...Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning. It begins with a general hypothesis or known fact and creates a specific conclusion from that generalization. This is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which involves creating broad generalizations from specific observations. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. For deductive reasoning to be sound, the original hypothesis or generalization also must be correct. A logical deduction can be made from any generalization, even if it is not true. If the generalization is wrong, though, the specific conclusion can be logical and valid but still can be incorrect.One can better understand deductive reasoning by looking at examples. A generalization might be something such as, "All wasps have stingers." The logical conclusion of a specific instance would then be, "That is a wasp, so it has a stinger." This is a valid deduction. The truth of the deduction, however, depends on whether the observed insect is, indeed, a wasp. People often use deductive reasoning without even knowing it. For example, a parent might say to a child, "Be careful of that wasp — it might sting you." The parent says this because he or she knows that wasps...
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...The Importance of Deductive Reasoning ********-***** CRT/205 March 9th, 2014 DEQUILAH BRANDON The Importance of Deductive Reasoning Whenever making a decision, it is always to understand as much background information as possible. In the arguments presented there is more information needed to base a decision on. In the first argument, one could say the trainer gets paid more than enough for his job as a trainer, and his cleaning the bathroom and gym to get extra compensation could be completely unwarranted. Also the amount of cleaning he is doing. If he only has to do small things and not much extra because of the size of the gym or frequency of use it might be possible all this “cleaning” could be very little extra. In the second argument the decision to buy a new car hinges on a few factors. Whether leasing or buying are the options, there are more options. They could buy a used car for a bigger discount if price is an issue. Sally wants safety for their children and Mark wishes for the car of his dreams, but there are more choices than just those two types of vehicles. Argument 3 misses one key factor when buying versus renting a home and that is location. This drives the prices either way up or reduces them. There are also other options for living than buying a house or renting an apartment. Argument 4 covers much of the important information needed in making the decision in which schooling is right for their children, however they do leave out one way of schooling...
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...an example in which you can use deductive reasoning to draw a conclusion. State the axioms or premises used to reach the conclusion. Karen knows if she misses cheerleading practice the day before a game that she will not be able to cheer at the game. Karen misses practice on Tuesday, the day before the game. Karen was not allowed to cheer at Wednesday’s game. Deductive Reasoning: (Premises) Fact: Karen knows if she misses cheerleading practice the day before a game she will not be able to cheer at the next game. (Premises) Fact: Karen misses cheerleading practice on Tuesday before the game on Wednesday. Conclusion: Karen was not able to cheer at the game on Wednesday. Facts Facts Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Logical Argument Logical Argument Accepted Properties Accepted Properties Definitions Definitions Inductive Reasoning: (Observation) Larry came into work late (Observation) Larry didn’t have his lunch. (Prior Experience) Larry always has his lunch with him when he comes to work. Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning (Conclusion) Larry overslept. Verify/Modify Verify/Modify Conjecture Conjecture Pattern Pattern Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning. Provide an example of each to illustrate the similarities and differences of inductive and deductive reasoning. Because inductive and deductive reasoning can both be used to evaluate a statement, deductive reasoning involves starting with a theory or...
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...Luis Alberto Zepeda Professor Juan C. Espinosa IDH2003 5 November 2014 Deductive Reasoning: Explaining Broad Points Deductive reasoning is a method of understanding that takes relatively uncertain claims to make an extremely certain claim. In other words, you can take to generally broad ideas and take the common factor between them to come up with a logical statement. Below, I will attempt to use deductive reasoning to support the following two statements: “We should tolerate all beliefs” and “All true claims rely on presuppositions.” The first claim seems relatively absurd when considering that many religious beliefs state something along the lines of “[insert belief here] is true absolutely, and it is the only absolute truth. It should be firmly believed by all, and a follower of this belief should try to enlighten others.” However, if we truly allow all beliefs to be incorporated into this analysis, there is no way to prove the claim as true, since Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem shows that the system is too broad and will collapse on itself. Said Nursi, a famous Islamic activist from Eastern Anatolia, tried to protect and argue his own religious and educational viewpoints by stating that if your belief is true and absolutely true, you have no need to resort to violence because you have the perfect argument to anything with your absolutely true belief. If we use this as a basis of defining true beliefs and make the edit “We should tolerate all [‘true beliefs’],” we can...
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...The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Mislead Reasoning LaQuisha Johnson Basic Critical Thinking Instructor: Krista Bridgmon Everest University The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Misleading Reasoning Identify the differences between deductive and inductive arguments. The differences between that of deductive and that of inductive arguments is; that inductive reasoning is an argument form in which one of the reasons from premises that have been known or assumed to be true to a conclusion to which it was supported by the premises, however doesn’t follow logically from them (Chaffee, 2012/2009 p.456). See with reasoning inductively, your premises can provide the evidence that can make it more or less probable but isn’t certain that the conclusion is even true. For an example statements in the textbook one being a recent Gallup Poll that was reported that 74 percent of American public believed that abortion should remain legalized. Another inductive argument from the textbook is that on the average states that a person who has a college degree will earn over $1,000,000 more in that of their lifetime than that of a person who only has a high school Diploma. A third example of an inductive in the textbook states that in a recent survey that there was twice as many doctors that where interviewed that had stated that if they had been stranded on a desert island that they would choose Bayer Aspirin then to that of Extra Strength Tylenol...
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...Much of the confusion that surrounds the wisdom of owning your home versus renting comes from the popular notion that a home should be viewed purely as an investment, the same way you would view a stock, bond, IRA, etc. There's some truth to that notion, but just as stocks, bonds and IRAs differ from one another, one's personal residence is a unique investment "instrument." Here a just a few of the characteristics that make home ownership unique: Owning a home affords a powerful way for you to leverage your capital. The purchase requires a relatively small down payment, yet your return is based on any increase in the total value of your home, amplifying even a seemingly modest rate of appreciation. Thanks to differences in the efficiency of the financial markets versus the real estate market, the purchase of a home offers you opportunities to add value that are not available to you when you purchase stocks or bonds. While you're competing against thousands of savvy investors in the financial markets, you may be competing against a relative handful of potential buyers for a given property. Combine the use of the Internet-based research tools and the services of an ERA real estate professional, and you have the power to be the buyer who finds the motivated seller with the attractively priced property, increasing the likelihood of equity appreciation from the day you move in. If you're an enterprising, creative buyer, put online information resources and the experience of...
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...learning of reasoning. Include within your analysis how you would include discussion and ICT.” Reasoning falls under the ‘Using and applying’ heading of the National Strategies guidance (DfES,2006) this covers ‘Making decisions, reasoning and generalising about numbers and shapes; and problems involving ‘real life’, money or measures’ (p3). This assignment will discuss activities which develop children’s abilities to reason. In addition it will consider the underlying skills required to develop children’s confidence and understanding of reasoning. Finally it will consider whether a child acquiring the skill of reasoning is important to their education and mathematical development. In addition throughout it will examine the teachers’ role in developing high-quality mathematical dialogue. To some, the ability to reason may seem like a simple skill, however in order for a person to reason there are many fundamental skills which must be first developed. The Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) believes before children are able to reason they must first acquire a confidence with solving problems and thinking logically. Then they should develop the ability to ‘represent’ the problem, choosing key information and using mathematical calculations, pictures and diagrams to record their thinking. Next they must develop the skill of enquiring, asking questions to further their understanding of a problem. Finally they are able to develop their understanding of reasoning and communication...
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...The technique of generalization, which is about developing general principles with broad applications, rather than rules with specific use. The theorem developed by Pythagoras was true not only for the 3:4:5 triangle, but it was a principle applicable to any other right triangle, regardless of its dimensions. Furthermore, the theorem showed that a triangle is a right triangle if, and only if, the square of the longest side matches the sum of the squares of the remaining two sides: the right angle lay where the two shorter sides met. 3. The art of deductive reasoning. This is about having a set of initial general statements or premises and reaching conclusions by working out its logical implications. 4. Mathematics in the sense of demonstrative deductive arguments. By combining deductive reasoning and generalization, mathematics was no longer seen as a static set of rules but rather as a dynamic system capable of complex development. 5. We owe to Pythagoras, or maybe to his followers, these important Greek innovations in the field of...
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...Discuss some the factors which influence our thinking, judgement and decision-making Our everyday lives are filled with many choices and decisions which will impact on our lives both in the short and long-term. Our perception of the impact of these decisions on our own lives and those around us will affect how much time and effort is given to arriving at these decisions. There are several factors which impact on thinking, judgement and decision-making and it is important to note that often these occur simultaneously rather than as individual areas but in order fully understand the entire process we must analyse the factors in each individual area. While it is neither practicable or possible to consider all the factors in every decision, knowledge of the factors, process and how they interact can be of critical importance. By understanding the factors, we can ascertain how we make decisions and by gaining knowledge on the entire process, we can ultimately arrive at better decisions by being conscious of our thought and application process. How we think and apply our thought process to the decisions often determine the paths we choose to take. There are two systems, or modes, which determine how we think (Kahneman, 2011). The first system is fast, automatic, emotional and frequent and the second system is slow, logical, infrequent and conscious. The title of the Kahneman’s book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, gives us an indication of the two systems. The first system, thinking...
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... All men have hair I am a man Therefore I have hair Logic definitions Logic = science that evaluates arguments Argument = group of statements, with premises claimed to support conclusions [also inference] Statement = sentence that is either true or false [also proposition] Premise = statement setting forth reasons or evidence Conclusion = statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply Arguments and non-arguments Arguments must have a factual claim and an inferential claim. The following are not arguments: · warnings or advice · belief or opinion · loosely associated statements · factual reports · explanations · illustrations · conditional statements Deduction and induction Deductive argument: the conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises. Inductive argument: the conclusion is probably true. Unfortunately, in most arguments the distinction is not explicit. We then need to evaluate the argument according to: 1. special indicator words 2. actual strength of inferential link 3. form of argumentation Some forms of deduction...
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...because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you does not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion. Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner: 1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness, significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon. 2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon. 3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid) methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained. Finally revise and edit, and be sure to apply the critical process to your argument to be certain you have not committed any errors in reasoning or integrated any fallacies for which you would criticize some other writer. Additionally, you will want to find out how your readers will object to your argument. Will they say that you have used imprecise concepts? Have you erred in collecting data? Your argument is only as strong as the objections to it. If you cannot...
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...Growing into a young adult and then quickly feeling as if I had fallen straight into adulthood I noticed something very specific about the world I live in. However everyone doesn’t see the same thing I do when it comes to this subject. Many people don’t see the beauty or the innocence I do. There are other that do but sadly a lot of adults look past and don’t even take time to marvel at this awesome thing about life. What I noticed is that children are the light of the world, they see everything is this pure light and they enjoy life and use the world as their playground. Their eyes light up when they think about or see something that excites them and they enjoy the simply things in life that us adults overlook on a daily basis. The other day I was at a craft fair sitting at my table and directly over to my right there was a mother and her two children. I have seen them at previous craft fairs throughout the years and have enjoyed seeing these two children work hard with their mother to sell their duct tape creations. Sitting there I observed for quite a while the little girl who is around eight years old. She decided she would dress up for the occasion unlike her brother who was wearing sweat pants a t-shirt and crocs with fuzzy socks. The little girl wore a beautiful Christmas dress with black leggings and short boots with a homemade headband. She looked very nice and ready for the day. She was very helpful to setting up their tables. I first noticed that when they came...
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...career in Los Angeles, CA in 2003. Back then I was very attracted to new technologies in computing, so I embarked on the abstract world of "zeros and ones". But it was not until I came to this country and started working in the banking industry that I met my true passion for business management and development. I began to work closely with Financial Advisors and Business Bankers to assist business clients. It was a very exciting moment in my career because I was entering in a totally new, demanding and challenging world. I decided to finish my undergraduate studies that I started a few years ago at Polytechnic Institute. My Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, from UCLA, has given me a strong foundation to my analytical and deductive reasoning skills since software development involves a lot of long, complex and intricate calculations and the application of problem-solving skills. Working at ESM Corp. gave me the opportunity to be involved in the full life cycle of software development gathering priceless experience in activities such as: Planning, Development, Implementation, Testing, Documenting and Maintenance of new products or services. But it was then when I made one of the most important...
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...For those who haven't shared a class with me, one of my major concerns in conversations of a certain higher degree is the validity of claims presented as well as logical reasoning. The mind is a smart 'machine', so smart that it can trick itself into believing something that is not true. David Patrick Moynihan, four-term U.S. Senator from New York is quoted in saying that: "Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts." A logical fallacy is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument, which leaves the argument invalid. There are several of these, yet two of the most popular are circular reasoning and false premises. Reading through the text beginning on page 20 and ending on page 23, we see Socrates toying with his mental adversary, Euthyphro. One of my primary concerns with this conversation is that by the end, Euthyphro admits to a fallacy of circular reasoning, yet doesn’t treat it with a high degree of internal question. He doesn’t (at least from what we saw) start to say, “If I’m wrong about this, then I may be wrong about other things. I should look more into my beliefs” even as Socrates is basically fighting both sides of the battle until his opponent could pick up his place again. Perhaps he was merely in a hurry. Like the old adage sates, “you can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink.” Socrates did in fact lead Euthyphro to reason, but he could not make him think. Euthyphro’s false premise comes when he instantly asserts...
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...Mid-Term Assignment Penny S. Weaver Kaplan University Mid-Term Assignment 1. What are the methods of inquiry & how are they used in criminal investigation? After researching through the chapters that we have been reading, I believe that the methods of inquiry is basically finding out and utilizing the concepts of the five W’s. I do believe after all of the reading that they are the: who, what, when, where, why, and also how a crime was committed. You basically using what I call the five methods to reconstructing a crime that has been committed. As an investigator, it would be my responsibility to use the five methods to the fullest of my potential along with gut instinct and plain common sense. Of course using your gut instinct and common sense will get to certain places, you always have go with the evidence that you have because that is what a case is mainly about. Evidence, such as DNA, is rock solid along with fingerprints. I believe that when you are using the methods of inquiry that you are really gathering facts and evidence for a case that you are investigating. Using the methods of inquiry is how I believe that an investigator would use to gather all of the information that is needed to find out what type of crime was committed, who committed the crime, when did the crime take place, where did the crime take place, why did this crime happened and also how did the crime happen. You are reconstructing a crime, so you have to have all of the facts...
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