...Factors Influencing Corporate Capital Structure in Three Asian Countries: Evidence from Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan Muhammad Mahmud and Gobind M. Herani and A.W. Rajar and Wahid Farooqi KASBIT, KABIT, Sindh University, Indus Institute of Higher Education 20. April 2009 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15003/ MPRA Paper No. 15003, posted 4. May 2009 07:34 UTC Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 3(1):9-17 (Spring 2009) http://indus.edu.pk/journal.php Economic Factors Influencing Corporate Capital Structure in Three Asian Countries: Evidence from Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan Muhammad Mahmud*, Gobind M. Herani** A. W. Rajar*** and Wahid Farooqi**** ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to determine the factors that influence a firm’s choice of capital structure in three Asian countries: Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan. The specific objective is to investigate if country’s economic factors play a significant role in determining capital structure between markets. These countries are chosen in order to represent three different stages of economic development. Literature review reveals that considerable research has been made in the industrialized countries on the similar topic. Capital structure is one of the most complex areas of strategic financial decision making due to its interrelationship with macroeconomic variables. This study reveals that per capita GNP growth for Japan and Malaysia is significantly related to capital structure of firm and higher economic...
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...International Business Research Vol. 3, No. 3; July 2010 Ownership Structure and Cash Flows As Determinants of Corporate Dividend Policy in Pakistan Talat Afza (Corresponding Author) Faculty of Business Administration, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Jinnah Building Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail: talatafza@ciitlahore.edu.pk Hammad Hassan Mirza COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: al_hammd@hotmail.com Abstracts Dividend Policy is among the widely addressed topics in modern financial literature. The inconclusiveness of the theories on importance of dividend in determining firm’s value has made it one of the most debatable topics for the researchers (see for example, Ramcharan, 2001; Frankfurter et. al 2002; Al-Malkawi, 2007). The present study investigates the impact of firm specific characteristics on corporate dividend behavior in emerging economy of Pakistan. Three years data (2005-2007) of 100 companies listed at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) has been analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. The results show that managerial and individual ownership, cash flow sensitivity, size and leverage are negatively whereas, operating cash-flow and profitability are positively related to cash dividend. Managerial ownership, individual ownership, operating cash flow and size are the most significant determinants of dividend behavior whereas, leverage and cash flow sensitivity do...
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...UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Capstone Project “Impact of financial risk on capital structure decision in cement industry of India” Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Supervisor: Mr. Rohit Bansal Submitted by: Shalini Sahay 10808654 Khalid Anwar 10805151 Suman Saurabh 10808885 Varun Kakkar 10810014 Gurpreet Singh 10806126 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR NEW DELHI GT ROAD PHAGWARA PUNJAB 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Miss. Shalini sahay has been accomplished under my guidance & supervision as a duly registered MBA student of the Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. This project is being submitted by him/her in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Master of Business Administration from Lovely Professional University. Her dissertation represents her original work and is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration. ___________________________________ (Name & Signature of the Faculty Advisor) Date: 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact of financial risk on capital structure in cement industry of India” carried out by Mr.Khalid anwar has been accomplished under...
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... | Financial Structure is the framework of various types of financing employed by a Oil company to acquire and support resources necessary for its operations, commonly, it comprises of stockholders’ investments, long- term loans, short-term loans and short-term liabilities as reflected on the right hand side of the Oil company balance sheet. Financial Structure is different from capital structure in the sense that it also includes current liabilities. Therefore, financial structure is the combination of two main components 1) Capital structure and 2) Current liabilities. To provide an understanding of the concept of financial structure in Oil sector specifically capital structure of Padma Oil Company Limited, the balance sheet, debt and equity, working capital, cost of capital and opportunity cost are need to be explained. The capital structure is how an Oil company finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. It is a mix of a company’s long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity. Debt comes in the form of bond issues or long-term notes payable, while equity is classified as common stock, preferred stock or retained earnings. Short-term debt such as working capital requirements is also considered part of the capital structure. Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current assets...
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...(Economics) Now coming to the topic of productivity in the context of the topic at hand, it is quite clear that an increase in labor output on an hourly basis is labor productivity. What are the determinants of Labor productivity, they are as follow: * The level of technology that is prevailing in the Company and the industry on relative basis. If the concerned company has a higher level of technology than its competitors. Also the technological level is at par or above industrial standards then obviously labor productivity will increase. * The capital expenditure per capita by the company. If the company’s physical capital, equipment is up to date it is a direct function of labor productivity. However if he equipment is derelict or not up to date then this will have a significant material decline on productivity as a whole, assuming all else equal. * Capacity Utilization, this is also another pertinent determinant of labor productivity as a whole, this is a percentage of how much of the company’s plant, property and equipment is being utilized by the labor. Also what is the capacity of labor and the capital are being utilized for production and manufacturing. The higher this figures the higher the labor productivity holding all else equal. These are the main determinants of labor productivity, that...
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...Q1. What are the determinants of a company’s cost of capital? A corporate cost of capital can be specifically defined as the opportunity cost of all capital invested in the enterprise. Opportunity cost refers to what is given up as a consequence of a decision to use a scarce resource, capital invested refers to the total amount of cash invested into a business, and this includes both debt and equity components used in the investment in the enterprise. A three step process is used to calculate a company’s weighted average cost of capital. First is to determine the cost of capital components, which is namely debt and equity. A. Debt capital. The cost of debt capital is equivalent to actual or imputed interest rate on the company's debt, adjusted for the tax-deductibility of interest expenses. Specifically: The after-tax cost of debt-capital = The Yield-to-Maturity on long-term debt x (1 minus the marginal tax rate in %) B. Equity capital. Equity shareholders, unlike debt holders, do not demand an explicit return on their capital. However, equity shareholders do face an implicit opportunity cost for investing in a specific company, because they could invest in an alternative company with a similar risk profile. Thus, we infer the opportunity cost of equity capital. We can do this by using the "Capital Asset Pricing Model" (CAPM). This model says that equity shareholders demand a minimum rate of return equal to the return from a risk-free investment plus a return for...
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...Determinants of FDI THE POWER OF FDI IN REGARDS TO GLOBALIZATION: Globalization is an inevitable and irreversible process, and dealing with the imperatives of globalization capitalizing on its positive aspects and mitigating the negative ones is perhaps the most important challenge for today. Globalization has enhanced the opportunities for success, but it has also posed new risks to developing countries. Globalization has many faces; however, globalization is first and foremost comprehended in economic and financial terms. In this sense, it may be defined as the broadening and deepening linkages of national economies into a worldwide market for goods, services and especially capital. Perhaps the most prominent face of globalization is the rapid integration of production and financial markets over the last decade; that is, trade and investment are the prime driving forces behind globalization. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been one of the core features of globalization and the world economy over the past two decades. It has grown at an unprecedented pace for more than a decade, with only a slight interruption during the recession of the early 1990s. More firms in more industries from more countries are expanding abroad through direct investment than ever before, and virtually all economies now compete to attract multinational enterprises (MNEs). This trend has been driven by the complex interaction of technological change, evolving corporate strategies towards...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction The basic problem of an economic society is to allocate resources among the members of the society so as to maximize the welfare of the society as a whole. To achieve this welfare objective, each resource should be used to perform the functions by which it contributes most efficiently to society. In a market economy, the price system allocates these resources. That is, prices furnish the guideposts that indicate how resources should be used. Prices determine what products and services should be produced and in what amounts. Prices determine how these products and services should be produced. And prices determine for whom the products and services should be produced. Thus prices affect both incomes and spending behavior. For the consumer with a given income level, prices influence what to buy and how much of each product to buy. For business firms, profits are determined by the difference between revenues and costs, with revenues determined by multiplying price per unit sold by the number of units sold. Price changes also play a major role in a market economy. When the quantity demanded for a product or service is greater than the supply available, buyers bid the price up. If costs remain the same per unit sold, the higher price leads to greater profits and an incentive to invest in resources to produce even greater quantities of the product. Thus, the producers are able to bid more for raw material resources, thereby...
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...then dividend policy remains one of the most contested issues in finance. Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding paying cash dividend in the present or paying an increased dividend at a later stage. Whether to issue dividends and what amount, is determined mainly on the basis of the company's unappropriated profit (excess cash) and influenced by the company's long-term earning power. When cash surplus exists and is not needed by the firm, then management is expected to Payout some or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or to repurchase the company's stock through a share buyback program. Management must also choose the form of the dividend distribution, generally as cash dividends or via a share buyback. Various factors may be taken into consideration: where shareholders must pay tax on dividends, firms may elect to retain earnings or to perform a stock buyback, in both cases increasing the value of shares outstanding. Alternatively, some companies will pay "dividends" from stock rather than in cash. Our group have selected 3 journals related to the dividend policy in our quest to understand the factors/determinant of the latter and its relationship with investment opportunities and corporate finance. Further the chosen journals concentrated on the research dividend policy affecting firm’s in the emerging market. The following are the reviews of the said journals. 2.0. Journal Review 1 Nguyen Thi Xuan Trang...
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...DO FIRMS TARGET CREDIT RATINGS OR LEVERAGE LEVEL IN PAKISTAN SUBMITTED TO: Dr. SOHAIL YOUNIS SUBMITTED BY: JAMSHAID ALI BBS GROUP C IM|SCIENCES, HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR ABSTRACT The topic selected for this study “Do firm Target Credit Ratings or Leverage Level”. In this study 20 Pakistani non-financial firms are proposed to be included to observe the different determinants of capital structure which influence the leverage ratio and the study is also proposed to find out relationship of different explanatory variables with each other whether positive or negative influence exists. The variables taken in this study are Leverage, earnings before interest and tax, business size, fixed asset, depreciation and market to book value. This study also includes expression of different economic and financial analyst about the determinants of capital structure and this study also relates to the theory of capital structure by M.M and all other analyst. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Section 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH PROPOSAL ............................................................................. 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction to research question and underpinning theories ................................................................ 4 Introduction to the context ............................................................
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...the capital structure. The theory of Capital structure is closely related to the firm’s cost of capital. It is one of the effective tools of management to manage the cost of capital. Capital structure is the mix of the long-term sources of funds used by the firm. The primary objective of capital structure decisions is to maximize the market value of the firm or achieving the maximization of shareholders wealth through an appropriate mix of long-term sources of funds and an optimal capital structure is reached at a point where the cost of the capital is minimum. To design the capital structure, the element that should consider is first, the wealth maximization is attained and second, is the best approximation to the optimal capital structure. In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Saad, 2010). In short, capital structure is a mixture of a company's debts (long-term and short-term), common equity and preferred equity in financing its assets. Capital structure is essential on how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds and it is one of the most important decisions made by financial management. 2 The capital structure of financing pattern decision is a significant managerial decision. It influences shareholders’ wealth. As a result, the market value of the share may be affected by the capital structure decision...
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...of individual stocks. [pic] V is the value of the stock. Dt is the expected dividend payment at the year t. K is the discount rate. Dividend policy has always been a baffling problem of financial management. In theoretical circles there are two schools about dividend policy: relevant dividend view and irrelevant dividend view. Relevant dividend view: Farrar, Salwyn and Gordon are representatives of this theory. Their theory is that company's dividend distribution has an impact on the value of the company. Dividend payment is not dispensable, but very necessary. It is an important strategy of a company. If the company’s choice of the dividend payment policy on the stock market changes , the company's capital structure and corporate value will be affected, as well as the realization of shareholders' wealth. Dividend policy is closely related to the value of the company. The different branches of relevance dividend view are only from a certain angle to explain the dividend policy and stock price. However, in the imperfect capital market, there are various factors influence the...
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...Financial Statement Analysis in Mergers and Acquisitions Financial statement analysis is used in estimating the ‘value’ of the shares or net assets of the target company, and in determining the price and terms of a transaction the acquirer is prepared to offer and accept. The principal determinants of the value of the shares are: 1) after-tax cash flows that will be generated 2) the acquirer’s required rate of return 3) non-operating assets 4) amount of interest-bearing debt Forecast financial statements are used for assessing each of the determinants of its equity value. In the terms of an open market transaction normally stipulate that adjustments to the agreed price may be required pending the results of the buyer’s final due diligence investigation. Prospective Discretionary Cash Flow: represents the amount of money available to the providers of capital of a business that can be withdrawn without impairing the existing operations of the business, or its ability to generate its forecast operating results. The amount of weight afforded to historical operating results depends on whether and to what extent they are believed to represent what the target company prospectively is capable of generating on a stand-alone basis. The financial ratios are used to make an analysis of the historical financial statements of an acquisition target such as: profitability, efficiency, liquidity, financial leverage, and operating ratios. The identification of unusual or non-recurring...
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...(0002) or 2521. Statistics 2101 (C021) or 2103. Any exception to the foregoing prerequisites can | |only be approved by the Department Chair. | | | | | | | |Course Description | | | | | This course provides a survey of the financial problems associated with the life cycle of a business firm. Topics include: financial analysis and planning, capital budgeting, cost of capital, and the sources and uses of business funds. While the emphasis is on decision making within a corporate environment, the tools taught in this course are just as relevant to other forms of business organization and to personal financial management. Course Objectives Finance 3101 focuses on two of the four main learning goals of the Fox School’s BBA Program: (a) Understanding critical business concepts, and (b) Applying critical thinking to business problems. Specific learning objectives in pursuit of these two goals involve a basic understanding of the following: • Goal of corporate financial...
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...------------------------------------------------- An analysis of capital structure of NEXT Programme of Study: MSC INVESTMENT Module: International Treasury Management Tutor: Students ID Number: Date: 23/3/2016 Programme of Study: MSC INVESTMENT Module: International Treasury Management Tutor: Students ID Number: Date: 23/3/2016 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Capital structure 4 2.1. Theories 4 2.2. Types of capital 6 2.3. Sources of capital 7 2.4. Reasons of conducting different capital structure 9 3. Capital Structure of NEXT 11 3.1. Comparative analysis of internal and external financing of NEXT 11 3.2. Comparative analysis of debt capital and equity capital of NEXT 13 3.3. Comparative analysis of current debt and non-current debt of NEXT 15 3.4. Financial performance of NEXT 2013-2015 17 4. Conclusion 19 5. Reference 20 6. Appendixes 22 Appendix I 22 Appendix II 23 Appendix III 25 Appendix IV 27 Appendix V 29 Appendix VI 30 1. Introduction Capital structure of firms is arguably one of its most important choices, as Milken (2009) said “It doesn't matter whether a company is big or small, capital structure matters. It always has and always will”. Most companies pay much attention to their capital structure, NEXT is one of the good representative among those companies. NEXT, founded in 1864, now is the largest apparel corporation in UK, which currently operates more than...
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