...Deforestation Deforestation basically means that the removal of forest or stand of trees. The few countries with experiencing deforestation are Indonesia, Philippines, North Korea and some other countries. Deforestation are taking place due to the tremendous increase of the human population, this lead to the need for the acquisition of more land. Destroying forest is also to make use of the rich natural resources. This is one of the main reasons why deforestation are occurring daily. And also with the increase of demand of paper products, even more trees are being cut down to meet the needs of people.Deforestation has further triggered the greenhouse effect. This is due to the decreasing amount of oxygen being produced everyday by the trees on planet Earth. This will cause the increase in carbon dioxide which traps heat energy from the Sun. This will eventually cause Global Warming which affects the whole world. When Global Warming gets out of control, the icebergs in the North and South poles starts to melt and cause a increase in sea level. Small island such as solomon island will be lost and submerged by the sea. We need to start to cut down our daily paper needs and also need to control the human high growing population. It have also been estimated that almost one hundred trees are being cut down a second in the rainforest. If Deforestation continues to happen, Global warming will get even serious and our tiny island like Singapore might even be submerged in sea water...
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...Choose either the Philippines or California and explain why it is considered a disaster hotspot. (15 marks) A disaster hotspot is a place where they not only have a high vulnerability, but also a number of different hazards: hydro-meteorological and geophysical. The Philippines is vulnerable to disasters because they’re a lower middle income country, with majority of the people living in poor conditions/poverty and near the coast. This implies that they lack sufficient infrastructure to protect them against hazards and that many of these people are involved in agriculture like subsistence farmers in order to generate some income. In addition, the Philippines is a densely populated area as the country average is 240 people per km squared, and the megacities (Manila) population can go up to 2000 people per km squared. The Philippines is located in South East Asia and is North of Indonesia. It lies on a destructive plate boundary (Eurasian and Philippine plates) so as a result, there is regular volcanic eruptions which cause pyroclastic flows and lahars. As they’re vulnerable due to their lack of advanced infrastructure, this causes a disaster for them. An example of a volcanic eruption that had large impacts was the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 where it was the biggest eruption seen in 50 years. Volcanic activity causes a secondary disaster which is earthquakes, causes $850,000 worth of damage, mainly agriculture and property, and affecting roughly 2.25 million people. Steep...
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...Why are people deforesting areas? People are deforesting areas to create more room for things like farms and houses. After the area of trees and other plants are removed they use the area to raise cows and to plant crops. As of the wood, the wood would be sent to a factory to be made into different resources like paper and cardboard. The wood would also be used to make frames for houses. What happens to an area after deforestation? After an area is deforested the water from rain and other water sources would be by the soil. When this happens the salt would build up and the effect of this would be any crops, plants, and grass would stop growing in the area and it would create a desert like area. This effect is known as Desertification....
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...PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY Deforestation Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed.[not in citation given][neutrality is disputed] However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area[not in citation given]—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest.[2] In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.[3] Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.[4][5] Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of cover for its forces and...
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...The Philippines is one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world alongside Japan, India, Bangladesh, China and Indonesia. It sits across a major plate boundary meaning it faces significant risks from volcanoes and earthquakes. The Philippines is made up of around 7000 islands all mainly mountains with areas of coastal lowlands and many people work on steeply sloping land of the mountains dues to the good soil for agriculture. Being 25% bigger then the UK it has a population of 91 million, which was recorded in 2007. In April 991 Mount Pinatubo started to show signs of eruption with steam explosions and minor earthquakes and an exclusion zone was set up but the government. By June 9th 58 000 people had been evacuated and by the 12th it had gone up to almost 200 000. This was when the first eruptions started sending 20km of ash into the air. On the 15th June there was a second eruption and a dome on the side of the volcano collapsed causing a pyroclastic blast – a dense cloud of lava with bursting gas bubbles. 350 people died and others died in camps due to being exposed to disease whilst 80 000 hectares of farmland were buried underneath the ash. There was a huge economic loss of $ 710 million mainly due to agricultural and property damage. The Philippines is mainly considered a disaster hotspot due to the fact is lies across a major plate boundary, the Philippine and Eurasian, causing a frequent amount of volcanoes and earthquakes. The Eurasian plate is forced...
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...parks: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. This protected area is home to estimate 10,000 plant species, including 17 endemic genera; more than 200 mammal species; and some 580 bird species of which 465 are resident and 21 are endemic. (UNESCO World Heritage Centre) One example of an endangered animal would be the Clouded Leopard. The Clouded Leopard is also found in China, Nepal, and Thailand, but in those countries they are in no danger of becoming extinct like they are in the Sumatra. The Green Turtle is another animal in the Sumatra that has been put on the Red List. Although there have been other records in Austrilia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras, and the Philippines of Green Turtles all doing well, except in Honduras where they are also Red Listed. There are several species that can be found in other regions that are thriving, but there are still many species that show no other records and are in trouble in the Sumatra. Examples like the Mainland Serow, Sumatrain Tigar, and the Hoogerwerf’s Rat are all species that are in danger. In recent news there have been stories of Sumatran Tigers being caught in snares that are set up by either poachers or in an attempt to eliminate predators that may prey on livestock. One animal that was caught last year died from its wounds. The animal had gone days with no food or water before found, but it was too late. Another story of a cub that was found lived, but...
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...| 2003 | Environmental Excellence | Winner | Nestle Philippines | Greening The Supply Chain | Philippines | | | Merit Awardee | Unilever Indonesia | The Sustainable Clean Brantas River Program | Indonesia | | | Merit Awardee | Mass Transit Railway Corporation | Sustainability Report 2001 & 2002 | Hong Kong | | Support & Improvement of Education | Winner | Tat Consultancy Services | Adult Literacy Program | India | | | Merit Awardee | Coca Cola Foundation, Inc. | Creative Writing Workshop on Children’s Books | Philippines | | | Merit Awardee | Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Corp. Phils. (HSBC) | Model of Excellence School in Esteban Abada | Philippines | | Best CSR Policies | Winner | Union Cement Corporation | Union Social Development and Management Program | Philippines | | | Merit Awardee | Unocal Thailand | The Social Responsibility Ambassadors Program | Thailand | | | Merit Awardee | Central Azucarera Don Pedro | The Community Development Program | Philippines | | Poverty Alleviation | Winner | Hindalco Industries | Integrated Rural Poverty Alleviation Program | India | | | Merit Awardee | Allen & Overy | Supporting “Helpers from Domestic Helpers” | Hong Kong | | | Merit Awardee | Seylan Bank | Comprehensive Microfinance for Micro-sector Empowerment | Sri Lank | | Special Achievement Award | Winner | Philippine Business for Social Progress | | Philippines | 2004 | Best Workplace Practices | Winner | Hindustan...
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...yearly issue. The illegal deforestation across Indonesia has covered much of South-East Asia – particularly Singapore, Malaysia, as well as parts of Philippines and Thailand, in an acrid haze, resulting to one of the most severe regional shutdown in years. According to the scientists, the 2015 pollution could surpass the one in 1997 - when it had created an environmental tragedy that cost about US$9 billion in damage. The economic cost The total economic cost will take months to assess, and will have to cover all aspects of daily life – lost productivity, lost workdays through respiratory illness and lost tourism. Early estimates of Indonesia’s total economic costs of the fires in 2015...
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...climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge. [edit]Southeast Asia See also: Southeast Asia coral reefs Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs. [edit]Indonesia Indonesia is home to one third of the world's corals covering nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesia's coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that only 6% are in excellent condition, while 24% are in good condition, and approximately 70% are in poor to fair condition.[50] [edit]Philippines In 2007, Reef Check, the world's largest reef conservation organization, stated that only 5% of Philippines 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of coral reef are in "excellent condition": Tubbataha Reef, Marine Park in Palawan, Apo Island in Negros Oriental, Apo Reef in...
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...Development Trends in Southeast Asia and the Philippines I. DISCUSSION ON THE ESE PROBLEMS OF SEA AS A REGION A. ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS SOUTHEAST ASIA IS OBJECTIVELY one of the most beautiful regions on Earth — it’s covered in dense jungle, it’s peppered with gorgeous beaches, and it’s full of incredible wildlife. It also has some spectacular urban centers, recently stimulated by massive economic growth. Unfortunately, the act of pulling people out of poverty and into the developed world often comes at the expense of the local environment. This is true of all countries in this scenario, but it’s particularly acute for Southeast Asian nations, as their economies — especially the tourism sector — depend so fundamentally on pristine natural resources. Most of the environmental issues in Southeast Asia are inextricably linked, and working to ameliorate one will often have added benefits for the others. Here are some of the problems, and some things you personally can do to help. 1. Endangered species conservation The problem: Southeast Asia sits almost entirely in the tropics, and as such, is covered in rich, dense, biologically diverse jungle. As a result of a wide number of factors — from poaching to deforestation — many native species are endangered. One of the most prominent of these species is the Asian elephant. The total number of Asian elephants in the world has sadly fallen to below 30,000, down from 100,000 at the beginning of the...
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...double garage. Most electricity is generated by burning coal. A constant and growing demand for red meat. Cattle belch out methane, a toxic greenhouse gas, much more dangerous than carbon dioxide. More and more forests and bushland, which absorb carbon dioxide from the air, are being cut down so more cattle can graze. A reduction in the planet's ability to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The earth has natural sources of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas), and has had long before mankind began altering the environment, but the earth has natural means to actually remove some greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide which is removed by plants (especially dense, tall forests) through photosynthesis. Global deforestation...
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...2 1.2 Overview of Unilever Indonesia 3 1.3 Unilever Indonesia Foundation 3 1.4 Overview of Dove Products 4 1.5 Environmental Record 5 CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDY: UNILEVER VS GREENPEACE 7 2.1 Indonesia Palm Oil Plantation 7 2.2 Unilever Palm Oil Suppliers 11 2.3 Environment Destruction Caused by Palm Oil Plantations 14 2.3.1 Deforestation 15 2.3.2 Destruction of Orang Utan Habitat 17 2.4 The Impact to Unilever 18 CHAPTER 3 CASE ANALYSIS 19 3.1 Ethical Theory 19 3.1.1 The Stockholder Theory 19 3.1.2 The Stakeholder Theory 20 3.1.3 The Social Contract Theory 20 3.2 Triple Bottom Line 21 3.2.1 People 21 3.2.2 Planet 22 3.2.3 Profit 22 3.3 Environmental Issues of Business Ethics 22 3.3.1 Business and Ecology 23 3.3.2 The Ethics of Environmental Protection 24 3.3.3 Who Should Pay the Cost of Environmental Damage 24 3.3.4 Regulation 24 3.3.5 The Value of Nature 24 3.4 Ethical Issues 25 3.4.1 Environment Destruction 26 3.4.2 Violating the RSPOs Principles 28 3.4.3 Unilever Failure of Screening its Suppliers’ Code of Conduct 30 3.4.4 Government Neglect of the Environment Issue 30 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32 APPENDIX 1 Climate and Biodiversity Impacts of Unilever Palm Oil Suppliers in Kalimantan 35 APPENDIX 2 Dove Onslaugt(er) Video Capture 36 APPENDIX 3 Picture of People Support on the Greenpeace Campaign 37 Bibliography 38 WHAT LIES BENEATH THE BEAUTY An ethical case of Dove against Greenpeace in Indonesia...
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...UNIT I DEFORESTATION CHAPTER 1 What is deforestation? Deforestation is the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna. In other words, deforestation can be defined as the transformation of forest land to non-forest uses where forest land includes lands under agro-forestry and shifting cultivation, and not simply closed canopy primary forests (FAO/UNEP, 1982). However, this definition does not include “logging”. More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture … [so] … that not a tree remains, and the land is given over to non-forest purposes … [and where] very heavy and unduly negligent logging … [result in a] … decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum...
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...3.1.1 Factors influencing biodiversity Globally, biodiversity levels vary widely across land and oceans. Both physical and human factors influence levels of biodiversity and these factors operate at a variety of scales from local to global. Global physical factors such as variations in climate, play a major role in controlling the presence or absence of limiting factors, such as: • Temperature • Availability of light • Humidity • Nutrient supply • etc. An absence of limiting factors leads to high levels of primary productivity and the energy produced leads to high levels of biodiversity. Conversely, where limiting factors are strongly evident, e.g. in cold temperatures such as the Arctic, arid regions like deserts, darkness, etc. this will lead to low levels of biodiversity. The size of the area is another key factor, as the larger the continuous area the more species that can flourish in it. Hence the recent ‘size matters’ mantra, and the creation of huge transnational conservation areas such as the Peace Parks of Africa. Locally, there are numerous factors that may have an impact on biodiversity: • Disturbance from a natural disaster e.g. hurricanes, volcanoes, tsunamis on both land and ocean ecosystems, Asian tsunami 2004 – destroyed some mangrove forests • Quasi-natural disasters, e.g. wildfires (Victoria, Australia 2009), hunting, fishing, slash and burn farming • Eutrophication from high-tech agricultures Physical factors Human factors • Climate, e...
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...LIVING COASTAL RESOURCES OF THE ASEAN REGIONAND DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT SIGNIFICANCE OF LIVING COASTAL RESOURCES Living coastal resources are found within major coastal ecosystems consisting of coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, benthic systems, and estuaries or lagoons. Coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries and inshore marine waters have the highest rate of primary production as compared to terrestrial and oceanic regions. Daily gross production rate in terms of grams of dry organic matter per square metre area for the narrow coastal band ranges from 10 to 25, with all other regions having substantially lower values (2). The coastal band conveniently thought of as the transition area between land and sea, holdsthis great diversity of ecosystems, each characterized by its own unique ecological feature. Conditions here may be harsh with wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity, but because of the abundance of food supply, these areas can and do support a high diversity of species which have become efficiently adapted to the widely fluctuating environmental conditions. These ecosystems remain productive because of tidal action which circulates food and nutrients rapidly and efficiently and at the same time washes away waste materials. They also serve as efficient nutrient traps of the continuous nutrient input washed down from land. Within these ecosystems, the autotrophic and heterotrophic layers are maintained in close contact so that energy transfer...
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