...one who asks: how could its birth possibly give rise to an action for damages? But every baby has a belly to be filled and a body to be clothed. The law relating to damages is concerned with reparation in money terms and this is what is needed for the maintenance of a baby.’ Peter Pain J (II) Introduction ‘Wrongful Birth’ and ‘Wrongful Life’ are issues caught in a ‘legal quagmire’, as they exist between realms of purist legal principles and heated public policy debate. Much like the social taboos of abortion and euthanasia, at their core, they raise questions as to the value placed on human life. Moreover, this ‘value’ is represented by two sides of the coin in addressing the intangible ‘blessing’ of conception and existence, against the real fiscal burdens involved in adequately raising a child. In recent years several major cases have come before English and Australian courts to address issues in this field; however decisions have been far from unanimous, leaving the law in a state of ambiguity. This paper attempts to provide a line of clarity in respect to the developments of legal principles and public policy on these issues, by closely examining relevant case progression and wider academic debate. (III) Development of the ‘Birth Torts’ Unfortunately, the labels of ‘Wrongful Birth’ and ‘Wrongful Life’ are contentious even in their very existence; however it is critical to establish that ‘what is ‘wrongful’ is the negligence, not the birth’. Both issues refer to cases...
Words: 1829 - Pages: 8
...task, I will be describing development throughout the life stages for my famous person, Beyoncé. Beyoncé is an American recording artist and actress, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child Conception - Human life begins with conception, conception is the process involving several females’ egg being mixed with the sperm and then fertilized. Conception is the biological process which involves an egg being fertilized by a sperm so that it then becomes implanted in the wall of the womb or uterus. At this stage, Beyoncé’s mum would have stopped having her monthly period after having sexual intercourse noticing she is pregnant. The picture below shows conception taking place when her parents become physically close. Pregnancy - Pregnancy refers to the period of time, normally 40 weeks, extending from conception and the date of the last menstrual period to a baby’s birth. Beyoncé’s mother would have been experiencing certain development in her body. Physically, her stomach would continue to grow during the different trimesters, and she would experience discomfort, intellectually she may want to read books to learn about the baby growing inside her also what to expect for child birth. Emotionally, the mother will experience mood swings including being upset. The picture below shows pregnancy taking place in her mother’s womb. Birth and Infancy (0-3) - The...
Words: 1098 - Pages: 5
...Human Development Across the Life Span Development is the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death. Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development Conception occurs when fertilization creates a zygote, a onecelled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg. The prenatal period extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy. The Course of Prenatal Development. Germinal Stage. The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception. The placenta is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother. Embryonic Stage. The embryonic stage is the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month. Fetal Stage. The fetal stage is the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development. Teratogens are any external agents, such as drugs or viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus. Maternal Drug Use. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common known cause of mental retardation. Maternal Illness and Exposure to Toxins. The fetus is largely defenseless against infections because its immune system matures...
Words: 297 - Pages: 2
...different groups. An individual who feels that a woman should not have a pregnancy ended before birth due to moral rights or religious views are said to be consider “pro-life”; and those who feel that a woman should have the right to choose pregnancy ended before birth are consider to be “pro-choice”. A person’s view on this issue speaks to the type of person they are in general. Thousands of abortions are being held every single day and yet public opinions remains at a cessation....
Words: 472 - Pages: 2
...P1- DESCRIBES PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR EACH OF THE LIFE STAGES OF AN INDIVIDUAL (PIES) The human lifespan has been described in terms of stages. The physical, social, intellectual and emotional changes and the life stages of the lawless family are listed in the table below; LIFE STAGE | AGE | DEFINITION | PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT | EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT | INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | CONCEPTION | 9 Months before birth | the action of conceiving a child or of one being conceived | Human life beings with conception. After fertilization has taken place by 25 days the baby‘s body starts developing the head and trunk appear, followed by a tiny arm buds. By 30 days the baby will be about a quarter of an inch long have a brain eyes, liver, kidney, nose and the baby heart will be pumping blood that he created himself.By 5 months the baby now has hair, eye lashes, finger prints the baby’s eyes should now be opened. During this time the baby kicks and has a strong grip. | There is no emotional development during conception. | There is no intellectual development during conception. | There is also no social development during conception. | PREGNANCY | 9 months to birth | This is state of carrying a developing embryo or foetus within the female body | The breasts. Early in Suzie’s pregnancy they will feel tender and may be largerAnd obviously her belly is going to get bigger as the child grows.They baby will also grow. After 8 weeks...
Words: 1221 - Pages: 5
...happens to the developing fetus and mother during each stage? How is nutrition involved in each trimester? First trimester The first trimester of pregnancy is marked by an invisible — yet amazing — transformation. And it happens quickly. Hormones trigger your body to begin nourishing the baby even before tests and a physical exam can confirm the pregnancy. Knowing what physical and emotional changes to expect during the first trimester can help you face the months ahead with confidence. First trimester pregnancy: Your body Consider common physical changes during the first trimester of pregnancy. Bouts of nausea Morning sickness, which can strike at any time of the day or night, sometimes begins as early as three weeks after conception. Nausea seems to stem at least in part from rapidly rising levels of estrogen and progesterone, which cause the stomach to empty more slowly. Pregnant women also have a heightened sense of smell, so various odors — such as foods cooking, perfume or cigarette smoke — might cause waves of nausea in early pregnancy. To help relieve nausea, eat small, frequent meals throughout the day. Choose foods that are low in fat and easy to digest. It's also helpful to drink plenty of fluids. Avoid foods or smells that make your nausea worse. Try drinking ginger ale. For some women, motion sickness bands are helpful. For others, alternative therapies such as acupuncture or hypnosis offer relief. If you're considering an alternative therapy, get the...
Words: 8392 - Pages: 34
...Developmental Psychology Student's Name: Institution Affiliation: Introduction The embryo undergoes enormous changes during the period of its development. It is transformed from a single cell to a recognizable human embryo. The process of prenatal development takes place in three main stages. The first stage is the germinal stage that occurs in the first two weeks after conception. The second stage is the embryonic period which occurs from the third week up to the eighth week. The last stage in this category is the fetal period that occurs from the ninth week until birth. The Germinal Stage The germinal stage starts at the conception time when the sperm and the egg cell unite resulting in fertilization that occurs in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg is referred to as the zygote. The zygote then moves towards the uterus. Cell division occurs about 24 to 36 hours after conception (Giritharan, Ilic, Gormley & Krtolica, 2011). The single-celled zygote will start moving towards the uterus from the fallopian tube, this occurs just a few hours after conception the process is referred to as implantation. The process of cell division takes place in the uterus. After the process of implantation, another process called gastrulation takes place and forms three layers that are known as the germ layers. The germ layer differentiates into different structures. The ectoderm forms several outer tissues such as hair and skin and also...
Words: 1285 - Pages: 6
...301 Chapter 1 Development - the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Life Span perspective = views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Life expectancy – the average # of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live Multidimensional – for example can include attention, memory, abstract thinking and speed of processing information and social intelligence. Plastic – means the capacity for change; for example can you still improve your intellectual skills when you are in your 60’s or 70’s. Or may they be fixed by your 30’s Contextual – contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods. Each is influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors. Normative age- graded influences- are similar for individuals in a particular age group Puberty Menopause Starting kindergarten Normative history-graded influences- are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. Living time during a historical event WWII, cold War, great depression, 9/11, The Great Depression Non-normative life events - Individual events that happen to people. Kindergarten parents died Hurricane Katrina, car wreck, young kid has a stroke. Development Stages Prenatal (conception – birth) from a single...
Words: 2381 - Pages: 10
...STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT If your child develop well, the learning potential is increased; and the chances of failure in school are less. Development is a gradual process- or building up of permanent age related changes in a person. In these essay, I will describe and discuss stages of development from birth to 8 years of age. Next, I will discuss why stages of development is important to a child. Lastly, I will briefly summarize this essay; indicating whether stages o f development is healthy or not healthy in an early childhood development. From the time of birth to 8 of age: your little ones moves through a steady progression of developing, thinking skills and learning emotional regulation as well as social growth. Children and adult pass a number of different stages during their lifetime. These stages happen around certain ages. Sometimes researches refer to the stages as time of life. Here are some stages usually referred to in early childhood development. Prenatal Stage is from conception to birth Infancy is from birth to the time of walking-around about 12 to 18months. Toddler hood from 18 months to 3 years. Preschool Stage from 3years to 6 years and; Early School from 6 years to 8 years Each stage has important changes that happen in that stage. Here are some examples; Prenatal Stages body grows quickly from time of conception or pregnancy and organs are and begin to work. The health and well being of the mother is very important. Infancy babies...
Words: 436 - Pages: 2
...Key Words Growth- An increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight. Development- Complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities. Developmental Norms- Description of an average set of expectations with respect to an infant or child’s development. Developmental Milestones- Developmental milestones can describe the skills children may be expected to develop during the first months and years of life. Life course- A life course is a map of what is expected to happen at the various stages of the human life cycle. Maturation- When development is assumed to be due to a genetically programmed sequence of change. Life expectancy- An estimate of the number of years that a person can expect to live (on average). Holistic Development- A person’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social development as a whole. Development can be analysed under each of the individual categories to help identify issues but, in life, the categories can interact. Physical Development- Physical development is the changes within the body over periods of time for example the development and growth of organs, muscles and bones. These developments are often marked by stages such as puberty. Intellectual Development – We do not simply learn more as we grow older- we also develop more useful ways of thinking. It is believed there are four stages of intellectual development which mature or ‘unfold’. Your ability to use formal logical thought may depend on...
Words: 1490 - Pages: 6
...any stage of life, whether it is a single cell, or a fetus, an infant, or an octogenarian. These are all natural stages of human development, but science establishes the beginning of human life at conception. From the moment of conception, a distinct human being is present. Abortion, therefore, kills a developing human being. This is a fact, not a moral or religious assertion. After the birth of a human being, our society has laws in place to protect it from murder. Thus, it would seem that we have chosen birth as the moment after which the laws of murder apply to a human being. If the process of birth is important enough to be the event that bestows on a human being its legal rights, it is entirely logical to ban a procedure that so effectively blurs the legal line between murder and abortion -- between the “born” and the “unborn.” Abortion is murder no matter what kind of laws the Government makes. In 1973 the United States Supreme Court made a decision on the case of Roe vs. Wade, the Court found that a woman had the right to choose whether or not to abort a pregnancy within certain constraints. However, according to the Court if a fetus were a person, abortion would be found impermissible. While this decision made an attempt at establishing a legal precedent, from a moral and religious standpoint, it is wrong. Upon the moment of conception, the human embryo is a person; and as a result, the fetus acquires a soul, making its abortion a sin within the teachings of the...
Words: 1518 - Pages: 7
...Prenatal development is the period in development from conception to the onset of labor. Perinatal period is the period beginning about the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth. Postnatal development is the period in development the follows directly after birth. The germinal stage is the stage lasting about ten -fourteen days following conception before the fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterine wall. The embryonic stage is the stage in which major biological organs and systems form. The fetal stage is the stage in which is marked by rapid growth and preparation of body systems for functioning in the postnatal environment. Viability is the ability of the baby to survive outside the mother’s womb. The gestational age is the age of the fetus derived from onset of mother’s last menstrual period. The number of older mothers is on the rise in the U.S. as women postpone pregnancy to establish careers or for other reasons. Healthy women older than thirty-five routinely deliver healthy infants just as other between the ages of twenty and thirty-five do. Teenagers, however, may be at a greater risk for delivering less healthy babies. Lack of prenatal care is a big reason. Diets, while pregnant, must be sufficient not only in number of calories but also with respect to the right amount of proteins, vitamins, and other nutrients. Stress also plays a big role in delivering a healthy baby. Cultural beliefs about potentially...
Words: 782 - Pages: 4
...two main groups of people in the case of abortion, pro-life supporters and pro-choice supporters. On the one hand, pro-life supporters, those who think abortion is not right, consider a fertilized human egg a human being from the moment of conception. Therefore, they refer to abortion as murder. On the other hand, the pro-choice supporters, those in favor of abortion, have a different perspective. They believe that a fetus is a human only after birth. The moral difference between these groups encompasses one issue. That is “At what stage is a fertilized egg considered a human being?” According to Peter Singer, there are four general stages that the pro-lifers and the pro-choicers argue about in terms of the standing of a fetus. They are: “birth, viability, quickening and the onset of consciousness” (138). The arguments made by the two groups for and against each of these stages causes the standing of an embryo to be upgraded to that of a child in the long run, as Singer suggests (138). Thus, this paper will examine and analyze the four moral junctures for the status of the fetus -“birth, viability, quickening and the onset of consciousness”- considered by anti-abortionists and pro-abortionists. Birth is the first stage debated by pro-life and pro-choice supporters. Some pro-abortionists believe that an embryo is a human being once it is born and before that time it should not have the same rights to life as a child does. In contrast, Singer...
Words: 1493 - Pages: 6
...Effects of Folic Acid on Prenatal Development Article Review Week 1 Melissa Cook Davenport University This article discusses how taking folic acid during prenatal development is an asset for proper child development. Folic acid has shown to decrease some birth defects as well as a preventative for other congenital abnormalities. “The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and prevention recommend that women of childbearing age consume 0.4mg of folic acid per day” (Wehby & Murray, 2008). It can be taken as a supplement in a multivitamin, on its own and in certain foods. This vital nutrient has been noted to decrease instances of neural tube defects. The neural tube forms during the embryonic period...
Words: 573 - Pages: 3
...The world and most districts and nations are continuing to experience phenomenally fast demographic change. Demography is involved with everything that impacts or can be affected by populace size, development or decrease, spatial dispersion, structure, and attributes (Weeks, 2015). Demography is a power on the planet that impacts change in human prosperity of which the world has seen in the course of the last couple of hundred years. Demographic transition theory is from the early 20th century and is a collection of demographic data on a much larger scale. It is quantitative studies across different societies based on fertility, morality, and resultant growth rates. The demographic transition theory was developed in an attempt to make sense of all of this international data. From the demographic transition theory, we observe very different modern demographic regimes from Western Europe, central Europe and the developing world. This paper abridges key patterns in populace size, fertility and mortality among these transitions and the causes and consequences of population change. There are three fundamental stages of demographic change. The first stage is of high growth potential. In this stage, there is high fertility and high morality and the population is stable. Additionally in the first stage, an economy is primitive and in reverse. Agriculture is the principle occupation, which gives low level of pay to individuals. The way of life is exceptionally poor and individuals...
Words: 1932 - Pages: 8