...sperm from the testicles to the urethra. After a successful vasectomy sperm is unable to travel out of the testes. C. Why do sperms have at most 48 hours to live after ejaculation? a. The middle piece contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral, which provide ATP for locomotion of the sperm to the secondary oocyte and for sperm metabolism. Seminal fluid is alkaline and the inside of the female vagina is acidic causing destruction of the sperm. They are usually unable to live in the acidic environment for more than 48 hrs. D. Megan is hoping to become pregnant someday. When the day comes, in which part of her body would fertilization of her secondary oocyte likely occur? a. Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes after ovulation has occurred. This usually takes place in the ampulla of the uterine tube. E. How could damage to Megan’s uterine tubes complicate fertilization or pregnancy? a. If there is scar tissue as a result of infections, sperm could possible not reach the oocyte for fertilization. If it does, and scar tissue is present the oocyte could implant with uterine tube or pelvic cavity. F. The Pap smear that Megan mentions is a routine exam of the female reproductive tract through biopsy of the vagina and cervix. Why is the cervix an important location to test? a. The cervix is vulnerable to several health...
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...Vessey, 1995). In Canada, 2,500 new cases are reported annually, and 1,550 women die from this disease each year. The lack of screening tests for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is an important determinant of the mortality rate from this disease. Because of the absence or subtlety of early symptoms, more than 70 % of patients are diagnosed with advanced stages of ovarian cancer (Goff et al., 2000) The increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer near the age of menopause can be related to the diminution of oocytes or germ cells, the reduction in circulating estrogen levels, or a significant increase in the pituitary gland’s production of the gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]). Ovulation, growth factors, cytokines, and environmental agents may play a role in the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer (Vanderhyden et al., 2003). Ovarian cancer begins with transformation of cells that comprise the ovaries, including surface epithelial cells, germ cells, and the sex cord or...
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...cycle works, is the brain sends luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSH). The surge of LH causes the ovaries to release an egg or ovulate. Then the egg travels through the fallopian tube and goes into the uterus. The ovary also release progesterone and causes the lining of the uterus to thicken, and if the egg does not become fertilized, the lining is then shed, leading to a period. How many menstrual cycles occur with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a little different. The LH levels are much higher at the beginning of the cycle. Since the LH levels are high, there is no surge of LH, and ovulation is not present (“Center”). There are also medications that can help with diabetes. The most common that is prescribed is called metformin (Glucophage). Metformin can also help lower testosterone, slow abnormal hair growth, and help regulate ovulation. Like most medications, there are...
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...and osteoporosis. The female athlete triad has become more prevalent in the United States due to Title IX legislation. The triad is most common among the athletic population, but can occur in the athletic population. It is most common among athletes that are in sports the emphasize leanness. The pressure to perform at elite levels causes many female athletes to combine excessive exercise with calorie-poor diets. The benefits of exercise outweigh the risks, so women of all ages should be encouraged to participate in physical activity. It is important to rest your body between workouts to promote proper muscle and bone recovery. It is important to educate athletes, coaches, and parents on signs and symptoms of the triad to promote early detection and prevention. Energy availability is defined as dietary energy input minus exercise output. Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise for other body functions. If energy availability gets to low physiological mechanisms reduce the amount of energy that is used for cellular maintenance, thermoregulation, growth, and reproduction. This can restore energy balance but it significantly impairs health. Athletes can cause an energy deficit in many different ways. Athletes reduce energy by binge-eating then purging, fasting, or use of diet pills. A reduction of energy can also be caused by increasing exercise output more than energy input. Eating disorders are common in women who suffer from the female athletic...
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...Functions of Reproductive System ❑ Procreate species ❑ Manufacture important hormones ❑ Pleasure Stages of Life ← Embryologically, males and females start out “sexually indifferent” ← Gonads, ducts and externally identical structures ← At 5 weeks gestation changes start to take place ← Puberty: reproductive organs grow to adult size and reproduction becomes possible ← Between 10 and 15 ← Influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones ← Testosterone in males ← Estrogen in females I. Male Reproductive System: Structure ← Scrotum ← Function: Protects the testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord ← Holds testes away from body ← Temperature: 1° below body temperature ← Lined with serous membrane that secrets fluid ← Testes move freely ← Penis ← Function ← Deliver sperms to female ← Urination ← Shaft ← Erectile tissues surround urethra ← Glans ← Cone-shaped structure on end of penis ← Prepuce (foreskin) ← Skin covering in uncircumcised males ← Epididymis ← Sits on top of each testis ← Receives spermatids from seminiferous tubules ← Spermatids become sperm cells ← Vas deferens ← Tube connected...
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...ovaries are the two paired cells where female egg cells (ovum or oocytes) are produced. At intervals known as ovulation, hormonal peaks cause the ovaries to release an egg into the fallopian tube (two narrow tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus) where it is pushed along by cilia on the inner lining of the tubes towards the uterus. If during transit the egg meets a sperm, fertilization can occur. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants to the uterine lining which provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo. (word count 218) TAQ 2 Hormone Source of Hormone Function Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). Hypothalamus gland Stimulates the production of Luteinising Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), via the pituitary gland. FSH Pituitary Gland In females FSH travels through the blood stream and causes the ovary to produce a follicle which contains an egg. Also causes the ovary to produce oestrogen, which makes the lining of the womb grow and causes the mucus on the cervix to change so that it is receptive to sperm. In males FSH travels in the blood to the testicles where it stimulates sperm production LH Pituitary Gland In females levels increase very rapidly on about day 12-16 of the cycle.This surge makes the follicle rupture and release the egg (ovulation). In males LH travels in the blood to the testicles where it stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, essential...
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...the population is approximately 325,000,000 according to the United States census bureau. Cancer is definitely one of the most harmful disease in the world, it has so many diverse types of cancer, from melanoma to leukemia. Sometimes people get lucky and see a lump and straight away they go to the doctor and it is caught early, or some act like a chameleon to the body and cause late detection. Today's discoveries have changed the amount of people surviving cancer, and the number continues to increase. Different medications, procedures continue to advance today, who knew a doctor could come up with a way to completely get rid of breast cancer. The astonishing journey people go through is unexplainable. The journey is rough but we have many survivors. “ As of January 2016, it is estimated that there are 15.5 million cancer survivor in the United States.”(National Cancer...
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...SPECIAL ARTICLE Postfertilization Effects of Oral Contraceptives and Their Relationship to Informed Consent Walter L. Larimore, MD; Joseph B. Stanford, MD, MSPH T he primary mechanism of oral contraceptives is to inhibit ovulation, but this mechanism is not always operative. When breakthrough ovulation occurs, then secondary mechanisms operate to prevent clinically recognized pregnancy. These secondary mechanisms may occur either before or after fertilization. Postfertilization effects would be problematic for some patients, who may desire information about this possibility. This article evaluates the available evidence for the postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and concludes that good evidence exists to support the hypothesis that the effectiveness of oral contraceptives depends to some degree on postfertilization effects. However, there are insufficient data to quantitate the relative contribution of postfertilization effects. Despite the lack of quantitative data, the principles of informed consent suggest that patients who may object to any postfertilization loss should be made aware of this information so that they can give fully informed consent for the use of oral contraceptives. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:126-133 Oral contraceptives (OCs) are among the most extensively studied and used medications in the world,1 and are accessible without a prescription in some countries, although still virtually unavailable in others. In America, OCs have...
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...favored very fast detection of fear expressions on the faces of others (e.g. Palermo & Rhodes, 2007), so one can avoid whatever predator or attacker is inciting the fear. By contrast, given that human mate choice and courtship typically require at least a few hours, with a large investment of conscious, attentive, thoughtful interaction (Geher & Miller, 2007; Miller, 2000), a speed advantage of a few hundred milliseconds in judging facial attractiveness seems trivial. This point raises a problem with “automaticity” as a generic criterion for adaptedness: if a perceptual decision already happens in less than a second with barely noticeable demands on attention and feeds into a process of social or sexual interaction that lasts for at least a few minutes, as most significant interactions with conspecifics do, then there may be no fitness benefits of pushing the perceptual process to be even faster or less attention demanding than it already is. Barrett et al. (2006) made a similar argument against automaticity for more leisurely social and sexual judgment tasks. This study has several limitations that should be addressed in further research. The participants were all young adult female university students in the United States, with about half being Anglo (white/Caucasian) and half being Hispanic (with various levels of genetic admixture from European and Native American populations). Results might differ for participants of different ages and sexes, or, less plausibly, for participants...
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..."Why is Sex Fun? is the best book on the subject I've read. This lively exploration of our sexual heritage offers fascinating reading for anyone curious about why lovers do what they do." -Diane Ackerman, author of A Natural History of the Senses "I am so jealous of Jared Diamond, for he writes with such an elegant simplicity! Here, he takes a loot at the endlessly fascinating topic of human sexuality His convincing arguments should persuade xm that there are very special reasons why we evolved to use sex for recreation as well as for procreatim whereas most other mammals are denied that pleasure.... It is a great little book, by one of the worlds foremost biological philosophers." -ROGER Shohl Professor of Physiology Monash University Australia "Once again Jared Diamond provides us with answers to questions we may never have stopped to ask, but wish we had. In this long essay Diamond explains that recreational sex, while not unique to humans, is a rare behavior in the animal world. Above all, we learn, sexual activity divorced fron procreation is not only part of what it is to be human, but the very crux of our evolutionary success." -Bettyaxn Kevles. author of Naked to the Bonn Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Centnty The Science Masters Series is a global publishing vonture consisting of original science books written by leading scientists and published by a worldwide team of twenty-six publishers assembled by John Brockman. The series was conceived by Anthony Cheetham of Orion...
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...Ovarian Cancer Rosemary Jones MBC 120 June 20, 2012 You have been experiencing pelvic and abdominal pain. You feel like you are bloated all the time. You are having difficulty eating or you are not eating much because you feel full shortly after beginning. You have also noticed that your abdomen has increased in size. While any of these symptoms by themselves, is not necessarily concerning, if you have experience one of these symptoms at least 12 days a month for at least six months, further examination is warranted as it could be an indication of a more serious condition, in particular ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer only accounts for 3 percent of cancers in women, yet it is the fifth most common cause of cancer death behind lung, breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Out of every 100,000 women, 12.5 of them will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer. It does not discriminate against age. It can affect a newborn child just as easily as a woman in her in 50s or older. The target age, however, seems to be in women 50 or older. In 2008, according to the American Cancer Society, per 100,000 women between the ages of 65 to 74 years, there was a 48.6% incidence of ovarian cancer with a mortality of 36.1%. This increased to 55.6% for incidence and 55.2% for mortality in women 75 years and older. The chance that a woman would be diagnosed with invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 71. Her chance of dying from it is 1 in 95. The etiology of ovarian...
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...Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have the highest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United States female population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3). Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significant symptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression, rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has been associated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation of various genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma...
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...Marshall Keese Instructor: David Belva Course: CIS175 Security on the Internet The Internet has had security problems since its earliest days as a pure research project. Today, after several years and orders of magnitude of growth, is still has security problems. It is being used for a purpose for which it was never intended: commerce. It is somewhat ironic that the early Internet was design as a prototype for a high-availability command and control network that could resist outages resulting from enemy actions, yet it cannot resist college undergraduates. The problem is that the attackers are on, and make up apart of, the network they are attacking. Designing a system that is capable of resisting attack from within, is still growing and evolving at a fast pace, is probably impossible. Changes are needed, and once you have achieved a certain amount of size, the sheer inertia of the installed base may make it impossible to apply fixes. The challenges for the security industry are growing. With the electronic commerce spreading over the Internet, there are issues such as nonrepudiation to be solved. Financial institutions will have both technical concerns, such as the security of a credit card number or banking information, and legal concerns for holding individuals responsible for their actions such as their purchases or sales over the Internet. Issuance and...
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...INTRODUCTION Pregnancy, the state of carrying a developing embryo or fetuswithin the female body. This condition can be indicated by positive resultson an over-the-counter urine test, and confirmed through a blood test,ultrasound, detection of fetal heartbeat, or an X-ray. Pregnancy lasts forabout nine months, measured from the date of the woman's lastmenstrual period (LMP). It is conventionally divided into three trimesters,each roughly three months long.When gestation has completed, it goes through a processcalled delivery, where the developed fetus is expelled from the mother’swomb. There are two options of delivery: Cesarean section and NSVD ornormal spontaneous vaginal delivery. A cesarean section is a surgicalincision through the mother’s abdomen and uterus to deliver one or morefetuses. NSVD or normal spontaneous vaginal delivery is the delivery of the baby through vaginal route. It can also be called NSD or normalspontaneous delivery, or SVD or spontaneous vaginal delivery, where themother delivers the baby with effort and force exertion.Normal labor is defined as the gradual subjugation anddilatation of the uterine cervix as a result of rhythmic uterine contractionsleading to the expulsion of the products of conception: the delivery of thefetus, membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta. Laboring cannot that beeasy; thereby implicating that there are processes and stages to beundertaken to achieve spontaneous delivery. Through which, Obstetricshave divided labor into four...
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...The Evolutionary Psychology of Emotions Abstract This paper will discussed that evolutionary perspective on emotions and behavior may help to resolve its inconsistency. To resolve this inconsistency we will evaluate two evolutionary approaches to emotion, discuss how linking these emotions to specific problems work, and argue that the findings are consistent with the claim that the emotions often display evidence of being intended to help, rather than deter. EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION Over the years there have been several adaptive-evolutionary treatments of emotion that have developed ( Ekman & Davidson, 1994), there are several evolutionary approaches but the psychological evolutionary approach distinguishes itself by implementing an overtly adaptationist perception (Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992). According to research conducted by Buss, Halelton, Shackelford, Bleske, &Wakefeild (1999) adaptionist seem to think that the mind is made up of countless psychological adaptions, which is said to produce natural and sexual selection over several generations throughout human evolution. Emotions can be affective by the ways humans think and behave (Clore, Schwarz, & Conway, 1994). Throughout the years evolutionary approaches for emotions and social decision making changed from hypothetical models to empirical investigations. One of the theoretical approaches used in emotion and decision making is experimental economics which is used to explore...
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