as the Greek bond yield spreads notably rose (Brutti and Sauré, 2016). The financial unrest gradually spread to the entire European Union zone and the European stocks tumbled, and the euro currency reached 2-year lows. Nonetheless, Greece was not the only stressed economy in The Euro Zone, in fact, it turned out to be a tip of the iceberg since other nations in the European Union were trailing on the Same road. Spain, Italy, Portugal and Ireland had accumulated huge budget deficits as well as increased public debt to the Gross Domestic product ratios. Portugal had an economic boom that was being sustained by the significantly lower borrowing rates. Nevertheless, it was hit by expeditious wage inflation which adversely affected the local companies’ competition with other foreign firms (CAI and LI, 2012). The sovereign debt crisis in European region has raised...
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...the view that the debt crisis is a result of inappropriate development policies. (40 marks) In 2008, the total external debt for the world’s developing countries was US$3.7 trillion, and US$163 billion for the worlds least developed countries For the developing world as a whole, in 1991, the total external debt was $1.362 trillion, which was 126.5%of its total exports of goods and services in that year, and the ratio of debt servicing to the gross domestic product of the developing world reached 32.4%. For some LEDCs, debt stood at 98% (Congo) and 112% (Nicaragua) of their GDP in 1980. Consequently, we have the situation whereby the last ten years African countries have paid their debt three time over, yet are three times as indebted as 10 years ago. This phenomenon is the result of international debt growing enormously since the 1970s, which became apparent in 1982 when Mexico announced it could not repay its foreign debt. Other, especially Latin American economies, also faced crises in the 1980s and 1990s, when they simply could not service their debt repayments: they defaulted. Mexico was first in 1982, Argentina in 1999-2002. Many other LEDCs continue to exist in a state of massive indebtedness, which persists until the present day. Inappropriate development policies, that is, the ineffective economic policies of many LEDC governments, did cause the debt crisis and indebtedness, but this is an incomplete explanation. Debt and debt crisis were also caused...
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...HOW THE GLOBAL DEBT CRISIS COULD AFECT YOU Reasons for selecting the article The reasons for choosing the article are that firstly, it stated that aggregates for economic consequences, GDP, recession and unemployment have greatly affected Singapore economy. The article also focused on the nation behaviour of the declining economy for US and Greece due to finance crisis which in turn affect other nations, in this case, Singapore. In fact, the article briefly explained how aggregates like national income and output have affected US and Greece economy, which in turn affected Singapore. It will be further discussed whether this mentioned global crisis will affect Singapore inflation, causing a rise in unemployment rate and the slowing of GDP growth for emerging markets. Summary of the article The article comments on how two of Singapore’s trading partners, mainly US and Greece, are hurting themselves with their debt problems and the impact of their problems on Singapore economy. It briefly describes what US debt ceiling is and the heavy borrowing of Greek government which has greatly contributed to the global debt crisis. It also explains on US debt problem and other aftershocks if the debt ceiling is not rise. Moreover, it explains the debts that Greece had incurred and what will happen if Greece defaults on its debts. Lastly, it further highlighted that the Singapore economy is affected by the two countries’ debt problems. Identify and discuss on the economics...
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