The Coasts of Our World: Ecological, Economic and Social Importance emerged information on the ecological, economic and social importance of the coastal areas around the world. They are defined as regions that range from the continental shelf (to a depth of 200 m), the intertidal areas and adjacent land as coastal areas. They concluded that these regions have been heavily altered by human activities. 72% of land is still covered by natural ecosystems and 28% have been altered by human activities for farming and living space. More than 50% of the coastal countries have from 80 to 100% of their total population within the coastal areas. This provides information on how much humans value coastal areas because the majority of these areas have high …show more content…
I found papers that illustrated how crude oil has affected the exposed area where Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was located. Impact of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons gave information on The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Which is the largest marine oil spill in United States history. It estimated the amount of oil spilled into the ocean the Federal government accepted estimate of 4.1 million barrels of oil and 7 million was supported by independent researchers. Furthermore, an estimated 2.1 million gallons of dispersants were applied at the ocean surface and the wellhead. This study demonstrated that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impacted coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico and contributed to temporary increases in the bioavailable concentration of PAHs. Additionally, the data provide measures of potential exposures to PAHs in ecologically sensitive coastal areas, accessed by large human populations, which can be incorporated into ongoing studies in a variety of fields. Oil Impacts on Coastal Wetlands: Implications for the Mississippi River Delta Ecosystem after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill summarized the general knowledge of oil spill impacts on coastal marshes. Relative to the chemistry of oil and its related toxicity; the capacity of microbial processes to degrade oil and reduce toxicity; the responses of wetland vegetation, benthic biota, and marsh-dependent fishery resources to oil; and impacts on ecosystem services on which humans rely. Ecological Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Implications for Immunotoxicity suggested that Oil and the PAHs present in oil are known to be immuno-toxic in the diversity of aquatic and wildlife species. However, there is generally limited information on immune responses relative to other endpoints monitored in oil spills. The immune systems of vertebrates, including