...Module 2 Assessment “Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance” In answering this question we must first have an understanding of how the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system operate independently of each other. The cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood. Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients which the body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood. The body gets rid of waste products, such as carbon dioxide, back into the blood, in order to remove them. The main function of the cardiovascular system is to sustain blood flow across all areas of the body. Veins return used blood (deoxygenated) from the body back to the heart. This blood is low in oxygen as it has been used in the function of the body, and is also high in carbon dioxide (the waste product that the body has gotten rid of). The veins carry this deoxygenated blood to the superior and inferior vena cava which then drain into the right atrium. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, via the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. In the lungs the blood is enriched with oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left...
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...Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance Both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are jointly essential for a particular purpose - delivering oxygen to our bodies, and for extracting and expelling carbon monoxide from them (Dr Adam Cloe, livestrong.com/article 18606, 2011). “The cardiovascular system…consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels, respectively (Tortora & Derrickson 2011). The heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). Two chambers of the heart have the job of moving poorly oxygenated blood whilst the other two chambers move highly oxygenated blood around the body to the cells (Dr Adam Cloe, 2011). So, the cardiovascular system is at the front line of delivering oxygen to the cells of the body and for extracting carbon monoxide from them. Our breathing is an automatic process. Inhalation, which happens when we breathe in, provides the body, via the lungs, with oxygen. Exhalation, which occurs when we breathe out, rids the body of carbon dioxide (NIH 2013). The process of obtaining/delivering oxygen to the body’s cells and collecting and disposing of carbon dioxide can be summarised. Oxygen is inhaled, the pressure change in the lung draws low oxygen blood (containing carbon dioxide) to the heart, then the heart takes that blood and pumps it to the lungs. Student number: ...
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...The respiratory system role is to allow the exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmospheric air, blood and tissue cells. It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids. “In addition to gas exchange the respiratory system also plays a role in receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air”. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006 Pg 918) The most important function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen so that this can then be delivered to the rest of the body. The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Their function is to filter warm and moistened air and conduct it into the lungs. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The body uses oxygen for anything it does whether it may be eating, walking or just sleeping and through this process releases carbon-dioxide. Carbon-dioxide needs to be eliminated quickly and efficiently as it can be very toxic to the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system circulates blood and lymph through the body and it consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the body. The heart is the primary organ within the cardiovascular system. The heart is a beating muscle that continually pumps blood to the rest of the body. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The cycle...
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...oxygen and excreting CO2 is the function of the respiratory system (made up of the lungs and chest cavity). The chest cavity containing with the lungs expands and contracts, inhaling external, oxygen rich air and exhaling CO2 rich air. At the microscopic or molecular level, respiration needs to take place within (almost) every cell, for each cell needs its own supply of energy. So the respiratory system collects the oxygen in the lungs, the cardiovas-cular system (heart, blood vessels and blood) transports the oxygen to every cell in precise quantities and takes the carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Throughout life, the heart beats to keep up the flow of the transportation, and in a matching rhythm, the lungs expand and contract, maintaining the initial collection of oxygen and the final release of CO2. The two systems need each other to perform their own functions. When the body’s activities change, for instance during sustained exercise, oxygen is used up quicker than usual. Receptors throughout the body will detect a faster depletion of oxygen in the muscles. (Sherwood, C.,2013) The nervous system will be activated to increase breathing rate and in turn heart rate will increase because more oxygen will be deposited into the blood. This shows how the two systems interact. The interaction is vital to maintain the internal balance (homeostasis) of oxygen and CO2 molecules. The smallest parts of the cardiovascular system are the capillaries (ap-proximately as narrow as...
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...The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together within the human body; creating a cycle that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products, therefore contributing to homeostasis. The first stage of this cycle is gas exchange or respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or Mouth and into the alveoli of the lungs; this is known as pulmonary ventilation (tortora 2011). Inside the lungs an exchange of gases take place (pulmonary respiration) between the alveoli and the blood, through the pulmonary capillaries. At this point the blood will gain oxygen and lose Carbon dioxide. (tortora 2011) It is the function of the red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin which attracts oxygen into the cell. (www.hematology.org) From the lungs the blood flows to the heart through four pulmonary veins. It enters into the left atrium and then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pushes the blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta (www.bhf.org.co.uk) Some of the blood flows through coronary arteries into the heart wall whilst the majority divides into separate streams, flowing through systemic arteries throughout the body. Arterial blood is pumped under pressure by the heart through the arteries which divide into smaller arteries called arterioles, when the arterioles enter...
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...The cardiovascular system can be broken down into two words 'cardio' or 'cardi' meaning heart and 'vascular' meaning blood vessels Roberts, (2010). The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system Roberts, (2010). The whole meaning cardiovascular system can be explained as a system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, arteries and veins which carry blood around the body and takes oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and removes wastes products from the tissue cells Roberts, (2010) that make up the body’s other ten systems. These consist of Integumentary (skin, nails and hair), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine (hormones), lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive The cardiovascular system depends on all the systems above functionally normally as it is the body's key transport system Peters, (2004) The Respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and thoracic cage, it also consists of the nose, the pharynx, trachea and our lungs Peters, (2004) where in addition to the maintaining exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues, the respiratory system helps regulate the body’s acid base balance Peters, (2004). Every cell in the body needs oxygen to help release energy into the body Sang, (2005) and needs to get rid of waste product such as carbon dioxide to function; the respiratory System allows this to happen by breathing air into the lungs allowing the cardiovascular System to transport...
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...The body’s internal balance can also be referred to as homeostasis a concept develop in 1932 by physiologist Walter Cannon (Busch 2013)). As defined in Tortora (1990) homeostasis “is a condition where the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits”. To ensure a stable internal environment or balance an optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water should be maintained, along with an optimal temperature and pressure for the health of cells (Tortora, p.22). The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are able to maintain the first one. Some of the other organs in the body involved with homeostasis are pancreas, kidneys and skin. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in conjunction to maintain the body’s internal balance. The cardiovascular system relates to the circulatory system, which consists of the blood, the heart and blood vessels. (Tortora, p.546). The blood carries oxygen and nutrients from the lungs to the cells and tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other waste from the cells to the lungs (www.medicinenet.com). The respiratory system includes the organs involved in breathing, the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (www.medicinenet.com). This is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. The maintenance of the body’s internal balance starts when air is breathed into the body through the upper respiratory tract into the lower respiratory tract – the lungs (Terfera and Jegtvig)....
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...#" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...
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...Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products...
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...manifestations of pain, but the patient’s response—an inability to get out of bed, refusal to eat, withdrawal from family members, anger directed at hospital staff, fear, or request for more pain mediation. Diagnosis The nursing diagnosis is the nurse’s clinical judgment about the client’s response to actual or potential health conditions or needs. The diagnosis reflects not only that the patient is in pain, but that the pain has caused other problems such as anxiety, poor nutrition, and conflict within the family, or has the potential to cause complications—for example, respiratory infection is a potential hazard to an immobilized patient. The diagnosis is the basis for the nurse’s care plan. Outcomes / Planning Based on the assessment and diagnosis, the nurse sets measurable and achievable short- and long-range goals for this patient that might include moving from bed to chair at least three times per day; maintaining adequate nutrition by eating smaller, more frequent meals; resolving conflict...
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...1. Which of the following is the characteristic of the living thing? A. have specific shape B. have regular shape C. have organized body D. none of the above 2. Which of the followings includes in homeostasis? a. To maintain the shaped of the body b. To maintain the balance of the body c. To maintain the temperature of the body d. To keep the animal away from the body 3. Your hearts starts beating before seven month of your birth. The study of your body at this stage comes within: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 4. A doctor is studying the contraction and relaxation of a heart. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 5. Study of different parts of eye is called (a) Histology (b) Anatomy (c) Physiology (d) None of these 6. A biologist removes some bones of dinosaurs from a rock. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Paleontology (c) Ecology (d) None of these 7. Darwin sys, “man has formed from monkey”. He talked about (a) Fossil (b) Evolution (c) Taxonomy (d) None of these 8. Kangaroo lives in Australia but buffaloes lives in Pakistan. The study of this distribution of animals is called (a) Ecology (b) Environmental biology (c) Taxonomy (d) Zoogeography 9. The study of structure of molecule of starch is called: (a) Molecular biology (b) Biochemistry (c) Morphology (d) None 10. The study of Amoeba comes with in the branch of biology: (a) Taxonomy (b) Ecology (c) Microbiology (d) None 11. The study...
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...and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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