...Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death. “Demo-” from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos, means “the people” and “-graphy” from γράφω graphō, means “measurement.”[1] Demographic analysis can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion and ethnicity. Institutionally, demography is usually considered a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography departments.[2] Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of populations processes, while the broader field of social demography population studies also analyze the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population.[3] The term demographics refers to characteristics of a population. Contents * 1 Methods * 1.1 Direct methods * 1.2 Indirect methods * 2 Common Rates and Ratios * 3 Basic equation * 4 History * 4.1 Science of population * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 Further reading * 8 External links Methods There are two types of data collection — direct and indirect — with several...
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...Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2013 (Vol. 11), pp. 295–323 Determinants of exceptional human longevity: new ideas and findings Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova∗ Abstract Studies of centenarians are useful in identifying factors leading to long life and avoidance of fatal diseases. In this article we consider several approaches to study effects of early-life and midlife conditions on survival to advanced ages: use of non-biological relatives as controls, the within-family analysis, as well as a sampling of controls from the same population universe as centenarians. These approaches are illustrated using data on American centenarians, their relatives and unrelated shorterlived controls obtained from the online genealogies. The within-family analysis revealed that young maternal age at person’s birth is associated with higher chances of exceptional longevity. Comparison of centenarians and their shorter-lived peers (died at age 65 and sampled from the same pool of online genealogies) confirmed that birth timing in the second half of the calendar year predicts survival to age 100. Parental longevity as well as some childhood and midlife characteristics also proved to be significant predictors of exceptional longevity. 1 Introduction Studies of centenarians (people living to 100 and older) could be useful in identifying factors leading to long life and avoidance of fatal diseases. Even if some individual characteristics have a moderate protective effect on...
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...Demography Population growth * Demography: is the study of population, including factors affecting its size and growth * Whether a population is growing, declining or stable is affected by four factors: * Births and Immigration increases the population * Deaths and Emigration decreases the population • Natural change: is the number of births minus the number of deaths • Net migration: is the number immigrating into country minus the number emigrating from it • The UK’s population grew from 37mil in 1901 to 61mil today and should reach 71mil by 2031 • Growth has been mostly due to natural change rather than net migration Births There are two measures of births 1. Birth rate 2. Total fertility rate The birth rate • The birth rate: is the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year • There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate • In 1900, it was almost 29 • By 2007, it had fallen by more than 60%, to under 11 • But there have been fluctuations • There were 3 ‘baby booms’: 1 after each war and another in the 1960’s • The rate fell sharply in the 1970’s, rose during the 1980’s and early 1990’s, and then fell until the recent increase since 2001 The total fertility rate • The total fertility rate: is the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years (aged 15-44) • In the 1960’s baby boom, it reached an average of 2.95 children per woman, declining to an all-time low of 1.63...
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...Demography of Germany Concepts, Data, and Methods G. Rohwer U. P¨tter o Version 3 October 2003 Fakult¨t f¨r Sozialwissenschaft a u Ruhr-Universit¨t Bochum, GB 1 a 44780 Bochum goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ulrich.poetter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Preface This text is an introduction to concepts and methods of demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple;...
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...India, the second most populated country in the world is an extremely diverse, multi lingual and culturally pluralistic nation. It comprises of various religions, cultures, cultures within cultures and people from different strata of society living together. However, India has had an unstable colonial past and it is still growing and developing economically, socially, politically and culturally. Currently, it is faced with poverty, illiteracy, and infant mortality, underdevelopment, overpopulation and corruption. In spite of that, India is one of the world’s fastest growing economies and is finding its place on the Global stage. Demography plays a vital role in determining a country’s stand in terms of economic, social and cultural development. Currently, the major theme in Indian demography is its transition. In my paper, I will discuss India’s demography and analyze the various reasons for why it is such. I will also talk about the consequent implications the current demographic characteristics have on Indian society. India gained its independence from the British Empire on 15th August, 1947. What followed immediately after independence was the beginning of a tragic, violent and turbulent phase in India’s history. India was partitioned into two nation states – India and Pakistan. There were mass migrations, voluntary and involuntary, from one country to another. It was one of the largest migrations to be recorded in human history. An estimated 14.5 million people migrated...
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...Bangladesh is a south Asian country with over 160 million people. It is one of the most densely populated countries, and among countries with a population exceeding 10 million, it is the most densely populated. It forms part of the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal, along with the neighboring Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura. Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of city-states and small countries with populations under 10m, such as Malta and Hong Kong. The 2011 total population was 152,518,015 which rank Bangladesh 8th in the world. Here is the following main demographic information for Bangladesh: Count | The absolute number of a population or any demographic event | 166,280,712 (July 2014 est.) | Ratio | The relation of one population subgroup to another subgroup | Gender ratio:At birth: 1.04 male/femaleUnder 15 years: 1.01 male/female15–64 years: 0.9 male/female65 years and over: 0.94 male/femaleTotal population: 0.93 male/female (2009 est.) | Median Age | Age at which exactly half the population is older and half is younger. | Total: 24.3 years Male: 23.8 years Female: 24.8 years (2014 est.) | Germany is a country situated in western-central Europe and is one of the most developed countries in the world with a largely temperate seasonal climate. After the United States, it is the second most popular migration destination in the world. With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, Germany is the...
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...Essays: Examine changes in the patterns of childbearing and childrearing in the United Kingdom since the 1970s Since 1970 there have been many changes in the way families bear and rear children, many changes happened slowly thought out the years and in this essay I will examine them. Before 1970 there was a need for many children, even though the child protection act had lowered the amount of children a couple would have, this is because after the first and second world war, there was a lot of deaths across the country and to replace them, children were to be born. When the soldiers got back from war they came home to their wives and then in the long term that caused a lot of births in the UK. This was before 1970, after 1970 there was less needs to have as many children because many things had changes came from the war. Women now had the vote, the same as men, they had the opportunities to get further education, more women were paid for employment, there was a change of attitude to the role of the women in the house because more families were single parent because of the death of a husband in the war, it was easier to get a divorce out of a relationships that wasn't working and women after 1967 had the choice to have a child or to abort the child. This gave women much more freedom and rights to do what they wanted to in life, and for many women a family was not at the top of the list, many women wanted to work and do what they wanted to do, then settle down to have a family...
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...NAME : MWEEMBA MATHIAS Course : demography COURSE CODE : DEM 1110 QUESTION: Using relevant examples drawn from Zambia, discuss the relevance of demography in investment planning both domestically and internationally. The world we live in today has become a business oriented with people investing almost any given sector that is open for investment. However, every of these investors don’t just enter into a sector without planning because all the investing that they carry out is a rational decision, with an aim of reaping serious profits, as argued by Von Neumann, and Morgenstern (1944), who argue that People rationally choose between alternatives, they act rationally while making their investment decisions (Von Neumann, and Morgenstern, 1944). Profit maximization in any investment is highly dependent on the market structure, especially on the consumers and to a greater extent the labor force, which in this case are the people. As stated above, all investors plan their investments as they seek to maximize profits, this planning is in the business sector referred to as investment planning, which by definition according to the Economy Watch, (2015) is focus on identifying effective investment strategies according to an investor’s risk appetite and financial goals. Through investment planning, one can identify the most appropriate portfolio mix. (Economy Watch, 2015) As Investors plan, they plan for a lot of issues that will affect their investments such as...
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...THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY A p r i l 15, 1961 Migration from East Pakistan (1951-1961) (Contributed) It is obvious from the phenomenal increases in' the populations of Assam, West Bengal and Tripura in the 1961 Census that they have received migrants from East Pakistan. What has been the extent of this migration? This question will not be satisfactorily answered until Indian Tables relating to sex, age, birthplace, periods of continuous residence, and a few other characteristics are available. Hut the. Provisional Population Totals, district by district are now available and the Population Census Commission of Pakistan has also published with commendable promptitude its Census' Bulletin No. L The provisional totals published for each district in East. Pakistan make possible a few surmises on the extent of migration out of East Pakistan to the neighbouring States of India on-either side. percent increase of populat i o n in the whole of Pakistan for the ten years, 1951-61, has been 23.7. The figures are given below . The Federal T e r r i t o r y of K a r a c h i is presumably the m e t r o p o l i t a n area of K a r a c h i city and its g r o w t h has lo be left out of reckoning. East Pakistan's sex ratio, although quite low, is. however, better than West Pakistan's or Pakistan's as a whole. Yet the former's decennial rate of g r o w t h has been appreciably lower than West Pakistan's. A scrutiny of the district figures of East Pakistan w i l l show whether or not the...
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...SECTION 4. ECONOMIC DISPARITIES Employment, income, and the accumulation of wealth are critical for quality of life. Substantial racial disparities in key economic indicators and predictors of life quality continue to be a serious problem for the Pittsburgh area and the nation. This section summarizes recent data on: • • • • • • Homeownership Unemployment Occupations Income Poverty Transportation Pittsburgh’s Racial Demographics: Differences And Disparities 39 © 2007 University of Pittsburgh Section 4. Economic Disparities HomeownersHip Homeownership is an essential part of the “American Dream”. Homeownership provides many benefits to families, children, and communities. These benefits include wealth building, tax reductions, a source of equity for education and other major expenses, a stable residential population, and greater neighborhood safety. Although the number of minorities owning homes has increased over the years, the nation is still far from achieving racial parity in homeownership. Figure 4.1. Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 100 80 60 Percent 72 75 73 60 39 34 25 20 16 43 40 38 50 36 53 46 46 40 0 Pittsburgh City Allegheny County White Source: Appendix 4.1 Pittsburgh MSA Asian Hispanic United States African American • Homeownership is lower in the city of Pittsburgh than in the other geographic areas for all of the racial and ethnic groups. • Whites are significantly more likely...
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...One day during his visit to London, King Jai Singh was walking in casual dress in Bond Street. He saw a Rolls Royce showroom and went inside to inquire about the Price and Features etc of their cars. Considering him a just another Poor Indian citizen, showroom salesmen insulted him and almost showed him the way out of the showroom. After this insult, King Jai Singh came back to his Hotel room and asked his servants to call the showroom that King of Alwar city is interested in purchasing their few Cars. After few hours King reached the Rolls Royce showroom again but with his full astonishing royal manner and in his royal costume. Until he reached the showroom there was already red carpet on the floor and all the salesmen were bent with respect. The King purchased all the six cars that they had at showroom at that time and paid full amount with delivery costs. After reaching India, King ordered municipal department to use all those six Rolls Royce cars for cleaning and transporting city’s waste. World’s number one Rolls Royce cars were being used for transportation of City’s waste, the news spread all over the world rapidly and the reputation of Rolls Royce Company was in drains. Whenever someone used to boast in Europe or America that he owned a Rolls Royce, people used to laugh saying, “which one? The same that is used in India for carrying the waste of the City?” Due to such reputation damages, sales of Rolls Royce dropped rapidly and revenue of company owners...
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...Pol and Thomas (2013:2) maintains that health demography is not a new field, its roots can be traced back in a number of existing fields. Health demography with the efforts of John Graunt in 1962 to help analyze fundamental statistics and fashion of life table from burial records (Siegel, 2012:7). Pol and Thomas (2013:2) further maintains that the field of health demography represent to a greater extent a synthesis and reformulation of concepts and substantive data previously developed in a variety of other fields. Its main characteristics reflects “the convergence of traditional demography with aspects of biostatistics and epidemiology” (Pol & Thomas, 2013:2). Siegel (2012:7) asserts that demography resemble other disciplines specifically the demography of aging and medical sociology. Siegel (2012:7) further asserts that health demography and the epidemiology of aging share many areas, however these areas may place different emphasis. Siegel...
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...What is Demography? Demography is the scientific study of human population, including its size, distribution, composition, and the factors that determine changes in its size, distribution, and composition. Objects: Dynamic VS Static Demographic Focuses 1. Size: the number of population in a given areas at a given time. 2. Distribution: population dispersion in geographic space at a given time. 3. Composition: the number of person in sex, age, and other “demographic” categories. 4. Population dynamics: birth, death, and migration. 5. Socioeconomic determinants and consequences of population change --- Population Study. Population Characteristics Population has three compositions (in terms of static): natural composition: by age and sex spatial composition: by province and by urban-rural areas social composition: by marital status, educational status, nationalities, working status, etc. Accordingly, population has three changes (in terms of dynamics): natural change: birth and death migration change: emigration and immigration social change: marriage and divorce, enrollment and drop out Population dynamics affects the population composition. Population composition can be expressed at a point of time, which was called time-point index; Population change can be expressed within duration of time, which was called period index. The Feature of Demography Demography is rarely found as an independent academic...
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...In opinion of the author of article, demography nowadays is more important than ever before. The article is written by an American scientist. She is seeing the demography’ s trends as the tools for improving the national security. Main demography’s trends are youthful population, transitional age structures and urbanization. Youthful population trend means that in some Middle Eastern countries such as Yemen, Egypt there are lots of young people in age from 18 to 25 whose living conditions are poor. According to their traditions they suppose to be married to their age but they can really follow their career path in spite of their being well-educated and having university degrees. States are not able to create suitable work places – that is the main reason. This trend might lead to political instability in the states and conflicts. The good news are that it also might lead to more democratical way of manging the country after all. Transitional age structures are those what India, Brasil and South Africa are experiencing. Their population majority is young, which is good for economy because more people are giving something to economy rather than taking from it. So they can use it in order to increase their own economy. But the next level is when the median age of the population is higher like it is in European countries now. Urbanization trend is also can be observed as positive and negative because from one side urbanization gives the best to current civilization because...
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...Diversity of genes Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all dogs—but they're not the same because their genes are different * Diversity of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. * Variety of ecosystems Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own set of species living in it. What do we get from biodiversity * Oxygen * Food * Clean Water * Medicine * Aesthetics * Ideas Threats to biodiversity * Habitat destruction * Pollution * Species Introductions * Global Climate Change * Exploitation What is Population * In sociology, population refers to a collection of human beings. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations Definition of Population growth rate: * The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country Control - Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. , Popcom * was the government agency with primary responsibility for controlling population growth. What Are the Four Causes of Population Growth? 1. Enhanced Health Care, * The expansion of basic health care contributes to the fall in infant and childhood deaths, the decline of deaths from curable aliments...
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