...Dr. Robert P. Marino Review Questions 2 Question 1 Describe basic bone structure and classification. There are two basic types of Bone tissue, compact bone and spongy bone. 1. Compact bone is dense and homogeneous and forms the walls of bone. 2. Spongy bone is composed of slender intertwined pieces of bone enclosing a space filed with non-bone tissue. It is found in the interior of normal bone. Bones can also be classified according to shape: 1. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the limbs except for the wrist and ankle bones are long bones. 2. Short bones are cube-shaped and are found in the wrist and ankle of the limbs. 3. Flat bones are thin and flat and often curved. These bones include some bones of the skull, the ribs and the sternum. 4. Irregular bones as their name suggests do not fit conveniently into any category according to their shape. 5. Sesamoid bones is not a category based on shape although they tend to be short bone. A sesamoid bone is a bone that develops within a tendon. The knee cap or patella is an example. Question 2 Bones grow in length at the growth plate by a process that is similar to ossification. The cartilage in the region of the growth plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis. This process continues throughout childhood and the adolescent years until the cartilage growth slows and finally stops. When cartilage growth ceases, usually in the early twenties, the growth plate completely ossifies...
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...tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body.... Muscular System Anatomy Muscle Types There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. 1. Visceral Muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind. The term “smooth muscle” is often used to describe visceral muscle because it has a very smooth, uniform appearance when viewed under a microscope. This smooth appearance starkly contrasts with the banded appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. 2. Cardiac Muscle. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract. The natural pacemaker of the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue that stimulates other cardiac muscle cells to contract. Because of its self-stimulation, cardiac muscle is considered to be autorhythmic or intrinsically...
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...ANT250 I Anatomy and Physiology I The Muscular System Module Three Case Assignment 20 May 2013 Professor: Dr. Koronika Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ...
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...tissue – involuntary muscle tissue which exists only in the heart and facilitates the pumping of the blood through the body. * 3. Smooth muscle tissue – involuntary muscle tissue that lines some of the internal organs, blood vessels and moves food through the stomach and intestines. Connective tissue * Tendons – Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a sheet of connective tissue that draws together at the ends of the muscle forming tendons. Tendons attach muscles to bones. * Ligaments – Fibrous, connective tissue that connects bone to bone Muscle structure * Within each skeletal muscle there are individual muscle cells called muscle fibers which are connected in bundles. Each muscle fiber extends the length of the muscle. Within each muscle fiber are smaller units called myofibrils. Each myofibril consists of many sarcomeres. The sarcomeres contain proteins called actin and myosin. Sarcomeres are responsible for muscle contraction. The actin and myosin filaments slide across each other to cause muscular contraction. 3 Types of Muscle Contractions * Isometric – A muscle contraction with no change in muscle length. This occurs when the muscle contracts against an immoveable object or when movement does not occur. An example is pushing against a wall. You can feel the muscle contract but no movement occurs. * Isokinetic – A muscle...
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... Name the structure that arrow c is pointing to. A. glomerulus B. afferent arteriole @ C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle 2. Name the structure that arrow i is pointing to. A. glomerulus B. distal convoluted tubule @ C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle 3. Name the structure that arrow a is pointing to. A, glomerulus @ B. afferent arteriole C. peritubular capillaries D. efferent arteriole E. loop of Henle PLEASE REFER TO THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 4-6. 4. Which structure transports food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) @ 5. Which structure produces bile? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) @ D. (arrow d) 6. Which structure is the place where almost all absorption of nutrients occurs? A. (arrow a) @ B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) 7. The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is: A. glycolysis B. plasmolysis C. emulsion D. peristalsis @ E. conjunctivitis 8. The organ in which the chemical digestion of fat molecules begins is the: A. stomach B. pancreas C. small intestine @ D. large intestine E. esophagus 9. The first portion of the small intestine is known as the: A. duodenum @ B. ileum C. colon D. cecum E. jejunum 10. Which of the following is not a structure that is part...
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...The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the role of casting and it’s effectiveness in the management of lower limb contractures for children with cerebral palsy. ‘Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of CP are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behaviour by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problems.’ (Rosenbaum et al 2007). Upper motor neuron lesions lead to the impairment of voluntary muscle function and development of increased tone or spasticity in the affected...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...production 2. Compare compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal development, most of the skeleton is first formed of cartilage. Cartilage cells actively divide, allowing the skeleton to grow as the fetus does. Beginning around the third month of...
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...InterActive Physiology( Exercise Sheets Below is a table display showing you the eight modules and topics covered in the IP Exercise Sheets, which begin on the next page. |Module |Exercise Topic | |The Muscular System |Neuromuscular Junction | | |Sliding Filament Theory | | |Contraction of Whole Muscle | |The Nervous System |Ion Channels | | |Membrane Potential | | |The Action Potential | |The Nervous System II |Ion Channels | | ...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...Hypothyroid Disease A deficiency of the thyroid hormone leads to hypothyroid disease; a disease that may be characterized both in clinical and pathophysiological manifestations throughout the body system. The most prevalent causes of hypothyroid disease include various autoimmune diseases, medication for hyperthyroid disease, and having had surgery on the thyroid. Other not so common causes of hypothyroidism include certain congenital diseases, pituitary disorder, pregnancy, or a deficiency in iodine. Hypothyroid disease may be divided into primary and secondary hypothyroidism. When there is a deficiency in the synthesis of hormones or damage to thyroid tissue, primary hypothyroidism results. Secondary hypothyroid disease, rather, occurs when there is not enough thyroid-stimulating hormone available. This insufficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone could be a result of a defect in the anterior pituitary gland. Secondary hypothyroidism may also be caused by an insufficient amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which most likely occurs due to impairment of hypothalamus functioning. Most patients tend to have a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Most frequently this disease is found in women over the age of 60. Autoimmune disorders put a patient at an even higher risk for developing hypothyroidism, as does a family history of autoimmune disorders. In order to test for levels of thyroid hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone within the body a blood test may be done...
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...[pic] |Edexcel BTEC Level 4 and 5 Higher Nationals in Health |Unit Code |Date Issued: | |and Social Care (QCF) |12 |5 May 2014 | |Unit Title: Physiological Principles of Health and |Student ID No.: |Date of final Submission: | |Social Care Organisation |P1013160 |02 August 2014 | |Assessors: Physiology teaching team. |Internal Verifier Name: Mr Hasa Ram | Human body contains 10 major systems which are responsible of correct function of the body where, the systems are supported by organs which help them to work in perfect harmony. LO1 1.1 Circulatory system: This system is supported by a system of tubes in major organs like heart, lymphatic, blood and blood vessels, by them the body receives all-important ingredients throughout the body and back again. Respiratory system: Is a breathing system where the lungs, diaphragm and airways play the main role in body. The supply of oxygen is transported to the body by breathing in and out and facilitating gas exchange. Digestive system: In this system body stimulate reaction in physical...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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...BIO 566 INTRODUCTION TO BIOPHYSICS QUIZ 2 MAC-JULY 2012 Question 1 Write an essay on spectroscopy which includes : (15 marks) Basic principles, nature of electromagnetic radiation, types of spectra-(absorbance, emission and fluorescene) types of spectroscopy – (principle, instrumentation and applications of atomic absortion spectroscopy, UV Visible Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy) Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopy, as applied to high-energy collisions, has been a key tool in developing scientific understanding not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the strong and weak nuclear forces. The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus. The...
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...California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:579–584 http://biomednet.com/elecref/1367593100200579 © Current Biology Ltd ISSN 1367-5931 Abbreviations AFM atomic force microscopy/microscope SFM scanning force microscopy/microscope SICM scanning ion conductance microscopy/microscope SPM scanning probe microscopy/microscope STM scanning tunneling microscopy/microscope A new journal, Probe Microscopy, was launched in 1997 as a forum specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on a cantilever that responds to height changes on the sample surface in a way that generates a topographical map of the surface. We build on this excellent introduction by presenting some of the many advances in SPM that have occurred since that review was written. (The accompanying images are from AFM research in the authors’ lab). Atomic force microscopy imaging Proteins Entropic brush...
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