...have heard of the DiVito’s Bakery and how many have shopped there and if so how recent do they stop in this store. What do you already know about these changes? I already know that we have to make changes to perform survey’s to find out more information about the different cultures and what types of bakery foods are the types that they eat the most. It is important to know this so that we can change and supply these products so that they will come to this bakery and become regular customers it might be a good idea to have coffee and tea to allow people to stop in and taste the many products to make decisions on if it is somewhere that they would frequent to buy the products that they use the most. Develop effective research instruments- Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a measurement device such as a...
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...Does the Restructuring of Resort Co.’s Original Debt represent a troubled debt restructuring? The restructuring of the debt should be accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring based on the following: To determine if troubled debt restructuring applies, both of the following conditions must be present: 1. The company must be experiencing financial difficulty 2. Creditor must grant concessions ASC 470-60-55-8 provides relevant implementation guidance in determining whether or not debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. 55-8 All of the following factors are indicators that the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties: a. The debtor is currently in default on any of its debt. b. The debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy. c. There is significant doubt as to whether the debtor will continue to be a going concern. d. Currently, the debtor has securities that have been delisted, are in the process of being delisted, or are under the threat of being delisted from an exchange e. Based on estimates and projections that only encompass the current business capabilities, the debtor forecasts that its entity-specific cash flows will be insufficient to service the debt (both interest and principal) in accordance with the contractual terms of the existing agreement through maturity. f. Absent the current modification, the debtor cannot obtain funds from the sources other than the existing creditors at an effective interest rate equal to...
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...Overview of the Financial System 1. Function of Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries 2. Structure of Financial Markets Debt and Equity Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Money and Capital Markets 3. Financial Instruments Money Market Instruments Capital Market Instruments 4. Role of Financial Intermediaries Transaction Costs and Economies of Scale Risk Sharing and Diversification Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 5. Types of Financial Intermediaries Depository Institutions (Banks) Contractual Savings Institutions Investment Intermediaries This chapter provides an overview of the financial system in the US economy by describing the various types of financial markets, financial instruments, and financial institutions or intermediaries that exist. 1 The chapter begins with a general statement that clarifies what function financial markets and financial intermediaries have in the economy as a whole. It then deals more specifically with: The structure of financial markets and the ways in which different types of financial markets can be distinguished. Here, it discusses debt versus equity markets, primary versus secondary markets, exchanges versus over-the-counter markets, and money versus capital markets. The various types of financial instruments, including both money market instruments and capital market instruments. The special role played by financial intermediaries in the economy. Here, it describes how financial intermediaries take advantage...
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...market or Islamic money market both them have the same characteristics, purposes, and aims. However, there are some point that can differentiate between them is the instruments allowed in the Islamic money market are restricted to certain circumstances and conditions. The Islamic Money Market is one of the financial markets that all the activities are involved or carried out in a ways that do not conflict with the conscience of Muslims and the religion of Islam even Shari’ah principle. The all Instruments involved in the Islamic money market should be adhered and complied to principles established by the Shari'ah or the Islamic law as revealed in the Qur'an and Sunnah. In Islam, it is required that all products involve in the sale and buying (including the instruments in the financial markets) shall be from the ethical sectors or in other words, the profits gained shall not be in or from the prohibited activities. These prohibited activities include alcohol production, gambling, pornography, interest-base (riba) sector and should be free from the interest-based debt. The Islamic money market started in Malaysia during the introduction of Islamic banking in early 1980s. Due to this establishment, the Islamic banking system is regulated to have these three main components: (1) Large number of Islamic financial instruments offering Islamic products, (2) Large number of financial institutions providing Islamic facilities, and, (3) The Islamic Inter-bank Money...
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...Debt Financing July 1994 Debt Financing Warning This workbook is the product of, and copyrighted by, Citibank N.A. It is solely for the internal use of Citibank, N.A., and may not be used for any other purpose. It is unlawful to reproduce the contents of these materials, in whole or in part, by any method, printed, electronic, or otherwise; or to disseminate or sell the same without the prior written consent of the Professional Development Center of Latin America Global Finance and the Citibank Asia Pacific Banking Institute. Please sign your name in the space below. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Course Overview............................................................................. v Course Objectives.......................................................................... vii The Workbook ............................................................................... vii Unit 1: Fundamentals of Debt Financing Introduction ................................................................................... 1-1 Unit Objectives .............................................................................. 1-1 Key Terms..................................................................................... 1-1 What Is Debt Financing?............................................................... 1-2 Sources of Debt Capital ................................................................ 1-3 Debt Markets .................................
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...efficient tool to bank in financing themselves for credit crunch in turbulent times. This essay will identify the advantages and disadvantages of covered bonds and then it will critically analyse whether covered bond is efficient debt instrument to get fund in turbulent times or just one of the products of banks to get finance. According to Vonhoff and Prokopczuk (2012) covered bonds were established in eighteenth century in Europe but its potential development has started in late 1990s (Schwarcz 2011). Covered bond is one of the debt instruments and the investors of covered bonds are protected by high valuable collateral which are the 'cover pool' of mortgages and 'public sector loan' in case of default (Prokopczuk, Siewert & Vonhoff 2013). Even though, covered bond is already one of popular debt securities in European securities market, it is almost new debt security to the rest of the markets of other countries, such as the securities market of USA (Schwarcz 2013). However, the recent severe financial crisis is could be one of the main reasons to use covered bonds more actively in these counties because of its advantages to both issuers and investors. There are several advantages of covered bond. The covered bond is could be less riskier than other debt securities and its risk close to the risk of the government bonds (Vonhoff & Prokopczuk 2012). The collaterals of covered...
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...person would not just take off a rump from a living cow and directly exchange). Other roles include store of value (saving of individuals’ surplus earning). The funds saved by surplus units- those savers with current excess funds- can be put to use by those whose current demand for goods and services is greater than their current available funds. (Deficit units) * Financial institutions and markets facilitate financial transactions between the providers of funds and the users of funds. * Financial assets are represented by financial instrument that states how much has been borrowed, and when and how much is to be repaid by the borrower. E.g. money invested in a term deposit with a bank, the bank will issue a term deposit receipt. This is a financial instrument. * Buyers of financial instruments are lenders that have excess funds today and want to invest and transfer that purchasing power to the future. The sellers of the instruments are those deficit units that are short of funds today, but expect to have a surplus amount in the future which will enable the repayment. * A...
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...Financial Institutions, Instruments and Markets—7th edition Instructor’s Resource Manual Christopher Viney and Peter Phillips Chapter 1 A modern financial system Learning objective 1.1: explain the functions of a modern financial system • The introduction of money and the development of local markets to trade goods were the genesis of the financial system of today. • Money is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions for goods and services. • With wealth being accumulated in the form of money, specialised markets developed to enable the efficient transfer of funds from savers (surplus entities) to users of funds (deficit entities). • A modern financial system comprises financial institutions, instruments and markets that provide a wide range of financial products and services. • A financial system encourages accumulated savings which are then available for investment within an economy. • Financial instruments incorporate attributes of risk, return (yield), liquidity and time–pattern of cash flows. Savers are able to satisfy their own personal preferences by choosing various combinations of these attributes. • By encouraging savings, and allocating savings to the most efficient users, the financial system has an important role to play in the economic development and growth of a country. Learning objective 1.2: categorise the main types of financial institutions, being depository financial institutions, investment banks and merchant banks,...
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...CHAPTER 17 Investments ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC) Topics | Questions | Brief Exercises | Exercises | Problems | Concepts for Analysis | 1. Debt securities. | 1, 2, 3, 13 | | 1 | | 6 | (a) Held-to-maturity. | 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 21 | 1, 3 | 2, 3, 5 | 1, 7 | | (b) Trading. | 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 21 | 4 | | | 1 | (c) Available-for-sale. | 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21 | 2, 10 | 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 | 1 | 2. Bond amortization. | 8, 9 | 1, 2, 3 | 3, 4, 5 | 1, 2, 3 | | 3. Equity securities. | 1, 12, 16 | | 1 | | 6 | (a) Available-for-sale. | 7, 10, 11, 15, 21 | 5, 8 | 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20 | 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | 1, 2, 3 | (b) Trading. | 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 21 | 6 | 6, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20 | 6, 8 | 1, 3 | (c) Equity method. | 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 | 7 | 12, 13, 16, 17 | 8 | 4, 5 | 4. Comprehensive income. | 22 | 9 | 10 | 9, 10, 12 | | 5. Disclosures of investments. | 18 | | 10 | 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | | 6. Fair value option. | 25, 26, 27 | | 19, 20, 21 | | | 7. Impairments. | 24 | 10 | 18 | | 3 | 8. Transfers between categories. | 23 | | | 8 | 1, 3, 6 | *9. Derivatives. | 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 | | 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 | 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | | *10. Variable Interest Entities. | 36, 37 | | | | | *This material is...
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...Financial markets and institution are life blood of any economy. DISCUSS. What are financial markets market An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter. Markets include mechanisms or means for (1) determining price of the traded item, (2) communicating the price information, (3) facilitating deals and transactions, and (4) effecting distribution. The market for a particular item is made up of existing and potential customers who need it and have the ability and willingness to pay for it. Buyers and sellers of stocks or bonds or futures and options contracts use the financial markets to meet to buy and sell the products through a middleman exchange. What are the financial markets? That's a good question, because financial markets go by many terms, including capital markets, Wall Street, even simply "the markets". Whatever you call them, financial markets are where traders buy and sell stocks, bonds, derivatives, foreign exchange and commodities. These markets are where businesses go to raise cash to grow, companies reduce risks, and investors make money. Types of Financial Markets The Stock Market is a series of exchanges where successful corporations go to raise large amounts of cash to expand. Stocks are shares of ownership of a public corporation that are sold to investors through broker...
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...supply and demand. Securities include stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural goods. Financial instruments - Financial instruments are tradable assets of any kind. They can be cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contractual right to receive or deliver cash or another financial instrument. Financial intermediaries - A financial intermediary is a financial institution such as bank, building society, insurance company, investment bank or pension fund. A financial intermediary offers a service to help an individual/ firm to save or borrow money. Shares/ stocks – Shares/stocks is a share in the ownership of a company. It represents a claim on the company's assets and earnings. As you acquire more shares, your ownership stake in the company becomes greater. Bonds - A bond is a debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states and sovereign governments to raise money and finance a variety of projects and activities. Owners of bonds are debt holders, or creditors, of the issuer. Treasury bills - A short-dated government security, yielding no interest but issued at a discount on its redemption price. Derivatives - An arrangement or instrument (such as a future, option, or warrant) whose value derives from and is dependent on the value of an underlying asset. Savers - People...
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...the normal course of business, the financial position of IBM is routinely subject to a variety of risks. In addition to the market risk associated with interest rate and currency movements on outstanding debt and non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities, other examples of risk include collectibility of accounts receivable and recoverability of residual values on leased assets. The company regularly assesses these risks and has established policies and business practices to protect against the adverse effects of these and other potential exposures. As a result, the company does not anticipate any material losses from these risks. The company’s debt contains an element of market risk from changes in interest and currency rates. The company manages this risk, in part, through the use of a variety of financial instruments including derivatives. To meet disclosure requirements, the company performs a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have on the fair values of the company’s debt and other financial instruments. The financial instruments that are...
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...from redemption of the debt obligations in the period that it announces its intent to call the debt for redemption? ASC References ASC 470-50-40-2 states that “ a difference between the reacquisition price of debt and the net carrying amount of the extinguished debt shall be recognized currently in income of the period of extinguishment as losses or gains and identified as a separate item.Gains and losses shall not be amortized to future periods. “ ASC 405-20-40 states that “a debtor shall derecognize a liability if and only if it has been extinguished. A liability has been extinguished if either of the following conditions is met: The debtor pays the creditor and is relieved of its obligation for the liability. Paying the creditor includes the following: Delivery of cash Delivery of other financial assets Delivery of goods or services Reacquisition by the debtor of its outstanding debt securities whether the securities are cancelled or held as so-called treasury bonds. The debtor is legally released from being the primary obligor under the liability, either judicially or by the creditor. ASC 470-50-55-9 specifies that “the following situations do not result in an extinguishment and would not result in gain or loss recognition under either paragraph 405-20-40-1 or this Subtopic: An announcement of intent by the debtor to call a debt instrument at the first call date In-substance defeasance An agreement with a creditor that a debt instrument issued by the debtor and...
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...TUTORIAL ONE 1. What is monetary policy and who is responsible for its implementation? Monetary policy is the use of interest rates to control inflation, usually in a specified range, and to promote economic growth. Usually a central bank is responsible for the carrying out of monetary policy 2. Explain what a debt security is. What are some common types of debt securities? How is debt different from equity? A debt security represents a contractual claim against the issuer of the instrument who has borrowed the funds. The borrower agrees to abide by the terms of the contract such as meeting covenants. A major part of the contract is the terms of payment to the lender. Corporations issue debt securities such as debentures, term loans, commercial bills, promissory notes and unsecured notes. 3. Identify and explain briefly the types of derivatives in a financial system. A future contract is a contract to buy (or sell) a specified amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a price determined today for delivery or payment at a future specified date A forward contract has features similar to a future contract but is generally more flexible as it is negotiated with a bank or investment bank. An option gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy (or sell) a certain asset before or at a specified date at a predetermined price A swap contract is an arrangement to exchange specified future cash flows. With an interest rate swap, there...
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL DEBT INSTRUMENTS Bonds- long term debt which specifies: * Principal (amount owed) – they are liabilities of their issuers for a specified amount. * Interest (payment for the use of the principal) The owners of debt instrument receive payments (interest). The payments are usually fixed and are often referred to as the “coupon”. Interest should not be confused with other forms of income, such as cash dividends paid by common and preferred stock. Dividends come from the earnings, while interest is an expense. Sometimes interest is called yield. Yield- return on a bond expressed as: 1. Current yield-interest divided by the current price of the bond. 2. Yield to maturity- returned earned from holding the bonds until it matures. * Maturity date (the day on which the debt must be repaid) Virtually all debt has a maturity date; it must be paid off by a specified date. If maturity occurs after a year, it is long term debt. When this debt is issued, the length of time to maturity can range from a few years to 20 or 30 years. * Indenture ( Document specifying the terms of a debt issue) Each debt agreement has terms that the debtor must meet, and these are stated in legal document. One of the most frequent requirements is the pledging of collateral that the borrower must put up to secure the loan. Default- failure to meet the terms specified in the indenture of a debt issue. Ex: The collateral for a mortgage loan is the building and land...
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