...Solidification and crystalline imperfections: When molten alloys are cast, solidification starts at the walls of the mold as it is being cooled. The solidification of the alloy takes place not at a specific temperature but over a range of temperatures. While the alloy in the this range, it has a pasty form that consist of solid, tree-like structures called dendrites (meaning tree-like) and metal. The formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals: The two main mechanism by which the nucleation of solid particles in liquid metal occurs are homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous Nucleation in a liquid melt occurs when the metal itself provides the atoms needed to form nuclei. When a pre liquid metal is cooled below its equilibrium freezing temperature to a sufficient degree, many homogeneous nuclei are created by slow-moving atoms bonding together. For a nucleus to be stable so that it can grow into a crystal, it must reach a critical size. A cluster of atoms bonded together that is less than a critical size is called an embryo and one that is larger than the critical size is called a nucleus. Embryos: Small particles of a new phase formed by a phase (i. e. solidification) that are not of critical size and that can resolve. Nucle: Small particles of a new phase formed by a phase change (e . i . solidification) that can grow until the phase change is complete. Homogeneous Nucleation: The formation of small regions of a...
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...has a congenital heart defect can be devastating news to a parent. Early detections and interventions are now in place to properly treat the children with some congenital defect. Just like any other disease, proper treatment and management should be taken into consideration to avoid further complications. When untreated, congenital heart defect would lead to another disease called Eisenmenger Syndrome. Eisenmenger Syndrome is a disease that has so many complications if left untreated. Is Eisenmenger Syndrome treatable or not? During the early years in history, treatment for patients with Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) was limited. Beghetti & Galie (2009) describe ES as the most advanced form of pulmonary hypertension (PAH) that is associated with congenital heart disease. ES is a disease that is enormously devastating...
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...Diarrhea / ORT DEFINITION | SIGNS/SYMPTOMS | Most commonly due to acute infectious diarrhea (gastroenteritis) from a variety of causative organismsAntibiotics are a common cause of acute diarrhea! | Acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses, bacteria or their toxins or parasitesPresents commonly with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting.CommunicabilityOften fecal-oral route (especially viruses)Food poisoning (especially bacteria)Day care centers, crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and cleanliness | DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | MAIN TREATMENT | Stool gram stain and culture (if bloody stools)Stool for Ova & Parasites (if hx suggestive)CBC – assess for anemia/infectionUrinalysis and urine culture (r/o UTI)Electrolytes | Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is one of the major worldwide health advances of the last decade:Safer, less painful, and less costly than IV rehydrationOral rehydration solution enhances and promotes reabsorption of H2O and NaReduces vomiting, diarrhea, and duration of illnessORT GuidelinesDiarrhea w/o dehydrationMild dehydrationMod dehydrationSevere dehydrationReplacing ongoing losses | MAJOR TEACHING POINTS | NURSING CONSIDERATIONS | Teach parents at well childcare visits in first yearKeep 24 hour supply of ORT in homeBegin with first sign of diarrheaReplace with ½ cup ORT for each diarrheal stoolSeek medical attention prn signs or dehydrationAfter re-hydration resume breast/formula feeding or normal diet...
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...Physical activity recommendations for adolescents with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: review of the literature and guidelines for practitioners Adolescents living with congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a growing population in the United States. While in the 1960s and 1970s, the risk of dying after cardiac surgery was high at 30%, over the past few decades, this risk has decreased to approximately 5%, with the majority of children born with CHD living into adulthood (American Heart Association [AHA], 2006c; Jones, Willis, & Uzark, 2006). One of the most common CHDs is tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), occurring in 9% to 14% of the children born with a CHD and approximately 5 out of every 10,000 births (AHA, 2006a, b; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2007). The need for primary care providers to manage the health of adolescents with TOF has developed as the population and lifespan of children born with TOF has increased. One of the most important roles of a primary care provider is to educate adolescents and their families to facilitate the achievement and maintenance of optimal health. This includes counseling adolescents, especially those living with TOF, of the importance of regular exercise and participation in sport activities as necessary factors for their physical, emotional, and social growth and development (Bar-Or & Rowland, 2004). Physical activity is also essential for the prevention of long-term cardiovascular and obesity-related health problems (AHA, 2006d)...
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...Layout/Presentation (3m): *correct length *title *coversheet *plagiarism statement Intro (4m0:*brief description of malformation *population frequency *Clearly written *uses references effectively * concise, accurate Normal development (20m): brief description of normal development *Clearly written *concise, accurate *uses diagrams effectively *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *uses references effectively *no references are weblinks Abnormal development (10m): brief description of cause of malformation *Clearly written *concise, accurate *uses diagrams effectively *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *uses references effectively * no references are web links Latest research (10m): brief description of underlying cause of malformation OR *brief description of recent experimental data *Clearly written *concise, accurate *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *clear understanding of concepts well explained * correct use of journal references Additional info (5m): parental diagnosis/prevention Interesting and informative *clearly written * concise, accurate * reliable websites are references Where to find help (3m): list Australian and international organisation websites Australian and at least one overseas organisation listed *all links are valid References (4m): Appropriate references *Cited in text *list correctly in reference list *Referenced diagrams No inappropriate use of internet...
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...Identify two (2) variables needed to promote the accuracy of pulse oximetry results in the newborn. Discuss why these variables are important to address. Congenital heart disease is an abnormality in the structure of the heart that develops before birth (Pillitteri, 2014). Universal newborn pulse oximetry screening (NPOX) to detect critical congenital heart disease was added to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) by the Health and Human Services Secretary in September 2011 (Studer, Smith, Lustik, & Carr, 2014). Two variables needed to promote the accuracy of pulse oximetry results in newborns are enhancing education efforts and electronic interpretation of data and quality controls. These variables are important because human errors in following the protocol and misinterpretation of the algorithm can lead to false negatives with serious consequences (Kumar, 2016). Continuing education for the medical staff will help keep the signs and symptoms of CCHD fresh in their minds and if further education is needed to help determine whether a newborn shows positive of negative signs of these diseases. Describe two (2) benefits and two (2) limitations to performing a pulse oximetry on all newborns. Two benefits of performing a pulse oximetry on all newborns are early detection can decrease the death rate and will decrease neurological injury by providing a more stable perioperative status (Kumar, 2016). Critical congenital heart disease accounts for approximately...
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...Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects found in children, with an incidence of approximately 9 in every 1000 live births worldwide (van der Linde et al., 2011). Children with complex congenital heart disease are living longer due to dramatic advances in medical procedures and surgical techniques, as well as the increase of pediatric heart transplant recipients, and the decrease in the death rates from CHD (Pillutla, Shetty, & Foster, 2008). Background Information Children with CHD have been noted to have increased rates of mental health comorbidities, which include depression and anxiety. Depression and mood disorders in this population have been positively correlated with lower physical and psychosocial quality...
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...The Aortic Arch When I was a little girl my mother would take me by the hand, tugging me towards our secret place. Together we would skip down the old yellow path, weeds tickling our feet. I still remember how her eyes would flash with laughter and the way her long blonde hair would sway from side to side as we made those trips to the garden. Together we would turn the soil, letting the buried earth meet the sky. We pressed seeds deep down and the garden flourished. A myriad of colours and scents pressed for attention; roses, lavender, lilies, daffodils, peonies, poppies, tulips. When we finished we would lie down on the rich ground together with the worms and ladybugs, birds and bees. “Do you hear it?” she would ask turning towards me. Pressing my ear to the dark earth I did; the steady pulse of the roots, the sighing sound of buds as they curl upwards towards the light. “Magic!” I’d say smiling. And she would smile back “Yes Sera, the magic of life.” It has been a long time since my mother and I spoke of magic. Our garden, withered, from years of neglect, the bed once filled with flowers now the home of weeds. Her hair is also long gone, the price paid for hope as she underwent chemotherapy for the cancer she thought she had beaten. She doesn’t laugh with me anymore either...only with them, in that room where I can never truly belong, where the failing body seems to create a bond stronger than family. I wish I was in that room too. School no longer held answers. People...
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...organization support Bill HB 81. The American Heart Association has been dedicated to the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases of all age groups. Furthermore, our mission and goal is to" build healthier lives, free of cardiovascular disease, this is the single purpose that drives all we do and the need for our work is beyond question"(American Heart Association, n.d). Therefore, it is evident that this organization firmly support early screening, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect among newborns, affecting eight out of every one thousand newborn babies(Ewer et. al, 2011). It is also the leading cause of death among newborns within the first year of life. Early detection of congenital heart disease is crucial to newborn health and prevention of major problems later in child's life. Additionally, if detected early, congenital heart defects can be treated with surgical interventions or medication, depending on the severity. Pulse oximetry, a simple non invasive test and will be implemented as a screening tool for congenital heart disease(Kemper et. al, 2011). Bill HB 81 - Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease was sponsored by Cary Pigman(Republican, District 55) and Karen Caster Dentel(Democrat, District 30)(Florida House of Representative, n.d.). This bill was filed on January 2,2013; passed on March 5, 2013 and will be effective on July 1, 2013. Bill HB 81 will require that...
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...Introduction Congenital heart defects affect millions of newborns every year. According to recent research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, congenital heart defects “affect nearly 1% of―or about 40,000―births per year in the United States” (Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)). Because these conditions are congenital, infants are present with these defects at birth. While many advancements in technology have improved the lifespan for infants with congenital heart disease, this group of cardiovascular abnormalities are still a “leading cause of birth defect-associated infant illness and death” (Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)). Therefore, early diagnosis of congenital heart defects is imperative to early intervention. Identification...
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...pregnancy as much cell multiplication is occurring. Folate supplements should be taken by women of childbearing age and continued throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. It is important for women to take them at these points to help prevent against neural tube defects. The neural tube is the embryonic tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord. Neural tube defects are when there are malformations of the brain or spinal cord. The two main neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. Each of these defects begin in the early stages of pregnancy and can be prevented with the use of folate supplements. It is recommended that women of childbearing age consume four hundred micrograms of folate daily. To meet the daily recommended value, women between the ages of fifteen and forty-five years old should eat folate-rich foods, folate-fortified foods, and take a multivitamin each day. Another way one can reach the recommended value is by consuming at least five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. I think the recommended value for folate is not known. I do think that people are aware, however, of the benefits of folate and are actually using it. Evidence can be seen by the lowered number of neural tube defects each year. Since 1996, the number has been decreasing tremendously. I know from personal experience that doctors are letting their patients know of its importance and was told to start taking a supplement since I was eighteen. I will admit, though, that I do not...
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...Requiring Newborn Screening of Critical Congenital Heart Disease Date With the numerous technological advances that have occurred in today’s health care system, one would think newborn screening would be required in Maryland for the most common birth defect in the United States, critical congenital heart disease (CCHD), but only just this year has the state considered the requirement (Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems [DLSOIS], 2011). Critical congenital heart disease, a disorder in which an infant’s heart or blood vessels near the heart develop abnormally before birth, affects approximately 8 out of every 1,000 infants each year in the US, amounting to around 36,000 infants (DLSOIS, 2011). CCHD is the leading cause of death among infants within the first year of life, amounting to nearly 40% of deaths, often due to the fact that a large number of infants with this disease go undetected (Martin, Bradshaw, & Wright, n.d.). Although some babies are diagnosed with congenital heart disease shortly before or after birth, many diagnoses are not made until days, weeks, or months later; sometimes not at all. Many benefits are associated with implementing CCHD screening, many treatment options are available for those diagnosed with CCHD, and a bill is being proposed to the State of Maryland’s General Assembly about including this screening in the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Newborn Screening Program (DLSOIS, 2011). The benefits...
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...An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart (atria) (Mayo, 2018). This heart condition is present at birth, which makes it congenital. Small defects can sometimes never really cause a problem, and may be found by accident. If an atrial septal defect is small, it is possible that it can close on its own during infancy or during childhood. If an atrial septal defect is large and well-established, it can cause damage to the heart and lungs. An adult who has had an undetected atrial septal defect for decades may have a shortened life span from heart failure or high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) (Mayo, 2018). In this paper, I will discuss the etiology, symptoms, clinical findings, echocardiography findings, catheterization uses, and outcomes of surgery for atrial septal defects. An ASD is a true deficiency that is located in the interatrial septum, that allows blood to be able to flow between both of the atria. There are several forms of ASD. The first is...
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...Assignment Name: Cause and Effect Essay Date: March 2, 2013 Audience: My instructor and classmates Purpose: To let you know the life changing effect open heart surgery had on my son. The Effect of Open Heart Surgery on my Son On August 24, 2003, my first son Brandon Thomas was born, it was one of the happiest days of my life; He was happy and healthy, so I was told. I come to find out later that night that my son was born with 2 large holes in his heart called atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). ASDs and VSDs allow blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side. So, oxygen rich blood mixes with oxygen poor blood. As a result, some oxygen rich blood is pumped to the lungs instead of the body. Brandon had his open heart surgery at the age of 3 months on November 18, 2003, without this life changing surgery my son would not be here today. It’s amazing the difference in Brandon before and after surgery. Before surgery Brandon never cried because it was so tiring for him. If he did cry which was very rare, he would be sleeping within minutes of the outburst. He was on two different medications because of being in heart failure; his breathing was so rapid, and he threw up all the time just from the excretion of eating. Brandon was put on a high calorie formula in hopes of weight gain. After surgery it was like taking home a new baby; he was so full of life and cried normally now. He was awake more and his personality finally...
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...Neural tube defects are defects of the brain, spine or spinal cord itself. A neural tube defect happens in the first month of pregnancy usually. The women at that point will most likely not even know that she is pregnant. There are 4 main kinds of neural tube defects. Occulta is the most common type of neural defect. With this defect there is a layer of skin covering the opening of the spine. Unlike the other forms, it causes less issues. There is rarely symptoms. A neural tube defect can be diagnosed prenatally with a sonogram or ultrasound. I have done some research online and have looked at some of the images. All seem to have a very distinct abnormality or growth. It is something that with this kind of technology and a good eye and knows what they are looking for, could prevent an embryo from becoming a fetus and then a child that may or may not have a long term disability that could hinder them from being able to take care of themselves or even be mobile at all. I know the article said that they can’t see these abnormities until the 17th and 20th week but when I was pregnant there was a specific test for the, which they do mention, that measured the protein AFP. I do believe they can sometimes find out earlier than mentioned here. Anencephaly is the neural defect that I chose. It is the most interesting a heartbreaking that I have found. This defect is where the baby is born without major parts of its brain. All babies will die shortly after birth. The reason being is the...
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