...Definition of Electronic commerce (EC) The process of buying, exchanging products, selling, services, or information via computer networks. Analyze the various types of EC activities Business-to-Business (B2B) An interaction between the business people and other organizations is known as Business-to-Business (B2B). For example www.walmart.com and www.Sams club.com Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business selling to individual shoppers is known as Business-to-consumer (B2C). For example www.Barnes&Nobles.com. E-tailing Online shopping having access to products of interest for the consumers, by visiting their website directly is called E-tailing. For example Amazon, e-Bay. Business-to-Business-to-consumer (B2B2C) Business providing some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers is known as (B2B2C). Consumer-to-Business (C2B) A consumer uses internet to sell products or services to organizations or individuals seeking sellers, to bid on products or services they need. For example e-Bay. Business-to-employees (B2E) Organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees. For example www.asics.com Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Consumer sells the product directly to other consumer. For example www.craigslist.com List of advantages and disadvantages of Electronic Commerce Advantages - 24/7 services for buying or selling products - Readily available to customers - Easy to manage a business - Faster and user...
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...Turban, et al. Learning Objectives 1. Define electronic commerce (EC) and describe its various categories. 2. Describe and discuss the content and framework of EC. 3. Describe the major types of EC transactions. 4. Describe the digital revolution as a driver of EC. 5. Describe the business environment as a driver of EC. 1-2 1 9/12/2011 Learning Objectives 6. Describe some EC business models. 7. Describe the benefits of EC to organizations, consumers, and society. 8. Describe the limitations of EC. 9. Describe the contribution of EC to organizations responding to environmental pressures. 10. Describe online social and business networks. 1-3 Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts electronic commerce (EC) The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks 1-4 2 9/12/2011 Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts EC can be defined from these perspectives: Business process Service Learning Collaboration Community 1-5 Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts e-business A broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization 1-6 3 9/12/2011 Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts Pure versus Partial EC EC can take several forms depending on the degree of digitization 1. the...
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...Otto/ Grattan case , the EC faced an uncertainty of whether catalogue mail ordering for non-food products should be considered as a separate relevant product market or, contrary, be part of the traditional market? Consequently the EC found that the catalogue mail ordering might fall into a separate relevant product market for non-food products due to the reasons in the difference of shopping experience rather than the difference in the product itself. In particular the EC outlined that: (A) consumers have the ability to order the product at home, without the presence of the seller, (B) consumers are entitled to have the good delivered to their homes at the...
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...negotiation The negotiation is an interactive and iterative process between the Commission on one hand and, mainly, the coordinator on the other hand. In some cases, the Commission communicates also directly with other project partners. Communication means are mail, e-mail, phone, meetings, and might include web-based electronic submission. 1.5. Starting point of the negotiation preparation There is no clearly defined starting point of the preparation of the negotiation. Activities described in section 2 which do not imply contacts with proposal participants may potentially be undertaken before the negotiation authorisation is given 1.6. Starting point of the negotiation The authorisation to negotiate is given by the responsible EC official. 1.7. Input required After the submission and evaluation phase Call details (FP, call identifier, year of publication, etc) Coordinator and partner logins/passwords Proposal forms Proposal files scientific/technical description management information Other documents attached to the proposal, if any Final ESR for each proposal Evaluation...
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...CHAPTER 1 1. How do you define Electronic Commerce EC involves conducting transactions electronically. Major categories of EC are pure versus partial EC, Internet versus non-Internet, and electronic markets versus company based systems. 2. Major types of EC transactions - B2C,B2B, C2C, c-commerce, e-government, social commercing 3. What are elements of digital world? - Digital economy, digital enterprises and digital society CHAPTER 2 1. What does E-marketplace prepresents and what are its components. e-marketplace or marketspae, is a virtual market that does not suffer from limitations of space, time or borders. Its major components are customers, sellers, products, infrastructure, front-end processes, back-end activities, electronic intermediaries, other business partners, and support services. 2. What are characteristics of Web 3.0 - Web 3.0 is definedas connective intelligence; connecting data, concepts, applications and ultimately people. 3. What are main benefits and limitations of auctions - Major benefits for sellers are the ability to reach many buyers, sell quicklly, and safe on intermediary commissions. CHAPTER 3 1. E-tailing as a business models? It can be classified by distrubution channel – a manufacturer or mail.order company selling directly to consumers, virtual e-tailing, a click and mortar strategy with both online and traditional channels, and online malls that provide...
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...Questions 1. Define EC and e-business. Electronic commerce is the process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information via computer networks. E-business is a broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners and conducting electronic transactions within an organization. 2. Distinguish between pure and partial EC. Companies utilizing pure EC conduct all of their business online. Businesses utilizing partial EC conduct a portion of their business online and a portion of their business off-line. 3. Define click-and-mortar and pure play organizations. Click-and-mortar organizations conduct e-commerce activities, but do their primary business in the physical world. Pure play organizations rely on the Internet and EC for all of their sales. 4. Define electronic markets, IOSs, and intraorganizational information systems. Electronic market – An online marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, money or information. IOSs – Communication systems that allow routine transaction processing and information flow between two or more organizations. Intraorganizational information systems – Communication systems that enable e-commerce activities to go on within individual organizations. 5. Describe non-Internet EC. Non-Internet EC is the use of EC technologies on private (as...
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...services, and information via computer networks. E-business is a broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners and conducting electronic transactions within an organization. Question 2 Partial e-commerce is when a company will sell a good through the internet but the fulfillment of the good will need to take place in the "real" world. It concerns business in which a large part of the transaction takes place in the off-line real world. For example, buying a book on Amazon, they will have to send it to you physically. Besides that, pure e-commerce is when everything happens on the internet and concerns business whose transactions are largely carried out on the Internet. For example, buying music / movies on iTunes. In these case the product and services are digital. Question 3 The click-and mortar also called as click-and-brick. It define the organizations that conduct some e-commerce activities, usually as an additional marketing channel. Besides that, pure-play also called as virtual organizations. It define the organizations that conduct their business activities solely online. Question 4 The EC framework is made up of the following components: people, the public policy, technical standards and protocols, business partners and support services. Question 5 The major transactional types of EC include: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, business-to-business-to-consumer...
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...Virtual Ogranizations The aim of this chapter is to explain the concept ‘virtual organization’ (VO) in a more detailed manner (in order to realise what security challenges a VO has to cope with). Below we will present definitions of VO, give some examples of VOs, and describe main characteristics of VOs. We will also list the benefits and the security challenges associated with VOs. VO is a relatively new concept that has emerged in the beginning of1990s. There is no single clear-cut definition of what a VO is. Different sources define it somewhat differently. For example, in [1] VO is defined as a “dynamic collection of individuals and institutions which are required to share resources to achieve certain goals”. [[i]] defines VO as “a temporary or permanent coalition of geographically dispersed individuals, groups, organizational units or entire organizations that pool resources, capabilities and information to achieve common objectives”. Jet in [[ii]] a concept IT infrastructure, namely network, is introduced: “VO refers to both the members of a switchable interorganizational electronic network and to the network itself that delivers non-standard products”. Reasons behind a VO The first two definitions speak about “certain goals” or “common objectives” while the third opens up what these goals/objectives can be, i.e. non-standard products. Indeed, the incentive behind the creation of VOs is a collaborative delivery or creation of a customer-specified product or...
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...discussions is necessary for criteria for judgment. Critical review is always necessary to ensure that prospective technologies are really energy saving and contribute to greenhouse abatement over the whole spectrum from producing energy to end-use. Objectives To introduce a new concept of “Energy Chain” from producing energy through transmission, utilization and end-use, and to propose engineering methodology and evaluation method with examples. Principal Results 1.Proposing a New Concept of Energy Chain and Evaluation Method What the energy end-user needs is “energy benefit”. This include all kinds of benefit 1 that end-users enjoy. The energy chain (EC) concept is defined as energy paths from source 2 to energy consumption to final end-use energy benefit (Fig.1 (a)). As shown in the figure, there are a lot of paths in an EC to meet an energy benefit. Two indices based on time-depending demand are proposed to measure the effectiveness of the process (Fig.1 (b)) 3. Energy Chain Joule Index (ECJI) expresses the...
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...PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004 (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, (4) Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 114 thereof, According to Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety (3) it is a general principle of food law to provide a basis for consumers to make informed choices in relation to food they consume and to prevent any practices that may mislead the consumer. Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission, (5) Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (1), Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure (2), Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair businessto-consumer commercial practices...
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...Directive Break 1 European Union Introduction to European Directives. Cyprus, Czech Republic Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta Slovakia Slovenia Turkey January 2006 KM Loi & Associates 1 January 2006 KM Loi & Associates Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom 2 New Approach – 98/34/EC In 1985, a Directive on New Approach to Technical Harmonization and Standards was established to promote free movement of goods within Europe. It agreed to gradually remove the product regulatory and safety requirements of each individual country and replace them with essential requirements to cover all of Europe based on prevention of new barriers to trade, mutual recognition and technical harmonization. January 2006 KM Loi & Associates 3 EU – Single Market EU Policy and Regulation EU Policy and Regulation EU Directives Essential Requirements Manufacturer Manufacturer or or Representative Representative Product and Services January 2006 KM Loi & Associates 4 Directive 98/34/EC A single market - December 31, 1992. • • • • Harmonization is limited to Essential Requirements. Only products fulfilling ER can be placed on the market and put into services. Published Harmonized standards are presumed to conform to corresponding essential requirements. Harmonized standards and technical specifications are voluntary and manufacturers are free to choose any route to meet compliance...
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...The Education Commission of the United States was created to “improve public information by facilitating the exchange of information, ideas, and experiences among state policymakers and education leaders.” (www.ecs.org) The ECS provides information on state and country educational policies and to inform the general population of the policies and what they are about and how they are expected to be withheld. (www.ecs.org) One policy issue defined by the organization is Alternative Education. The ECS definition of Alternative Education is “providing choice and opportunity to students who have not had successful experiences in school.” (www.ecs.org) The ECS defines two basic types of Alternative Education schools: the first is the students who are “at-risk” who are not successful in a traditional setting, this is a choice alternative school; the second is for students with discipline problems or that have disruptive behavior, this is not a choice alternative school. (www.ecs.org) There are a number of policy issues that the ECS addresses having to do with Alternative Education. The first is adequate funding. Adequate funding does not only include the funding of the teaching staff, but other support staff that might need to be used in an alternative school more than a regular school, such as counseling or services from school psychologists, child care, or support staff to help transition discipline students back into the traditional classroom. Secondly, experienced and...
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...Fact: Eric and his registered disabled wife jane decide to take a 2 week holiday in Cyprus Eric booked two flight only tickets on the internet with Eze Air who had recently commenced a daily schedule flight service from Luton to Larnaca. The flight was due to depart Luton at 14.55 pm on 1st may. The duration of the flight was 4 hours and the scheduled arrival time in Larnaca was 20.55 pm local on the same day. Eric and Jane arrived at Luton Airport in good time and were greeted at the check in desk by saida who, after checking them in, informed them that, due to technical problems with one of the aircraft in the Eze air fleet, flight EZA074 would be late departing Luton and that they should proceed to departures and watch the information screens. Eric and Jane, who was in a wheelchair, complained and asked for a written copy of their rights but saida simply held up her hands and said “its no good complaining to me, I am just passing information from management.” Saida gave the couple 2 vouchers for refreshments and again told them to proceed to the departure lounge. The flight in fact delayed for over 24 hours. Both Eric and Jane were fuming as there had been no EzeAir flight information, no one in the departure lounge could give them any information about EZA074’s expected departure time and they were exhausted from a night in the departure lounge and no sleep. EzeAir apologised but said that they had allocated all available hotel accommodation on a first come first served basis...
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...Environmental Assessment - Environment - European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/sea-studies-and-reports/sea-research.htm EUROPEAN Home Who's who Policies Integration Funding Law Resources News & Developments Environmental Assessment A study to develop and implement an overall strategy for EIA/SEA research in the EU Summary This publication (ISBN 92-828-3568-5) can be ordered through EUR-OP’s sales network 1. This Study has been undertaken by the EC Joint Research Centre Ispra for the EC Environment DG , Brussels. The aim of the Study is to propose a scheme to develop and implement an overall strategy for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) research in the European Union. The proposals are based on deficiencies and research needs identified through literature survey, with emphasis on the findings of four selected key documents, and through the analysis of the responses to a questionnaire prepared by the authors of this Study and filled in by acknowledged EIA/SEA experts. The proposals reflect the authors' subjective interpretation of the findings of the analysis undertaken; different proposals could be formulated starting from different points of view. 2. Six EIA areas and four SEA areas have been selected as priority areas for research. The selected areas are intended to form a "research priority group"; at this stage they are all considered of equal priority. They are listed below following the order...
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...Overview of Electronic Commerce 1. Define electronic commerce (EC) and describe its various categories. 2. Describe and discuss the content and framework of EC. 3. Describe the major types of EC transactions. 4. Discuss e-commerce 2.0. 5. Understand the elements of the digital world. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1-1 6. Describe the drivers of EC as they relate to business pressures and organizational responses. 7. Describe some EC business models. 8. Describe the benefits and limitations of EC to organizations, consumers, and society. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1-2 • electronic commerce (EC) The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer • e-business A broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1-3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1-4 • OTHER EC CONCEPTS – Pure Versus Partial EC – EC Organizations • brick-and-mortar (old economy) organizations Old-economy organizations (corporations) that perform their primary business off-line, selling physical products by means of physical agents • virtual (pure-play)...
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