...Development in Accounting Theory * General Scientific Period (1800-1955) * Normative Period (1957-1970) * Positive Era (1970s) * Behavioral Research (1980s) Evolution of Double-Entry Book Keeping * Early History of Accounting * 4500-3600 BC -Chaldean Babylonion -Assyrian and Sumerian Egyptian -Chinese( Chao Dynasty) -Greek -Roman * 11th to 13th century -Italian Renaissance * Luca Pacioli’s Contribution * Introduction of double-entry book keeping, Dr and Cr were used for entries to secure double entry. * Three book are used: -memorandum -journal -ledger * Development of double entry * 16th Century: a few changes are made in the book-keeping techniques. * 17th Century: separate inventory accountant for different types of goods. * 18th Century: Three methods of treating fixed assets * 19th Century: depreciating property was accounted for unsold merchandise 4 reasons generally advance to explain the role of double-entry in the economic expansion: * Double-entry contributed to a new attitude toward economic life. * The acquisition was aided and propelled by systematic organisation. * It permits a separation of ownership and promotes the growth of the large joint stock company. * The new rationalism was further and enhance by systematic organization. Capitalism and Accounting * the linked between accounting and capitalism become known as the Sambart thesis or argument that the tranformstion...
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...Accounting for Software Development Costs Applying SOP 98–1 Paul Flanagan Principal Consultant 1552 Lakeport Court, Virginia Beach, VA 23464 Tel: 757-373-1454 / Fax: 810-885-5312 / pflanagan@christophertechnology.com www.christophertechnology.com Disclaimer The author of this report is neither a Certified Public Accountant nor an Attorney. This report should not be construed as providing either financial accounting advice or legal advice. This report represents the views of a senior information technology executive who has significant experience in the application of these accounting guidelines in the real world of business operations. Because applying these concepts depends upon the exact circumstances of your enterprise, this report shows only guidelines which have operated successfully elsewhere, but may not be precisely applicable to your situation. For all accounting or legal advice, please consult a licensed practitioner familiar with your unique situation. Accounting for Software Development Costs Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 Payoff.......................................................................................................................................... 1 General Applicability..............................................................................................................
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...The history and Accounting practices in Australia Development of accounting practices in Australia: The Accounting Practices were firstly recommended and issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (ICAA) in 1946 and these accounting practices were called as “Recommendations of Accounting Principles”. These accounting principles were just barely “copied” from those issued earlier by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wale (ICAEW). However, these accounting practices somehow led to high level of nonconformity because lack of united professional body to work on the issues incurred. Other than ICAA that is incorporated by Royal Charter, another professional accounting body named CPA Australia (was initially known as the Australian Society of Accountants, ASA then changed its name to the Australian Society of Certified Practicing Accountants, ASCPA and changed it name to CPA Australia in 2000) also issued accounting practices that deal with subjects related directly in preparation of financial statements. In 1966, ICAA and CPA were then jointed and work together to form Australian Accounting Research Foundation (AARF) to research and issue proposed accounting standards through its Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) and the Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (PSASB) to the private sector and public sector organizations. The process of how AARF issued accounting standards was pretty much the same as how The International Public Sector...
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...Management accounting is not new in any sense of the world. The origins of modern management accounting can be traced to the emergence of managed, hierarchical enterprises in the early nineteenth century (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987) [2]. The Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century resulted in the emergence of a factory system that dramatically changed the production process (Ashton, D., Hopper, T. and Scapens, R.W. 1991) [3]. This has created a new demand for accounting information. Market information, which had automatically provided details of materials and piecework labor costs incurred in meeting each customer’s order, was no longer available. In particular, information was required to determine the cost of the internal operations and also to measure the efficiency of converting materials leading to the finished product (Parker, 2002) [4]. Johnson and Kaplan (1987) [2] suggest that, notwithstanding the impact of the Industrial Revolution, the emergence and rapid growth of railways in the mid-nineteenth century was the major driving force in the development of management accounting systems. New measures such as cost per ton-mile, cost per passenger mile and the ratio of operating expenses to revenues were created and reported on a segmental and regional basis. Many of the innovative management accounting measures developed by railway companies were subsequently absorbed and developed by the other business sectors. During the nineteenth century the development of so-called...
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...Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.5, No.4, 2014 www.iiste.org Development of Accounting Theory Based on Islamic Teachings: A Glance over Principle of Al-Adl and Al-Ihsan Shaukat Amer1* Sofri Bin Yahya2 1- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Kamra Road, Attock, Pakistan. 2- Dean, Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia *E-mail of the corresponding author: shaukat_amer@comsats.edu.pk Abstract The beauty of accounting based on Islamic principles is that it not only deals with the valuation but also deals with an inbuilt accountability mechanism. Generally the accounting should be able to perform roles like keeping safe custody of interests, certifying true and fair view of business, enabling accountability and providing reliable information for successful decision making to all the stakeholders. In this context there are three main issues with respect to present system of setting accounting standards. These are undue pressures of certain groups in setting these standards, no role of owners in setting these standards, and flexibility/discretion in applying these standards which may lead to subjectivity. These may results in incorrect valuation of business transactions, increasing management discretion which in return will increase corporate governance issues including incorrect financial reporting, earning management and limiting decision making ability of the stakeholders. In order to...
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...MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (1984-1994) – Development of New Practice & Theory Introduction Decade during 1984 – 1994, management accounting has a revolution in theory and practices that identified failings and obsolescence of existing cost and performance measurement systems Three major change in new theory & practices that influence management accounting practices: Activity Based Costing Management Operational Control Systems Performance Measurement: The Balanced Scorecard Activity Based Cost (ABC) Management Traditional cost allocation system that is identical to overhead allocation and direct costing were acknowledged to be obsolete. New cost system shifts the paradigm of how to allocate cost, to the paradigm of how to identify the cost flows from organizational spending to supply resources that create the capability to perform activities. New cost system is valuable for the following reasons: Enhance accuracy of manufacturing overhead cost analysis that influencing product design decisions Accurately assign the organizational cost throughout a company’s value chain to their underlying causes: products, customers, channels and organizational units. Trace resource expenses to the activities performed by the resources. The activity cost could then be traced to individual products, customers, and services as cost objects. Activity Based Cost (ABC) Management Breakthrough for ABC systems came from 2 theoretical developments: Hierarchy for Activity Cost Drivers...
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...Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting theory has three main approaches, the descriptive or positive, the normative and the critical viewpoints. Based on these theoretical perspectives this unit will examine current issues such as social and environmental accountability, the ethical and global dimensions of accounting and the political context within which accounting policy decisions are made. The unit will take a research focus in that the work of researchers in accounting will be discussed. Accounting Theory is designed to provide students with an understanding of historical and contemporary issues that influence the development of accounting thought. As it has developed accounting...
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...CHAPTER 2 ENRIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENT 1 2.1 Introduction In international accounting research, environmental influence is the key to understanding one country’s accounting system. "To a large extent, accounting is a product of its environment. That is, it is shaped by, reflects, and reinforces particular characteristics unique to its national environment" (Radebaugh and Gray 1997). From the late 1960s, researchers in international accounting have tried to categorize countries according to a series of criteria, which have been developed on a deductive or conductive basis. These criteria tried to explain the reasons for accounting differences between countries; they aimed to describe and compare different systems with each other in an efficient way. There are several advantages to categorize and analyze the differences among countries: First, it promotes improved understanding of the complex realities of accounting practices, as well as the factors that shape a country’s accounting regulations; Second, it provides useful information for solving some of the important accounting problems that exist in the world. For example, it can help policymakers assess the prospects and problems of international harmonization; Third, it can assist in the training of accountants and auditors who operate internationally; And finally, it can enable a developing country to better understand the available and appropriate types of financial...
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...Management Accounting Li-qun Pang Department of accounting, Jilin Business and Technology College 130062, Changchun, China pangliqun1965@126.com Abstract. In order to solve the apparent lack of standardization problem of management accounting theory, because this problem is not only restricted the management accounting application and promotion in China's enterprises, but also hindered their own theory the depth development and research efficiency. This paper describes the standardization of management accounting principles, this paper discusses the basic theory that the standardization of management accounting, Analysis of building management accounting theoretical framework the various elements and the logical relationship between them, and select the appropriate logical starting point as a starting point to build the foundation of management accounting theoretical framework. Keywords: management accounting, standardization, basic principles, basic theoretical system, theoretical framework. 1 Introduction Management accounting as one of the two branches of modern accounting, after decades of development, both in theory and practice have made some development, its important role of business management has gradually been of concern to the community, and follow-up is considered the accounting industry development. But in general, Management accounting in China there are still many problems, as opposed to the development of more sophisticated financial accounting, management...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accounting for intangible assets is a major issue within the accounting environment. The issue is identifiable when it concerns accounting for research and development costs, in particular, internally generated assets. With two imperative standards in practice today, one being the IASB’s selective capitalisation of expenses into an intangible asset once a specific criteria has been reached and the other being the FASB’s system of straight expensing of all expenditure. This subject plays a vital role in the accounting world due to the large amount of money invested into research and development activities, with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 reporting that Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) in Australia alone increased 15% to $14, 380 million up from 07-08. In discussing the different styles taken by the Boards it is easier to identify the impact these standards have on a corporation and its performance, with particular reference being made to Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited, an Australian listed company that is currently undertaking research and development to develop a UV medical protection of the skin from UV and light for sun-related ailments. 1. Clinuvel Activities of R&D Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited (CUV) is a listed Australian biopharmaceutical company based in Melbourne. The focus of CUV is to further research and develop, and eventually commercialise, its leading drug candidate afamelanotide as “a preventative treatment for...
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...Accounting Theory • Docent Machteld Van den Bogaerd machteld.vandenbogaerd@kuleuven.be • Cursusmateriaal – handboek (aanbevolen – niet verplicht) Accounting Theory (Godfrey et al., 2010) – Toledo wetenschappelijke artikels, handouts, etc. Accounting Theory • Examen (75% vd score) – schriftelijk examen – gesloten boek – duurtijd: 2 uur – combinatie multiple choice & open vragen Accounting Theory • Opdracht (25% vd score) – literatuurstudie rond een welbepaald thema in groep (5 leden), onderwerpen zie Toledo – inhoud • beknopte bespreking (relevantie) thema • overzicht relevante/gehanteerde theorieën • gehanteerde onderzoeksmethode(n) • overzicht van de onderzoeksresultaten Accounting Theory – vorm • maximaal 5 bladzijden (zonder referenties) • referenties toevoegen in literatuurlijst • minstens 2 wetenschappelijke artikels per groepslid • 2 groepen werken rond hetzelfde onderwerp! Belangrijk: logisch gestructureerd en geïntegreerd verhaal - Peer assessment!! => Meer info: zie document ‘Enkele praktische tips’ op Toledo. Accounting Theory – deadlines • samenstelling groep + onderwerp (via e-mail): maandag 12 oktober 2015 • eerste versie (feedback): 5 november 2015 (enkel via e-mail) • finale versie (op papier + pdf) incl. peer review (op papier): 3 december 2015 • presentaties: 10 en 17 december 2015 + min. 2 vragen voor de parallelle groep. Presentatie: 10-tal minuten (achteraf mogelijkheid tot stellen van vragen door ...
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...Testbank to accompany Company Accounting 10e by Ken Leo, Jeffrey Knapp, Sue McGowan & John Sweeting Prepared by Peter Baxter [pic] © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2015 Chapter 1: Nature and regulation of companies Multiple-choice questions 1. The advantages of a company over a partnership and sole trader do not include which of the following? a. Members are able to sell their shares at any time to another person without having to obtain permission from the other members. b. Members are liable for only a limited amount of the company’s debts. c. A company has a legal existence distinct from its owners. *d. A company is only entitled to raise small amounts of cash by issuing shares. Correct answer: d Learning Objective 1.1 ~ summarise the nature and attributes of a company 2. In Australia, the Corporations Act 2001 is administered by the: a. Australian Securities Exchange. b. Australian Accounting Research Foundation. *c. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. d. Securities and Exchange Commission. Correct answer: c Learning Objective 1.1 ~ summarise the nature and attributes of a company 3. The two main types of companies permitted to be registered under the Corporations Act 2001 are a: a. private company, and a proprietary company. b. public company, and a trade union. *c. proprietary company, and a public company. d. proprietary company, and a partnership...
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...T OPIC SEVEN Other AIS Development Approaches © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 1 INTRODUCTION • We’ll also discuss how to hasten or improve the development process through: – Business process reengineering – Prototyping – Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and redesign of business processes and information systems to achieve significant performance improvements. – Reduces a company to its essential business processes. – Reshapes organizational work practices and information flows to take advantage of technological advancements. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 3 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • BPR: – Simplifies the system. – Makes it more effective. – Improves a company’s quality and service. • BPR software has been developed to help automate many BPR tasks. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Michael Hammer has set forth several principles that help organizations successfully reengineer business processes: - Organize around outcomes, not tasks. • DO AWAY WITH: Assigning different parts of a business process to different people, with the resulting handoffs, delays, and errors. INSTEAD: Each person’s job is designed around an objective, outcome, or process rather than a task needed to...
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...Cotemporary Accounting and Economics The Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics is committed to issuing high quality manuscripts that thoroughly apply economics and legal theory to accounting and auditing with an emphasis on realistic research. Although there is a special focus on issues relevant to the Asia-Pacific region, the Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics also encourage proposals from countries outside the Asia-Pacific region in the following major areas associated with accounting and auditing issues: financial contracts, corporate governance, capital markets, financial institutions and economics of organizations. The International Journal of Accounting The journal assists in the comprehension of the present and potential capability of accounting to support in the recording and understanding of international economic transactions. These transactions may be within a profit or nonprofit environment. The journal purposely encourages an extensive view of the origins and development of accounting with an emphasis on its functions in an increasingly interdependent global economy, and uses relevant documentation that helps explain current international accounting practices, with related theoretical justifications, and identify issues of current practice. Accounting, Organizations and Society Accounting, Organizations & Society is a major international journal that focuses on all aspects of the relationship between accounting and human behaviour...
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...Financial Accouting EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accounting for intangible assets is a major issue within the accounting environment. The issue is identifiable when it concerns accounting for research and development costs, in particular, internally generated assets. With two imperative standards in practice today, one being the IASB’s selective capitalisation of expenses into an intangible asset once a specific criteria has been reached and the other being the FASB’s system of straight expensing of all expenditure. This subject plays a vital role in the accounting world due to the large amount of money invested into research and development activities, with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 reporting that Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) in Australia alone increased 15% to $14, 380 million up from 07-08. In discussing the different styles taken by the Boards it is easier to identify the impact these standards have on a corporation and its performance, with particular reference being made to Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited, an Australian listed company that is currently undertaking research and development to develop a UV medical protection of the skin from UV and light for sun-related ailments. 1. Clinuvel Activities of R&D Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited (CUV) is a listed Australian biopharmaceutical company based in Melbourne. The focus of CUV is to further research and develop, and eventually commercialise, its leading drug candidate afamelanotide as “a preventative...
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