..................... 2 1.2 19th Century – The Beginnings of Modern Accounting in Europe and America ............................... 3 1.3 20th Century – The Development of Modern Accounting Standards................................................. 4 1.4 21st Century – Accounting Regulation in Modern Commerce ........................................................... 4 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING .................................................................................. 4 3. EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING ......................................................................................... 5 4. THE CONSEQUENCE OF DOUBLE ENTRY ..................................................................... 6 5. RECENT GROWTHS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN ACCOUNTING ............................... 7 6. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE ............................................................................................... 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 9 1. INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study is to critically review the Origin, Growth and Development of accounting theories and their impacts on financial reporting. Other objectives are to explore accounting theory in resolving areas of diversities among users of financial statements. It further examines the extent to which accounting theory has influenced practices and development of accounting profession in recent...
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...What are the benefits of international financial reforting standards since thier adaption at the beginnng of the 21st? essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY International Financial reporting Standards IFRS as a recent accounting phenomenon has drawn the attentions of Accountant, financial institutions and financial managers, multinational companies, government, financial regulatory institutions and in all the participants in capital market. This research is aim at examining the benefits of IFRS as against the present realities in the 21st century. In this work , review of literatures was carried out to ascertain the reasons for the adoption of IFRS, comparison were also made between existing US GAAP and IFRS using SWOT analysis in order to establish efficiency over other national GAAP. And from the report we can see that the usefulness of internationally recognized standard cannot be over emphasized as it cuts across all the spheres of the economy. Like the capital market, investors, globally etc. The research also established the improvement that IFRS upheld through its transparency, transactional cost reduction and reduction in complexity of financial statement. This is due to multiplicity of standards, although some weaknesses were encountered in the use of the standard. These include that the standard is principled based which makes it difficult to be compared with the other standards. We have also analysed the need for enforcement of the standard so that it will be same globally. There...
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...A SHORT HISTORY OF ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS By Gary Giroux September 1999 Preface Overview: Accounting toward the 21st century: Where are we now? How did we get here? 1. From the Ancient World to Pacioli The First Cities Trade Tokens: The First Accounting The Sumerians Complex Tokens and Clay Tablets Cuneiform Writing and Beyond Money, Banking and Credit The Dark Ages and the Rise of the Italian Merchants Luca Pacioli: The Father of Accounting 2. Britain and the Industrial Revolution Prior to 1750 Ironbridge Textiles The Steam Engine Wedgwood and the Importance of Cost Accounting Early Cost Accounting Transportation Development of the Accounting Profession 3. American Big Business and Cost Accounting Early Developments in Manufacturing and Accounting Rockefeller Morgan and Carnegie Cost Accounting in the Era of Big Business Alternative Systems in Asia and Europe Relevance Lost: The Critique of Johnson and Kaplan The American Response 4. Financial Accounting and the Structure of Accounting Regulation The Great Crash and Government Response The New Role of the Accounting Profession The Financial Accounting Standards Board Earnings Management and Economic Consequences Accounting Principles and the Conceptual Framework 5. Auditing Auditing in the U. S. The Big...
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...IFRS 13 Fair value measurement IFRS 13 Fair value values 21st century real estate measurement Implications for the real estate 21st century real estate values and construction industry Implications for the real estate and construction industries Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principal impacts of the new standard 3. The definition of fair value 4. The concept of ‘highest and best use’ 4.1 Assessment 4.2 Valuing the highest and best use — alternative use and asset modifications 4.3 Highest and best use and impairment testing 5. The valuation premise for property interests 6. Assessing whether an appraisal complies with IFRS 13 7. Appropriate valuation techniques 8. Applying the fair value hierarchy to real estate appraisals 9. Expanded disclosure requirements 10. Final thoughts 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 IFRS 13 Fair value measurement — 21st century real estate values Implications for the real estate and construction industries 1 1. Introduction IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement has been recently released by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). 2. Principal impacts of the new standard For real estate entities, the adoption of IFRS 13 could result in significant changes to processes and procedures for determining fair value and providing the required disclosures. While the requirement to determine fair value by reference to market participants is not new, the definition of fair value in IFRS 13 differs from that proposed by International Valuation Standards (IVS)...
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...Corporate Governance Issues- Pre and Post financial Crisis By Unnikrishnan. P -ID No. 4317257 Session: Spring Year: 2013 Word Count: 1768 “Corporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship of those resources. The aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individuals, corporations and society.” (Sir Adrian Cadbury, UK, Commission Report: Corporate Governance 1992). The concept of Corporate Governance (CG) in this corporate world has gained extra importance after the recent global financial crisis. Trading in the world has history of centuries and so do the existence of companies & business. The structure of company, its practices, the roles of key personnel, organizational behaviour, performance & goals got a new outlook in recent past when the collapse of Big firms such as Worldcom, Enron, Lehman Brothers etc. were witnessed despite their long history in business or their top ranking...
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...World In the late twentieth century, rapid development of information technology and products such as the PC, satellite and Internet became a driving force of globalization. The impact of globalization is reflected on weakening world governments in terms of decision-making and influence, and on the increasing power of multinationals. Data from the World Economic Forum (WEF) shows that among the largest 100 global economies, 51 of them are transnational groups and the rest are national states. Although businesses represent the lifeblood of a nation's economy, they place excessive demand on the natural environment in pursuit of growth and stress the earth's ecosystems. As a result, earth-protection groups are calling on transnational groups to take up environmental, moral and social responsibilities. "Sustainable Development" is widely considered the challenge facing corporations in the 21st century. One of the prerequisites to achieving sustainable development is by sincerely carrying out corporate social responsibility (CSR). In the past, a company’s responsibility was about maximizing profits for shareholders and fulfilling CSR through the tax paying mechanism; that was all about social responsibility. Nowadays the definition of CSR has shifted from acting egoistic to altruistic. For example, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines CSR as "a business' commitment to contributing to sustainable economic development, working...
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...report on the effectiveness of internal control of financial reporting” (Arens, 2011). While this may not sound like much to someone unfamiliar with financial reporting, the effects were unimaginable for those who were responsible for the financial reports of a company, but a huge sigh of relief for those that had the most to lose at the hands of fraud and illegal activity. Sarbanes-Oxley wasn’t something set into motion for little reason. The emerging scandals of huge corporations such as Enron, Tyco, ImClone, WorldCom, and others in the early years of the 21st century prompted Congress to pass the much needed reform (Bumgardner, 2003). It was something that could have prevented the decline of the stock market, at least at that time, had it already been in place. It was the little things in business, like independence, and the requirement that management attest to their financial statements, that many an outside person took for granted and assumed was taking place within the business they invested in, only to find their worst nightmares were taking place. The Sarbanes-Oxley act took full effect on June 15th 2004, but some companies were given almost a year longer to fully comply (Gunter, 2004). The primary purpose of the act was to combat the ever increasing counts of corporate fraud, mainly by making management responsible for the actions of their organization. This goal also reached out to the auditing firms, by the development of the Public Company Accounting...
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...Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) accounting. Many corporations adopt and follow the novel term, along with the public increasing public concern of social and environmental performances. The research pays attention to the arguments for and against the TBL accounting in corporate accounting reporting. Many companies concur with the significance of concept to reinforce their business, yet others hold the view that TBL is accompanied by diverse debates. The findings of this review show that TBL accounting: • Refers to a good tool of the measurement of accountability and transparency • Provides a beneficial opportunity to obtain the value of a corporate name and the market share in completion • Contributes to the reduction of production cost and the conservation of environment through making use of resources efficiently • Improves corporate management and employee productivity due to the measurement of accountability and transparency • Impacts on a core competency of business and a social situation • Adjusts a methodology to measure social and environmental performances TBL accounting with economic, social, environmental activities has been some negative thus far. However, the arguments against TBL accounting, which are related to core competency, poor societies and measure standard, are still doubtful and cannot address a strong persuasive in opposition to...
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...Long Pham Course: Acc 420 Date: 09/30/13 Writing Assignment 1 The convergence of financial reporting and accounting standards is a valuable process that contributes to the free flow of global investment and achieves substantial benefits for all capital markets stakeholders. It improves the ability of investors to compare investments on a global basis and thus lowers their risk of errors of judgment. It facilitates accounting and reporting for companies with global operations and eliminates some costly requirements. It has the potential to create a new standard of accountability and greater transparency, which are values of importance to all market participants including regulators. It reduces operational challenges for accounting firms and focuses their value and expertise around an increasingly unified set of standards. It creates an unprecedented opportunity for standard setters and other stakeholders to improve the reporting model. Convergence is a long-term process. While it may take years to reach the important goal of a single set of standards, progress has already been achieved. Current accounting and reporting practices fall short of meeting the information needs of the capital markets in the 21st century. A critically important element in the solution to this problem is the convergence of US GAAP and IFRS, a process now under way at an early stage. The goal is an improved reporting model built on principle-based standards that can be applied in a cost-effective manner...
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...Organization Multinational Corporation Supply Chain, consisting of: Consumer Government CSR has relevance to many facets of a corporation’s operations. Strong CSR policies can help to recruit the right people for the job, keep attrition rates low by promoting a “feel good” quotient, improve corporate image, prepare for future regulation, empower “soft” laws (Vogel, 2005, p.162), appease green customers, and convince institutional investors that the corporation is following sustainable practices that positively impact the bottom line. * Policy Integration and Analysis Branch, Division for Sustainable Development, UNDESA, United Nations, New York. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of the organization to which they are affiliated. 388 Industrial Development for the 21st Century Managers are being asked to raise profits but in more socially and environmentally responsible ways. The bottom line continues to be the baseline for...
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...GM 492- LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY WEEK 2 ASSIGNMENT-WRITING OBJECTIVES-SKILL DEVELOPMET EXERCISE 1 PROFESSOR: R. ERICKSON AUTHOR: CHRISTA QUELCH DATE: MAY 10, 2012 Preparing for Skill Development Exercise 1 1. To improve our company image by year-end 2010. Criteria missing: measurable result Improved objective: To improve our company image by conducting a survey by December 31, 2010. 2. To increase the number of customers by 10 percent. Criteria missing: target date Improved objective: To increase the number of customers by 10% by September 30th, 2013. 3. To increase profits during 2010. Criteria missing: Specific and measureable results along with a specific date. Improved objective: To increase profits by December 31, 2010. 4. To sell 5 percent hot dogs and soda at the baseball game on Sunday, June, 13, 2010. Criteria missing: none Improved objective: To increase hot dogs and soda sales by 5% on Sunday June 13, 2010 at the baseball game. Part 2 My three educational objectives are to: * To complete by MBA degree program by August 31, 2012 * To begin the Financial Services Commission Compliance Certificate Program in January 2013. * To complete the FSC Compliance Certificate Program by September 20, 2013. My three personal objectives are to:- * Commit to saving 5% of my salary on a monthly basis. * To become a member of the Red Cross Society by September 30, 2012. * To become more involve in volunteer work in...
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...1 Issues in Financial Reporting The path to knowledge cannot be found without visions and an overall picture. ± R. Mattessich oday's dynamic business environment is heralding a revolution in the need for, and the way in which, accounting data is utilized. This has resulted in talk of `an accounting revolution' (Beaver, 1998) and the possible `rede®nition of accountancy' (Elliott, 1998: 7). However, it is all too easy to become caught up in this stampede for change, but how far can accounting change and for it still to be called accounting? This chapter seeks to explore the major issues facing contemporary ®nancial reporting ± this will include its interrelationship with external auditing and the provision of assurance to those outside the reporting entity. After all, `[e]ffective reporting and accounting, and external scrutiny from auditors, are essential for effective corporate governance' (Company Law Review Steering Committee, 2001: para. 8.1). To understand the ®nancial statements, one needs to appreciate the auditors' work and opinion, and, conversely, to understand the auditors' work and opinion, it is necessary to appreciate the scope and limitations of the ®nancial statements. All too often, ®nancial reporting and external auditing are treated and discussed in isolation despite being inextricably linked. However, the ®nal ®gures in the ®nancial statements may come about as a result of negotiations between management and their auditors ± with the auditors examining...
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..."Sustainability" has come to have many different meanings. It's the latest buzzword among business, government, and nonprofit entities. Business leaders must be wondering if it's just the latest management fad of a concept that will fundamentally change how businesses are managed and measured. This paper is based on the notion that sustainability is more than a fad, but rather is creating a permanent shift in the very nature of business. Since the advent of the paradigm of sustainable development in the 1980s, the private sector has been shifting from a narrow economic conception of responsibility toward a comprehensive approach that attempts to balance economic objectives with environmental pressures and changing societal expectations (Robinson, 2000). The Brundtland Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations, 1987) is generally credited with introducing "sustainability" in their report, Our Common Future. The report states that "Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable--to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future...
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...lead-time necessary for accountants to make and present financial information to firms’ managements and other stakeholders. Moreover, the IT has also improved the overall efficiency of the information provided by the accountants to firms’ management departments. Accurate information by the accountants is crucial for appropriate and relevant decision making by the company. One of the biggest impacts of IT in accounting is the development and use of computerized systems in tracking and recording various financial transactions. Before the innovation of technology and its use in finance and accounting, recording of transactions took long and was never accurate. The paper ledgers, handwritten financial statements, and spreadsheets have been translated into computer systems for quick presentation of individual transactions into easily interpretable financial report (Half, 2012). Improved reporting is necessary for investors in the determination whether a company is an appropriate investment for growth opportunities. It also determines whether it has a potential to attain the status of a high value company in the future. Companies utilize the investors for the purpose of equity financing, which is crucial for the purpose if expanding business operations. IT has also ensured increased functionality in the accounting and the financial systems through the improvement of the accounting information timelines. Improvement of the financial information...
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...MARKETING IN THE 21ST CENTURY COMMENTARY Implementation Strategies in the Market-Driven Strategy Era David W. Cravens Texas Christian University The very insightful analysis of marketing strategy implementation by Piercy (1998 [this issue]) points to several key issues concerning the role of marketing in the 21st century. Perhaps most compelling is his assessment of the potential threats to the role of marketing in the organization and implementation in particular. He examines several important concerns presented by the lean enterprise paradigm (Womack and Jones 1996). While I am more optimistic about the future of the discipline, relevant dimensions of change promise to significantly alter the nature and scope of marketing strategy and its implementation. Business strategy has entered a new market and competitive environment, appropriately designated as the market-driven era because of its central focus on the market as the basis for strategy design and implementation (Cravens, Greenley, Piercy, and Slater 1998; Day 1994). A pervasive dimension of this era is the pivotal role of the market in guiding strategic change. While the paradigms based on the market-driven era continue to evolve, it is apparent that markets provide the focus of strategic thought and practice. This focus offers an array of challenges and opportunities to the marketing discipline. Many academics and executives are examining the fundamental assumptions and guidelines underlying strategy formulation...
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