...Project Report On “DERIVATIVES – THE BEST TOOL IN INDIAN MARKET TO GET THE OPTIMUM RETURNS” ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take this opportunity to place on record our grateful thanks & sincere gratitude to those who gave us valuable advice & inputs for our studies. Our study could not have been completed if we had not have been completed if we had not been able to get the reference material from the company. Whenever & whatever we present today has been made possible by true efforts & kind support of our project guide Mr. Akhilesh Rathi, Head, SNR Securities & Finance, Indore. We express our sincere regards & feel paucity of word to express our utmost gratitude toward him for providing us the necessary resources, worthwhile suggestions & constant guidance. We also like to express our thanks towards other staff members of SNR Securities & Finance who inspired us to put in our best efforts for the completion of the project. PREFACE Financial system is the mirror reflection of an economy. The performance of any economy to a large extent is dependent on the performance of the Financial Institution. Financial system plays an important role by mobilizing saving and allocating them to the most profitable activities, and enables society to make more productive use of its scarce resources. The Financial system consist of many institution, instruments, and markets. Financial Institution range from moneylender to banks, pension funds, insurance...
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...Mix…………………………………………….. 7-7 7203 Managing Liabilities…………………………………………… 7-9 7204 Managing Assets………………………………………………. 7-13 7205 Pricing…………………………………………………………… 7-14 7206 Terms……………………………………………………………. 7-15 7207 Interest Rate Risk……………………………………………… 7-16 7208 Matching Maturities……………………………………………. 7-17 7209 Foreign Currency Risk………………………………………… 7-18 7210 Financial Derivatives…………………………………………... 7-19 7300 Planning………………………………………………………… 7-21 7400 Risk Measurement and Board Reporting…………………… 7-22 7401 Mix and Yields…………………………………………………. 7-25 7402 Growth………………………………………………………….. 7-26 7403 Financial Margin……………………………………………….. 7-27 7404 Interest Rate Risk Measurement…………………………….. 7-28 7405 Monitoring Derivatives………………………………………… 7-35 7500 Risk Management……………………………………………… 7-36 7501 Reliance on Qualified and Competent Staff and Volunteers 7-37 7502 Managing Interest Rate Risk… ……………………………… 7-38 Executive Summary The goal of asset/liability management (ALM) is to properly manage the risk related to changes in interest rates, the mix of balance sheet assets and liabilities, the holding of foreign currencies, and the use of derivatives. These risks should be managed in a manner that contributes adequately to earnings and limits risk to the financial margin and member equity. Proper management of asset/liability risk is facilitated through board approved policy, which sets limits on asset and liability mix, as well as the level of interest rate risk and foreign currency risk to...
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...APA format is required. Your pricing numbers for derivatives must be expressed in a spreadsheet format. Your presentation should be in the following order: 1. Executive Summary 2. Explanation of Hedging Strategy 3. Spreadsheet 4. Explanation of the strategy’s risks and rewards 5. Conclusion Executive Summary This narrative should be a brief explanation of the objective, strategy, and conclusion. There need only be enough information to provide a reader an overview of the issue, your approach, and your perceptions on how you will benefit. Spreadsheet For every derivative security you select as a part of your strategy, there should be a spreadsheet entry identifying the derivative, and all purchasing or selling elements, e.g. strike price, expiration, and costs. You should also show possible outcomes. Example, if you recommend selling a call option, then show the net results if the underlying stock moves down, stays flat, and rises above the strike price. The net results should be expressed in net dollars (actual return or loss), actual percentage gain or loss, and annualized percentage gain or loss. Risks and Rewards This is a narrative based on the probabilities shown in your spreadsheet. You should provide a brief explanation of the outcomes should the market decline, stay flat, or rise. Conclusion This is your opportunity to express your professional opinion that your strategy will enhance your...
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...date at a fixed price. The fair value of a forward contract is affected by changes in the spot rate and changes in the forward points. Although the Group has used forward contracts in the past, the adoption of IFRS 9 Hedge Accounting has not been applied because the tenure of the contracts was hedging against AUD/USD FX rates three months out from the accounting period. The Board has decided that the tenure should now look prospectively 6 months out which brings better value FEC’s with respect to the agreed Forward rate but equally the longer period creates more uncertainty, therefore the Board has elected to adopt Hedge Accounting. Background IFRS 9 Hedge Accounting states that derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at...
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...for earnings and growth (it had 10 pending acquisitions worth $9 billion in November 1993). The lower their stock price drops, the more difficult it becomes for them to acquire other banks, thus threatening a major portion of the business and growth plans. They will need to either overhaul their asset and liability management or attempt to rapidly educate the public on the prudence of their business practices. Banc One used Interest Rate Swaps, the most common type of derivative instrument, to manage interest rate sensitivity. At these presentations, Richard Lodge, the chief investment officer, made clear that Banc One was not a dealer but an end-user of swaps. Lodge emphasized that the bank’s position was one of hedging and not of speculating. They first started using swaps in 1983, and subsequently, when the tax reform act of 1986 eliminated the advantages of municipal bonds as a tool for managing interest rate exposure, their dependence on swaps further increased. By 1993 the notional value of Banc One’s derivative portfolio had grown to $38 billion, a sum almost equal to half its assets. The amounts of Banc One’s swaps contracts depended on various factors such as: the loan demand, the slope of the yield curve, the amount of...
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...Hedging FX Exposures: Which Strategy is Right for Your Business? This article addresses foreign exchange (FX) risk, examines a large Swiss multinational company and the impact on its financial statements (second half of 2011), and suggests various hedging strategies using FX options. Udi Sela - Vice President - Numerix - 27 Oct 2011 Since the sub-prime crisis, the markets have witnessed unprecedented levels of volatility across all asset classes. The impact of unpredicted volatility could be significant for the core businesses of corporations across the globe. In response, various hedging strategies were prepared towards the end of August 2011, and subsequently measured the performance of all strategies six weeks later (the beginning of October 2011). The FX Market: Facts and Figures The foreign exchange (FX) market is the most liquid market today, serving a crucial role in facilitating international trade. According to the latest Bank of International Settlements (BIS) survey, published in April 2010, the market’s daily volume is US$4 trillion. This represents a 20% growth rate, as compared to April 2007 when the previous survey was carried out. Over the same period, FX derivatives volume has increased by 9%. Interestingly, the market has become more global as the cross-border trading represents now 65% of all FX trading. Corporations Hedging A new survey shows that 94% of the world’s largest corporations report using derivatives to manage business and macroeconomic...
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...Traditional VS Islamic Financial Derivatives To: Prof. Naser Abu Mustafa By: Mwaffaq Al Jayousi & Mohammad Al Shdooh Abstract This study focuses the light on defining financial derivatives and briefly describe their different types (Options, Forwards, Futures, Swaps, etc.). At the same time it tries to find if these financial derivatives exists in the Arab world, how they are implemented, and if we have an Islamic alternatives for them. Introduction There is a big debate in the Arab world regarding the usage of financial derivatives, Wither they are legal according to Islam or not, and If they are illegal in Islam; are there any Islamic alternatives to them. First we have to ask our self: Is there any need to use derivatives? And why they recently became so popular in the western countries? The need for financial derivatives emerges when people realize that there must be a way to reduce the risk associated with the trading of different kinds of goods. Risks such as price fluctuations and the uncertainty about the future market conditions. And since there are some people who are willing to bear this risk instead of us, this market took off and recently because of the communications revolution it flourished. Then why these financial derivatives did not reach the Arab world? The answer is simply because they hugely rely on speculations and anticipation; which are considered illegal according to Islam. But someone can ask: if it is illegal in Islam, then how come we...
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...DERIVATIVES & RISK MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT – II By: ATTIKA RAJ, ROLL NO: MS10A009, MBA- 2012 BATCH, DOMS, IITM 2/21/2012 I. Case Analysis – Risk management Policy of Lufthansa Submitted in Assignment 1 II. Case Analysis: Commodity Market Derivatives Case Solutions: 1. Discuss the risk exposure of Amarnath hedge fund. Ans: The Amaranth hedge fund was exposed to following risks: a. Market risk: The risk that occurs from the volatility of investment returns b. Liquidity risk: It measures the degree of difficulty in exiting a given trading position c. Funding risk: It measures the extent to which they were able to meet margin calls on their natural gas position d. Capacity risk: The risk due to putting too much money into one particular strategy 2. What are the negatives to rolling a spread position? Ans: Negatives to rolling a spread position are: When rolling a spread position the investor expects the following months to which the contract was rolled over to be favourable and thus be able to unload its positions. But, if the market moves in a direction opposite to the one anticipated by the investor it can result in huge losses. Also, if the risk increases for a spread position with the increase in the leverage. In the case of Amaranth hedge fund, it had rolled its short positions prior to august into the next month, hoping that market conditions would change and enable it to unload its positions. There were now no more summer months into which it could roll these...
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...Risk Management Analysis for Air NZ Abstract Recent financial theories argued firms can increase their values through hedging by reducing taxable income, agency cost and the cost of financial distress. This report provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of corporate risk management for the company Air New Zealand. We uses a time series OLS regression model. The fair value of derivatives is used as dependent variable to measure the extent of financial instrument usage. The result shows that the use of derivatives by Air NZ fails to add value to the company. FINA781 Report Page 1 1. Introduction Air New Zealand Limited is the national airline and flag carrier of New Zealand. Based in Auckland, New Zealand, the airline operates scheduled passenger flights to 56 destinations locally and internationally. Air New Zealand is a member of the Star Alliance global airline alliance, having joined in 1999. Air New Zealand originated in 1940 as Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL), a flying boat company operating trans-Tasman flights between New Zealand and Australia. TEAL became wholly owned by the New Zealand government in 1965, whereupon it was renamed Air New Zealand. The airline was largely privatized in 1989, but returned to majority government ownership in 2001 after a failed tie up with Australian carrier Ansett Australia. As of 2008, Air New Zealand carries 11.7 million passengers annually. Do hedging create firm value has been a popular topic argued through...
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...Derivatives and Hedging Over recent years, the volatility in the financial markets has increased due to substantial changes domestically and internationally. This has given rise to increased financial price risks faced by both domestic and multi-national companies. Financial Derivatives are widely used by corporations to adjust to exposure to currency risk, interest rate risks, commodity price risks, and security holdings risk. Largely, companies are currently exposed to risks caused by unexpected movements in exchange rates and interest rates. Companies with a growing global presence are especially exposed to a wide range of financial risks, in particular foreign exchange risks and interest rate risk. Although, financial risks are the center of business operations of financial service firms, but they also impact the risk exposure of non-financial corporations. The management and supervision of these risks has become vital for the existence of companies in today’s unpredictable financial markets. The major financial risks that most firms are exposed to are interest rate risk, currency rate risk, commodity price risk, and security holdings risk. Interest rate risk is a very common type of risk, and result from a discrepancy in the sensitivity of a firms assets and liabilities to interest rate movements. On the other hand, currency risk exposure is virtually encountered by all firms, even if their exposure is not from a transaction or a translation risk. Many firms are...
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...product rule, permutations, combinations along with enumeration methods for indistinguishable objects, how can we devise a strategy to solve problems requiring these methods? A basic concept in the branch of the theory of algorithms called enumeration theory, which investigates general properties of classes of objects numbered by arbitrary constructive objects (cf. Constructive object). Most often, natural numbers appear in the role of the constructive objects that serve as numbers of the elements of the classes in question ("Enumeration", 2013). The Sum/Difference Rules refer to the derivative of the sum of two functions is the sum of the derivatives of the two functions ("Basic Derivative Rules", 2013). The product rule is one of several rules used to find the derivative of a function. Specifically, it is used to find the derivative of the product of two functions. It is also called Leibnitz's Law, and it states that for two functions f and g their derivative (in Leibnitz notation, ). The derivative of f times g is not equal to the derivative of f times the derivative of g: .The product rule can be used with multiple functions and is used to derive the power rule. The product rule can also be applied to dot products and cross products of vector functions. The Leibnitz Identity, a generalization of the product rule, can be applied to find higher-order derivatives ("Definition Of Product Rule", 2013). A permutation in mathematics is one of several ways of arranging or picking a set...
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...markets along with the in-depth knowledge on how derivatives work and the impact of open interest on options. One of the most important concepts of the Derivatives Market is ‘Open Interest’. Open Interest (OI) is the total number of outstanding futures/options contracts that are not closed or delivered on a particular day. The project is mainly based on the study of the open interest and how it affects the equity market trends. OI stands to be an useful indicator of the market trends. Increasing OI indicates increased flow of money and thus strengthening of present market trend. Decreasing OI indicates reduced money flow and thus weakening the current trend. Sudden increase or decrease in the open interest position indicates higher market volatility in the near future. This project is a detailed study of OI positions of NIFTY options. The main focus is on forming NIFTY Options Strategy for investors who want to play in the NIFTY options with minimal risk. I will dedicate the initial phase of the project in knowing how the stock market functions and how derivatives play a very important role in minimizing risk. The project is divided into two phases. The first phase is mainly based on collection of two years options data from the NSE website. Then the data will be sorted-out based on OI positions. After that a strategy will be formulated where in net profit or loss obtained through this strategy will be calculated. As per the strategy,...
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...Management Policies (FXRM) which if can’t be managed properly then would lead to either systematic shocks or negative implications at the bottom line of the corporate, banks, FI and trading houses P&L A/cs. That is something risk management struggles with, say the experts. In Richard Meyers’ estimation, risk managers or traders do not socialize enough. “It’s all about visibility,” he said. Meyers, chairman and CEO of Richard Meyers & Associates, a talent acquisition and management firm in New Jersey, relates the story of a firm that decided to adopt an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) strategy. Instead of appointing its risk manager to head ERM, the company brought in someone else. Why? Time has come when organizations across the world have to do deep amendments in their Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) policies covering foreign exchange hedging programs, diversification in derivatives portfolio, Enterprise risk management policies and deeper and deeper understanding towards financial models. With this background paper would...
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...Handbook on Derivatives © Rajkumar .S Adukia B.com (Hons.), L.L.B, AICWA, FCA radukia@vsnl.com/rajkumar@gmail.com 093230 61049/ 093221 39642 www.carajkumarradukia.com If interested in receiving similar technical updates subscribe to carajkumarradukia-subscribe@yahoogroups.com PREFACE Derivatives have changed the world of finance as pervasively as the Internet has changed communications .Well they are everywhere nowadays. The most significant event in finance during the past decade has been the extraordinary development and expansion of financial derivatives. These instruments enhance the ability to differentiate risk and allocate it to those investors who are most able and willing to take it -- a process that has undoubtedly improved national productivity, growth and standards of living. Derivatives products provide certain important economic benefits such as risk management or redistribution of risk away from risk-averse investors towards those more willing and able to bear risk. Derivatives also help price discovery, i.e. the process of determining the price level for any asset based on supply and demand. All markets face various kinds of risks. This has induced the market par-ticipants to search for ways to manage risk. The derivatives are one ofthe categories of risk management tools. As this consciousness about risk management capacity of derivatives grew, the markets for derivatives de-veloped...
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...Demystifying T 20 The Milken Institute Review The Merriam-Webster dictionary defi nes a derivative in the fi eld of chemistry as “a substance that can be made from another substance.” Derivatives in fi nance work on the same principle. These fi nancial instruments promise payoffs that are derived from the value of something else, which is called the “underlying.” The underlying is often a fi nancial asset or rate, but it does not have to be. For example, derivatives exist with payments linked to the S&P 500 stock index, the temperature at Kennedy Airport, and the number of bankruptcies among a group of selected companies. Some estimates of the size of the market for derivatives are in excess of $270 trillion – more than 100 times larger than 30 years ago. When derivative contracts lead to large fi nancial losses, they can make headlines. In recent years, derivatives have been associated with a few truly notable events, including the collapses of Barings By René M. Stulz Financial Derivatives Third Quarter 2005 21 Bank (the Queen of England’s primary bank) and Long-Term Capital Management (a hedge fund whose partners included an economist with a Nobel Prize awarded for breakthrough research in pricing derivatives). Derivatives even had a role in the fall of Enron. Indeed, just two years ago, Warren Buffett concluded that “derivatives are fi nancial weapons of mass destruction, carrying dangers that, while now latent, are potentially lethal.” michael...
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