...more insignificant as time has elapsed. Through migration, genetic drift, random mutation, interbreeding, clustering, and natural selection, genetic variation has greatly increased, leaving behind the ‘set in stone’ categories of race that were once crucial in science. It is detrimental to not only individuals but also groups of people to base our medical research and genetic testing solely on race alone. Ancestry has proven to be a much greater marker for determining if individuals carry genes that code for certain genetic diseases. Where and who we descend from determines what genes we may carry, not simply which ‘race’ or social construction we belong to. The realization that the term ‘race’ is no longer genetically relevant or able to describe the immensity of differences between each and every individual comes from new discoveries in “human genome sequence variation research and molecular anthropological research” (Rosenberg, 2002). Many now understand that ‘race’ is not the correct term, but there is still debate over what framework to use that adequately reflects the new criteria of these recent findings (Royal & Dunston, 2004). This new research in genetic variation has made it near impossible to still believe that race is a genetically relevant way to classify human beings. Our background regarding the variation of our genetic makeup is essentially a melting pot. As ancestors carry on genes and incoming members of the population introduce new ones, our history...
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...schedule or degree of difficulty in a project, while detrimental variation order is one issued that negatively impacts the client’s value or project performance. They also ranked the effects of variation orders on different project performance factors, which are time overrun, cost overrun, disputes between parties and the contractor, additional specialist equipment/personnel, complaints of parties to the contract, quality standard enhanced, degradation of quality standards, optimum cost reduction, degradation of health and safety, and time reduction. The factor that ranked first is time overrun in his thesis conducted a field survey to identify main causes of variation orders, their effects on projects, and the control procedures suggested...
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...Detrimental Reliance Detrimental Reliance occurs when someone takes action or fails to take action because of what appeared to be a promise made by another individual, without knowing if true or untrue. It is very similar to Promissory Estoppel in that the other party is "estopped" or legally prevented from denying liability, even though no formal contract was formed, because of its promise. An estoppel by representation [of fact] will arise between A and B if the following elements are made out. First, A makes a false representation of fact to B or to a group of which B was a member. [It is not necessary to demonstrate A knew that the representation was untrue.] Second, in making the representation, A intended or [in the alternatively,] knew that it was likely to be acted upon. Third, B, believing the representation, acts to its detriment in reliance on the representation. [It must have been reasonable to rely on the representation.] Fourth, A subsequently seeks to deny the truth of the representation. Fifth, no defense to the estoppel can be raised by A. (The Law of Waiver, Variation and Estoppel) Section 90 of the Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts reads, “Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance: A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise...
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...the clownfish from predators while the clownfish help the anemones catch their prey. COMMENSAL INTERACTION: When one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. The gobies reside among the toxic spines of the sea urchin, gaining protection without harming the host. DECOMPOSER: organisms that break down and recycle dead/decaying organisms. Sea cucumbers eat dead and decaying matter found on the sea floor by filtering through salt water. ABIOTIC FACTORS- COMPARE AND CONTRAST ABIOTIC FACTOR DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES GREAT BARRIER REEF GREAT SANDY DESERT Temperature • Small, gradual changes • Sea surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.4oC, over the past 30 years • Change in temperature causes disastrous effects • Large variations • Temperature varies with extremely hot weather during the day and freezing temperatures at night • Temperature is unstable and varies constantly • Organisms adapt to the temperature changes in the ecosystems Rainfall/ Water Availability • Water is abundant • Average yearly rainfall of 2010 mm • Effects the amount of terrestrial runoff-higher concentrations of pollutants (suspended sediments, phosphorus and nitrogen) • Water is scarce • Average yearly rainfall of 250 mm • Organisms must conserve water to prevent dehydration • Plant growth is affected by water availability Salinity and Ion Availability Buoyancy (measure of a substance’s ability to support/hold an object0 • Water provides high levels of buoyancy • Supports organisms...
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...Chromosomes have and approximately 50,000 to 100,000 genes each, all inherited entirely from our parents. Genes determine all of our biological traits and even certain diseases we may develop during our lives. The issue with genes is that according to this source, ‘A variation as small as one nucleotide (Which is very, very tiny) in the DNA sequence can disrupt a gene severely; these deleterious alterations in DNA sequences are called genetic mutations. Genetic conditions such as Huntington Disease or Cystic Fibrosis are caused by mutations in single genes.’ According to in a Chinese group from Sun Yat-Sen University reported that they had taken “human triponuclear embryos” and successfully cut out the mutant DNA that causes the lethal human disease β-thalassemia, and eliminated the disease entirely from the embryo. Using this same method in ‘The Death Collectors’, the genetic mutation believed to cause Clinical Depression was located in the chromosome and terminated completely. Whilst scientists...
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...Nathan Worling Z5057106 ZEIT8303 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE Federation Square Project Designed by Donald Bates and Peter Davidson – LAB Architecture Studio Opened 26th of October 2002 Estimated cost - $473 million NATHAN WORLING -‐ Z5057106 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. 3 2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 4 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE AREAS ....................................... 5 3.1 PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 5 3.2 PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT ......................................................... 6 3.3 PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 7 3.4 PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT ................................ 9 4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 10 5 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 11 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 12 ZEIT8303 – PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 2 NATHAN WORLING -‐ Z5057106 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...
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...preferred since large overhang can be cause cutting tools deflection .Also deep hole boring is very difficult .So, through holes are preferred over blind holes. Boring operation first saw application in making canon ,producing barrels of guns and artillery and now days they have several industrial application like finishing operating in cylinder lining of automobiles and aircrafts. 1.1 Background Machining processes introduces vibrations due to various reasons. To achieve higher accuracy and productivity, vibrations in machine tool has to be controlled. For analyzing the dynamic behaviour of a machine tool, rigidity and stability are two important factors. The vibration in machining maybe due to chip thickness variation, penetration rate variation or cutting speed variation. The machine, the cutting tool ant the work piece constitutes a structural system. Vibrations occurring in a structural system can be divided into 3 basic types: free, forced and self excited vibrations. Free or transient vibrations are vibrations occurring in a system as a result of rapid reversals of reciprocating masses or from the initial positioning of cutting tools. Forced vibrations are resulted from periodic forces from within the system. They include unbalanced rotating masses as well as vibrations transferred from nearby machinery. If the forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency of any of the systems, resonance occurs. Self excited vibrations are usually resulted from a dynamic instability...
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...General Motors ‘Unions’ Mandakini Nidathavolu HRM/531 Human Capital Management March 04, 2013 Janis White General Motors ‘Unions’ General Motors Company is identified as one of America’s biggest automobile manufacturing companies, which has a vast global market. In America the act of unionization is considered as the basic right of each employee, and the government has made the relevant guidelines for the organizations, to provide, and protect this right of the employees. The labor union helps the employees to group and discusses their relevant concerns. In the group activity, the employees can raise their concerns regarding any decision taken by the management of the company, and this way they can represent the interests of the employees among the management level decisions. In the perspective of the management, profit maximization is the primary concern, and for this objective they may even overlook the fundamental rights of the employees. Hence the government of the United States of America has ensured that the employees are provided the platform and the legal support to participate in the organizational unions. General Motors is one of the most iconic American automobile companies, which employs more than 200,000 employees throughout its global network. The management of the company has ensured that the important employee rights are protected, and the laws relating to the labor rights are identified, in the foreign markets. The company has operational...
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...Detrimental Effects of Reward Reality or Myth? Robert Eisenberger Judy Cameron University of Delaware University of Alberta Based on seemingly overwhelming empirical evidence of the decremental effects of reward on intrinsic task interest and creativity, the use of reward to alter human behavior has been challenged in literature reviews, textbooks, and the popular media. An analysis of a quarter century of research on intrinsic task interest and creativity revealed, however, that (a) detrimental effects of reward occur under highly restricted, easily avoidable conditions," (b) mechanisms of instrumental and classical conditioning are basicfor understanding incremental and decremental effects of reward on task motivation; and (c) positive effects of reward on generalized creativity are easily attainable using procedures derived from behavior theory. bservers of American culture have long noted a Istrong emphasis on individualistic values, including taking responsibility for one's own actions, pursuing personal interests, and exploring one's creative potential (e.g., Badia, 1990; Huber, 1971; Tocqueville, 1840/1990). Consistent with the c o m m o n presumption that individuals function most effectively and happily when they are guiding their own behavior (see Geller, 1982; Hogan, 1975), an increasingly dominant view has developed over the past quarter century contending that the strengthening of performance by reward (reinforcement) causes the unpleasant experience of...
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...1. Providing the Definition: - Deferred costs: costs that are not recognized immediately, but must be paid later - External costs: the transfer of the costs to society - Pollution costs: expenses to correct pollution when it is occurred - Pollution prevention costs: costs to prevent pollutions from happening. 2. What is cost benefit analysis (CBA)? What are the key steps for CBA? - Cost benefit analysis is a formal quantitative method for assessing the costs and benefits of competing uses of a resource or solutions to a problem and deciding which is the most effective. There are four key steps for CBA : - Identification of the project to be evaluated. - Determination of all impacts, favorable and unfavorable present and future on all society - Determination of all value impacts, either directly through market value or indirectly through price estimate - Calculation of the net benefit, which is the total value of positive impacts less the total value of negative impacts. 3. What are the key steps in Scientific Methods? Explain each of them. => Observation: we use our senses or an extension of our senses to analysis an event. => Questioning and exploring: we ask ourselves what will happen. Some questions may be simple speculation, but others may inspire you to further investigation => constructing hypotheses: we try to provide a possible answer to a question or an explanation for an observation that can be tested => testing hypotheses:...
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...principles of exchanger design is needed to use this software effectively. This article explains the basics of exchanger thermal design, covering such topics as: STHE components; classification of STHEs according to construction and according to service; data needed for thermal design; tubeside design; shellside design, including tube layout, baffling, and shellside pressure drop; and mean temperature difference. The basic equations for tubeside and shellside heat transfer and pressure drop are wellknown; here we focus on the application of these correlations for the optimum design of heat exchangers. A followup article on advanced topics in shell-and-tube heat exchanger design, such as allocation of shellside and tubeside fluids, use of multiple shells, overdesign, and fouling, is scheduled to appear in the next issue. • baffles; and • nozzles. Other components include tie-rods and spacers, pass partition plates, impingement plate, longitudinal baffle, sealing strips, supports, and foundation. The Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) (1) describe these various components in detail. An STHE is divided into three parts: the front head, the shell, and the rear head. Figure 1 illustrates the TEMA nomenclature for the various construction possibilities. Exchangers are described by the letter codes for the three sections — for example, a BFL exchanger has a bonnet cover, a...
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...PR China Abstract The clients of public sector works have an obligation to ensure that the large scale investment in public works is effective and can achieve improvement in social and economic performance. However, construction activity is usually subject to more risk than other business activities because of its complexity particularly in coordinating a wide range of disparate and interrelated skills and activities. This complexity is further compounded in implementing public sector projects where multiple project objectives are expected by a wide range of stakeholders who have different interests associated with the projects. With reference to current practice in Hong Kong, this paper examines the major risks in implementing public sector works, and the ways that the application of public private partnership (PPP) can help to manage risks in project delivery. The example of Hong Kong Disneyland (KDLD) demonstrates how various major risks in committing to a PPP project are allocated and shared effectively between public and private partners. In this typical PPP project, it is found that allocation of site acquisition risk and legal and policy risks to the public sector is more effective while private sector could effectively allocate the design and construction risks, operation risks and industrial action risk to the private sector. Also, development risks,...
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...POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTHORITY. 9. STAFF OF THE AUTHORITY. 10. REGIONAL OFFICES. 11. NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT STRATEGY. 12. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND RESOURCE QUALITY OBJECTIVES. 13. DETERMINATION OF RESERVE. 14. CATCHMENT AREAS. 15. CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY. 16. CATCHMENT AREA ADVISORY COMMITTEES. 17. PROTECTED AREAS. Click Here & Upgrade PDF Complete Expanded Features Unlimited Pages Documents 18. NATIONAL MONITORING OF AND INFORMATION ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. 19. STATE SCHEMES AND COMMUNITY PROJECTS. 20. PRECEDENCE OF SCHEMES AND PROJECTS. 21. ACQUISITION OF LAND FOR STATE SCHEME. 22. CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS FOR STATE SCHEME. 23. COMMUNITY PROJECTS. 24. CHARGE FOR BENEFITS RESULTING FROM SCHEMES AND PROJECTS. 25. REQUIREMENT FOR PERMIT. 26. PERMIT NOT REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN ACTIVITIES. 27. UNAUTHORIZED CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF WORKS. 28. EASEMENTS FOR WORKS. 29. PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING PERMIT. 30. CONDITIONS OF PERMITS. 31. CHARGES FOR WATER USE. 32 . CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ISSUE OF PERMITS. 33. ISSUE OF PERMITS IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES....
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...The roosters were crowing before darkness had faded in the riverside Dayak hamlet of Kunsali Patamuan in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan. Through the cracks of the timber walls in the 122 metre wide long-house, the faint sound of shuffling feet on squeaky floors penetrated to the compartments, as people went back and forth to the kitchens at the back of each living quarter. Not long afterwards, the clattering of tin kettles and stirring of teaspoons could be heard right, left and centre. The long-house was awakening. The village of Malapi is one of the home villages of the Tamans, a sub group of the Iban Dayak. There are about 6000 Tamans in all, their community spread through about a dozen villages in Kapuas Hulu. The village of Malapi is one of them, and consists of a string of four hamlets, one of which is Kunsali Patamuan, and six long-houses. Each long-house lodges between 20 and 40 family units. All are close to the river which runs through the village. Our particular long-house was only recently relocated here as the ever-moving Kapuas river bed had turned its erosive powers right up to the front of the old long-house. The old site had to be abandoned. An increasing rate of riverbank erosion is one of the environmental problems facing this community as a result of upstream logging, both legal and illegal. Every family living in the old long-house builds their own compartment or bilik, and it might take ten years or more before all are completed. The wood used in...
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...Plan Construction and Deployment of Deep Water Oil Rig 6/12/2011 Keller Graduate School – PM595 (Oil rig photos, 2010) Table of Contents Introduction 2 Sources of Construction Project Risk 3 Systems to Address Construction Project Risk 7 Catastrophic Failure Fault Tree – Construction Crane Malfunction 10 Discussion of Catastrophic Failure Fault Tree 10 Smaller Failure Fault Tree One – Construction Crane Failure 15 Discussion of Smaller Failure Fault Tree One 15 Smaller Failure Fault Tree Two – Construction Fire 17 Discussion of Smaller Failure Fault Tree Two 17 Conclusion 19 References 22 Introduction To quote Anthony Mills from his article, A systematic approach to risk management for construction, The construction industry is one of the most dynamic, risky, and challenging businesses. However, the industry has a very poor reputation for managing risk, with many major projects failing to meet deadlines and cost targets. This is influenced greatly by variations in weather, productivity of labor and plant, and quality of material. All too often, risks are either ignored, or dealt with in a completely arbitrary way: simply adding 10 per cent contingency onto the estimated cost of a project is typical. In a business as complex as construction, such an approach is often inadequate, resulting in expensive delays, litigation, and even bankruptcy (2001). For this reason, this Risk Management Plan for the construction and deployment...
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