...Definition of Statistics Statistics like many other sciences is a developing discipline. It is not nothing static. It has gradually developed during last few centuries. In different times, it has been defined in different manners. Some definitions of the past look very strange today but those definitions had their place in their own time. Defining a subject has always been difficult task. A good definition of today may be discarded in future. It is difficult to define statistics. Some of the definitions are reproduced here: The kings and rulers in the ancient times were interested in their manpower. They conducted census of population to get information about their population. They used information to calculate their strength and ability for wars. In those days statistics was defined as “The science of kings, political and science of statecraft” 1. A.L. Bowley defined statistics as “Statistics is the science of counting” This definition places the entries stress on counting only. A common man also thinks as if statistics is nothing but counting. This used to be the situation but very long time ago. Statistics today is not mere counting of people, counting of animals, counting of trees and counting of fighting force. It has now grown to a rich methods of data analysis and interpretation. 2. A.L. Bowley has also defined as “Science of averages” This definition is very simple but it covers only some area of statistics. Average is very simple important in statistics...
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...An assignment on Business statistics Submitted To: Nurun Nahar Department of Business Administration Northern University of Bangladesh Submitted By: Section: A Name | ID | Md. Ariful Islam | BBA120104462 | Md. Faruk Hossen | BBA11034268 | Md. Emran Hossen | BBA110304312 | Md. Mizanur Rahman | BBA11034254 | Date of submission: 17th September 2013 Definitions of statistics Singular sense Statistics can be defined in two sense i.e. singular and plural. In singular sense it may be defined as the various methods and techniques for attaining and analyzing the numerical information. Different economists have different view about statistics. According to Boddingtons Statistics is, “the science of estimates and probabilities”. The techniques and method means the collection of data, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data: Plural sense a plural sense, statistics means the aggregates of numerical facts collected systematically. The most popular and acceptable definition is given by Horace and Secrist. According to them, “Statistics means the aggregate of face affected to a market extent by multiplicity of course, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standard of accuracy collected in a systematic manner for pre-determined purpose and placed in relation to each other.” Definitions by A.L. Bowley: Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other...
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...PROMOTING BAD STATISTICS. Society | March 01, 2001 | Best, Joel In contemporary society, social problems must compete for attention. To the degree that one problem gains media coverage, moves to the top of politicians' agendas, or becomes the subject of public concern, others will be neglected. Advocates find it necessary to make compelling cases for the importance of particular social problems. They choose persuasive wording and point to disturbing examples, and they usually bolster their case with dramatic statistics. Statistics have a fetish-like power in contemporary discussions about social problems. We pride ourselves on rational policy making, and expertise and evidence guide our rationality Statistics become central to the process: numbers evoke science and precision; they seem to be nodules of truth, facts that distill the simple essence of apparently complex social processes. In a culture that treats facts and opinions as dichotomous terms, numbers signify truth--what we call "hard facts." In virtually every debate about social problems, statistics trump "mere opinion." Yet social problems statistics often involve dubious data. While critics occasionally call some number into question, it generally is not necessary for a statistic to be accurate--or even plausible--in order to achieve widespread acceptance. Advocates seeking to promote social problems often worry more about the processes by which policy makers, the press, and the public come to focus on particular...
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...Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated as missing. Cases Used All non-missing data are used. Syntax DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=Income /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV VARIANCE RANGE MIN MAX SKEWNESS. Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00 Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02 [DataSet0] Descriptive Statistics N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Three-Year-Average Median Income(2008-2010) 51 $29,453 $36,850 $66,303 $50,734.18 $7,555.310 Valid N (listwise) 51 Descriptive Statistics Variance Skewness Statistic Statistic Std. Error Three-Year-Average Median Income(2008-2010) 57082705.308 .389 .333 Valid N (listwise) EXAMINE VARIABLES=Income /PLOT BOXPLOT STEMLEAF /COMPARE GROUPS /PERCENTILES(5,10,25,50,75,90,95) HAVERAGE /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES EXTREME /CINTERVAL 95 /MISSING LISTWISE /NOTOTAL. Explore Notes Output Created 05-SEP-2012 16:32:55 Comments Input Active Dataset DataSet0 Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File 51 Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values for dependent variables are treated as missing. Cases Used Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any dependent variable or factor used. Syntax EXAMINE VARIABLES=Income /PLOT BOXPLOT STEMLEAF /COMPARE GROUPS /PERCENTILES(5,10,25,50,75,90,95) HAVERAGE /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES...
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...Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. There are variety of different types of statistics, hard statistics are numerical data that can not be manipulated, soft statistics are numerical data that can be manipulated, official statistics are produced by formal institutions whilst unofficial are carried out by informal institutions. By definition, statistical data is quantative data which increases its reliability. Using Statistics in research has a variety of different advantages. This kind of research is cheap and easily accessible. Also, as not much time is spent on primary research, analysis will be fairly quick so the results are fairly up to date. The ready availability of official statistics mean the researcher does not have to spend time and money collecting his / her own information. Unlike in Qualitative research methods such as interviews that could possibly involve travelling costs. It may be the case that official statistics are the only available source for a piece of research. Durkheim, for example, in his study of in 1897 used official statistics drawn from coroners' reports from different societies to establish that suicide rates varied within societies. By doing this, he was able to argue that social factors, such as religious belief, were significant variables and influences in the explanation of why people committed suicide. For some topics, therefore, secondary research is the only way...
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...Centre For Foundation Studies Department of Sciences and Engineering Content 1.1 What is Statistics? 1.2 Population Versus Sample 1.3 Basic Terms 1.4 Types of Variables FHMM1214 Mathematics for Social Science Chapter 1 Introduction of Statistics 1st Meaning of Statistics 1.1 What is Statistics ? The word ‘statistics’ has 2 meanings. 1. Statistics refers to numerical facts. The age of a student. The number of students enrolled in UTAR. The income of a family. The percentage of passes in a statistics class. 1 2nd Meaning of Statistics 2. Statistics refers to the field or discipline of study. Statistics is a group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make decisions. 1.2 Population Versus Sample Population Versus Sample Population and Sample Population or Target Population Consists of all elements (individuals, items, or objects) whose characteristics are being studied. Sample A portion of the population selected for study. Illustration 2 Definition 1.3 Basic Terms Element or Member An element or member of a sample or population is a specific subject or object (e.g. a person, firm, item, state, or country) about which the information is collected. Variable A variable is a characteristics under study that assumes different value for different elements. Definition Observation or Measurement The value of a variable for an element is called an observation measurement. Data Set A data...
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...Welcome to… π ∑θ Business statistics (MA-205) 1 Business Statistics π ∑θ Why study Business Statistics? • To become a better consumer of other people’s data • To facilitate communication • To improve computer skills • To overcome either too little or too much information • To develop technical literacy • To improve career mobility 2 Business Statistics π ∑θ Lecturer: Business Statistics Ammara 3 Business Statistics π ∑θ Lecture Overheads and Textbook Lecture overheads: posted on the Business Statistics Group Group name: business_statistics_bba Group home page: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/business_statistics_bba Group email: business_statistics_bba@yahoogroups.com before the week in which lectures are given. Textbook: Richard I. Lavin and David S. Rubin, “Statistics for Management”, Prentice Hall, New York,7th edition(2000) 4 Business Statistics π ∑θ • • • • Assessment Final Examination: Midterm Examination: Quizzes/Homework/Term Project: Total: 45% 35% 20% 100% 5 Business Statistics Regular work and study is the key to success π ∑θ • It can never be emphasised strongly enough how true this is for Business Statistics • This course rewards those students who put constant effort into it over the semester 6 Business Statistics π ∑θ How to do well in the class Statistics is a problem-solving subject. Practice in problem solving, and completing and understanding the assigned reading and...
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...are withdrawn and therefore, assisting them only burdens the government and the society. For all the stakeholders to develop an effective homeless policy, there is a need for the development of mechanisms that will lead to a proper identification of the homeless. Identifying the correct population of the homeless people involves coming up with a proper definition of homelessness. Different definitions of homelessness are widely used in America. Those definitions are controversial since different stakeholders use a specific definition of homelessness to justify their action. One of the most effective and all-inclusive definitions is called the point in time definition. It is a one-time survey of all the institutions, the shelters, and all the other places on the street with a high tendency of getting the homeless people. This method of defining homelessness is broad, and most opponents of the definition see it as an expensive definition that extends to cater for the needs of the people who are not in dire need of assistance. While it can rightly be argued that point in time definition is expensive as compared to other definitions currently in use, there is need to count each...
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...Health and Safety Executive Health and Safety Executive Annual Statistics Report 2011/12 The Health and Safety Executive Statistics 2011/12 KEY FACTS WORK-RELATED ILL HEALTH WORKPLACE INJURY ENFORCEMENT OTHER TOPICS www.hse.gov.uk SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS Ill health 1.1 million people who worked during the last year were suffering from an illness (long-standing as well as new cases) they believed was caused or made worse by their current or past work. 0.5 million of these were new conditions which started during the year. A further 0.7 million former workers (who last worked over 12 months ago) were suffering from an illness which was caused or made worse by their past work. 2347 people died from mesothelioma in 2010 and thousands more from other occupational cancers and diseases such as COPD. Injuries 173 workers were killed at work, a rate of 0.6 fatalities per 100 000 workers. 111 164 other injuries to employees were reported under RIDDOR, a rate of 445.4 per 100 000 employees. 212 000 injuries leading to over-3-day absence occurred, according to the Labour Force Survey, a rate of 750 per 100 000 workers. 1 Key facts Working days lost 27 million days were lost overall (17 days per case). 22.7 million due to work-related ill health and 4.3 million due to workplace injury. Economic costs to Britain Workplace injuries and ill health (excluding cancer) cost society an estimated £13.4 billion in 2010/11. Enforcement 551 cases were prosecuted by HSE in England...
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...------------------------------------------------- Ch 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Learn Statistics? * Statistics is the branch of mathematics that transforms numbers into useful information for decision makers. Statistics lets you know about the risks associated with making a business decision and allows you to understand and reduce the variation in the decision-making process. * Statistics provides you with methods for making better sense of the numbers used every day to describe or analyze the world we live in. * Statistical methods help you understand the information contained in “the numbers” and determine whether differences in “the numbers are meaningful or just due to chance. * Why learn statistics? First and foremost, statistics helps you make better sense of the world. Second, statistics helps you make better business decisions. 1.2 Statistics in Business * In the business world, statistics has these important specific uses: 1. To summarize business data 2. To draw conclusions from those data 3. To make reliable forecasts about business activities 4. To improve business processes * The statistical methods you use for these tasks come from one of the two branches of statistics: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. * Descriptive statistics are the methods that help collect, summarize, present, and analyze a set of data. * Inferential statistics are the methods that use the data collected from a small...
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...1) What do you know about patterns of health in the UK? Is health getting better or worse? | | | | | | 2) What factors can have an impact on patterns of health in the UK? |There are many factors contributed to affect the patterns of health in the UK such as: | |Diet: A Bad diet can lead a person to get many different kind of dieses and illnesses for example a person who eats food with high content of sugar he has a risk of| |developing a disease such as diabetes. Eating too much and not how much you need can lead a person to become overweight which itself increases your risk of getting | |heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes etc and if a person eats too much animal fat, smokes and drinks alcohol and does no exercise can multiply their chances| |of getting a disease even more. ...
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...any of these are missing, you will not get full points for DQs. Your follow up posts should be at least 100 words, and MUST be in your own words. Textbook: Grove, S. K. (2007). Statistics for health care research: A practical workbook. Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. Topic 1 DQ 1: How can graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data? Where have you seen this done? Statistics are used everywhere, every day to represent a multitude of data, or study sample. Sample characteristics are the traits that depict the study sample and can be portrayed in either some type of table or in an article (Grove, 2007). “Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement or the demographic variables included in the study” (Grover, 2007, p.75). It is this information and data that is presented can be misrepresented, either unethically or simply because the data is misunderstood. According to Statistics (2013), data can be misrepresented three ways: 1) misunderstanding the data presented, 2) using incomparable definitions, and 3) by deliberately misinterpreting the data presented, especially if it is a biased representation. An example of misunderstanding the data presented could be someone that is researching crime statistics in an area where they are looking to relocate and raise a family; if they do not understand the manner in which the data is being presented, it could be more than easy for them to...
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...behavior is, it will be subject to punishment. Other people argue that crimes depend on law of a state and the legislature. The types of punishment vary depending on the crime committed and seriousness of the crime. Criminal behavior changes from place to place and from time to time. Strong public notions and varying moral values have a substantial influence on the interpretation and understanding of crime. The first main problem of studying crime is coming up with the appropriate definition of the act or behavior. Discussion Crime covers complicated and several acts and behaviors that it has been difficult to have a standard definition of the subject. For instance, some countries and states have legalized abortion while others still consider abortion a crime. Matters of homosexuality are still frowned upon by some people because of their moral standings. In this case, it can be confusing on whether abortion falls under criminal activities or lawful actions. Nevertheless, the general definition of crime is any infringing action or behavior of criminal law. Therefore, the simplest way of defining crime is to present it as something that is entirely in opposition to the law and liable to be punished by the state (Bartol & Bartol, 2011). Measuring crime can also be a difficult aspect in...
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...Basics of Statistics Jarkko Isotalo 30 20 10 Std. Dev = 486.32 Mean = 3553.8 N = 120.00 0 2400.0 2800.0 2600.0 3200.0 3000.0 3600.0 3400.0 4000.0 3800.0 4400.0 4200.0 4800.0 4600.0 5000.0 Birthweights of children during years 1965-69 Time to Accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (sec) 30 20 10 0 0 Horsepower 100 200 300 1 Preface These lecture notes have been used at Basics of Statistics course held in University of Tampere, Finland. These notes are heavily based on the following books. Agresti, A. & Finlay, B., Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 3th Edition. Prentice Hall, 1997. Anderson, T. W. & Sclove, S. L., Introductory Statistical Analysis. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Clarke, G.M. & Cooke, D., A Basic course in Statistics. Arnold, 1998. Electronic Statistics Textbook, http://www.statsoftinc.com/textbook/stathome.html. Freund, J.E.,Modern elementary statistics. Prentice-Hall, 2001. Johnson, R.A. & Bhattacharyya, G.K., Statistics: Principles and Methods, 2nd Edition. Wiley, 1992. Leppälä, R., Ohjeita tilastollisen tutkimuksen toteuttamiseksi SPSS for Windows -ohjelmiston avulla, Tampereen yliopisto, Matematiikan, tilastotieteen ja filosofian laitos, B53, 2000. Moore, D., The Basic Practice of Statistics. Freeman, 1997. Moore, D. & McCabe G., Introduction to the Practice of Statistics, 3th Edition. Freeman, 1998. Newbold, P., Statistics for Business and Econometrics...
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...Course Syllabus RES/341 RESEARCH AND EVALUATION I Welcome to RES/341, let’s do everything we can to ensure that the next six weeks will be an enlightening and enjoyable learning experience for all of us. Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Classroom Management Policies Breaks in the On Campus classes will be when deemed necessary. Please leave the classroom clean. Phones: Turn them off or keep them in silent mode. ***DO NOT answer the phone in the classroom. Laptop/notebook computers: If I determine the use of a laptop during class time is disruptive behavior that hinders or interferes with the educational process, you will be required to turn it off. Technical Support Technical Support is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Call 1-877-832-4867, or use the e-mail support form. For answers to the most common issues, go to “Knowledge Base” by clicking Help, found at the top of every student Web site. Course Description See eCampus. Course Topics & Objectives See eCampus. Course Materials See eCampus. Participation In an intensive, collaborative learning environment such as that of University of Phoenix, class attendance is perhaps the most obvious and objective starting point as a measure for participation. If you are not in attendance, you miss out on many opportunities for learning. Consequently, if you...
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