...Developmental Theories Britny Long NU1320 12/15/2014 ITT Technical Institute Developmental Theories Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory are two well-known theories of development. Theories that is important when caring for a patient’s personal needs. Sigmund Freud is known for his psychoanalytic theory that has been researched and practiced by many practitioners. One thinker who both underwent and practiced psychoanalysis is Erik Erikson. While Freud believed that development was driven by biological impulses such as the need for food and sex, Erikson emphasized the role of environmental factors and culture (Ollhoff, 1996). Both theorists separate development into stages and use similar age divisions. Freud emphasized the first six years of life as being most crucial for personality development. He lists three stages: the oral stage (first year of life), the anal stage (1-3 years) and the phallic stage (3-6 years). The stages revolve around pleasure centers such as the mouth, anal release and genitals. Latency Stage occurs from age 6 to puberty. During the latency stage, a child represses his/her sex drive and focuses on social skills (Mogg, Stopa, Bradley, 2001). Erikson’s stages cover a person’s lifespan. These stages are based on the analysis of major psychosocial challenges. The first three stages cover infancy and early childhood. The conflicts covered during these three stages are establishing trust, independence...
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...Developmental Theories 1 Developmental Theories Tammy Weston Child and Adolescent Development PSY 104 December, 20, 2014 Developmental Theories 2 There is nothing more amazing than the growth and development of a child. Several researchers have dedicated years to the study of child development to help us better understand this amazing time in their lives. Though there are many theorists and different branches of their theories, they are narrowed into three categories, maturationist, environmentalist, and constructivist. These three theories allow us to analyze childhood development and better understand how children grow and learn. Although there are many differences in these theories, there are also some similarities. In this paper I will discuss how these theories relate and differ with regards to a child’s development. How do these theories help us understand our children and how they grow and learn? I will also discuss the importance of physical, emotional and cognitive development, to the overall development of a child and why it is imperative for us to not only understand how they develop but how we can help foster that growth. A child begins to develop while in the mother’s womb. The genetics (the makeup) of the child are already in place. (Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2008) The child inherits genes from both mother and father. Piaget was probably one of most influential cognitive theorists. Piaget was a constructivist which means basically that learning occurs...
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...Developmental Theory Analysis DEP2004 16 September 2014 Developmental Theory Analysis Moral development is an aspect of a person’s overall development that occurs over the course of a lifetime. There have been a number of theories that describe how and when moral development occurs in individuals; however, a theory that has become well known and widely accepted in the field of student affairs as well as psychology is Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist of the mid-twentieth century who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of children's moral development. His work continues to be influential today and contemporary research has generally supported his theory. He believed his stages of moral development to be universal. This paper explores the strengths, weaknesses, and research of what others had to say about this theory. The many strengths of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development include when a person reaches adulthood, they should have a good idea about the personal and social behavior. It also examines the ability to test and individual where they are in their moral development along with offering a structure for creating “just communities,” both within and outside of student affairs. It also focuses on educating young adults and their sense of intellectual and moral development. There are also several weaknesses to Kohlberg’s theory. One...
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...Developmental Psychology is the study and focus on how an individual will behave or grow up to be (develop). This can can help predict one's behavior by examining their age,the external influences around them, and their way of thinking. You then matching them to a psychologist assertions to predict how the earliness of their childhood will affect them in the future. It can also help understand an individual and their habits by again, applying their situation into past experiments and evaluations done by psychologist. With this you can infer that one's reason for acting the way they do can be traced, understood, and can predict their path by the examples given from developmental psychology, especially from using examples of Learning Concepts,...
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...THE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY This theory was proposed by Sigmund Freud which he believed that a child passes five major stages in which the pleasure‐seeking energies of the ‘id’ become focused on certain erogenous areas. These stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. If psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy behavior or personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation occurs. Fixation is the tendency to stay at a particular if not properly satisfied on its appropriate period. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY This theory was proposed by Erick Erickson. His theory states that human’s lifespan undergo the Eight (8) Stages of major crises or conflict. This theory describes the impact of social experience of a person across the whole lifespan. He believed that human beings are rational creatures whose thoughts, feelings and actions are largely controlled by the ego. Individuals must first understand the realities of the social world in order to adapt successfully. The Eight Stages across the human’s lifespan are as follows: a. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust – from 0 to 1 year old or the Infancy Stage b. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt – from 1 to 3 years old or the Early Childhood Stage c. Initiative vs. Guilt – from 3 to 6 years old or the Middle Childhood Stage d. Industry vs. Inferiority – from 6 to 12 years old or the Late Childhood Stage ...
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...Vygotsky`s Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky is often called the "Mozart of psychology." Similar to the famous composer, Vygotsky applied his genius early in life to many different areas. And like Mozart, Vygotsky died young, at age 37, after a battle with tuberculosis. Born in 1896 in Belorussia, he began his career as an educator and a psychologist at the time of the 1917 Russian revolution. After moving to Moscow in 1924, Vygotsky set out to create what he hoped would become a new way to understand and solve the social and educational problems of his time. At the core of Vygotsky's theory, called the Sociocultural Theory, is the idea that child development is the result of the interactions between children and their social environment. These interactions include those with parents and teachers, playmates and classmates, and brothers and sisters. They also involve relationships with significant objects, such as books or toys, and culturally specific practices that children engage in the classroom, at home, and on the playground. Children are active partners in these interactions, constructing knowledge, skills, and attitudes and not just mirroring the world around them. Vygotsky opposed the psychologists who believed that children's development occurs spontaneously and cannot be affected by education. He also differed with those who claimed that teaching had the power to alter development at any time regardless of the child's age or capacities. Instead, Vygotsky felt...
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...Developmental Theories in The Notebook Brianna Gallegos University of New Mexico N224 Developmental Theories in The Notebook The Notebook demonstrates the growth and development theories including biosocial, psychosocial, and cognitive. The Notebook is a movie about a young couple who falls in love. The woman, Allie, is from a wealthy family who is discouraged when she has fallen in love with a young man, Noah, who only makes .40 cents an hour (Cassavetes, 2004). The story is told through a “notebook” that Noah is reading to Allie, whom has Alzheimer’s disease. Allie has no clue that Noah is her husband due to her disease. Noah has hope that Allie will eventually recognize the story he is telling her and realize it is her husband that is telling her the story. The couple eventually dies, but to signify their loving relationship, they pass on the same bed, holding one another’s hand. Throughout the entire movie Allie is demonstrating examples of the adolescent in biosocial appearances, Erikson’s theories of psychosocial, and Maslow’s cognitive theory. In the opening scene of the movie, Allie appears to be portrayed as an elderly woman. Even though Allie is beautiful with make-up and her hair looking beautiful, her face has obvious wrinkles, she has obvious bags under eyes, her hands seem to be weak, and her voice is deeper than her younger voice. All of these characteristics signify those of a typical geriatric. According to Berger, the characteristics of a geriatric...
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...to do was not to calculate how fine children could spell, count, or solve issues as a way of ranking their Intelligence Quotient. He was more engrossed in was the method in which basic concepts like the very thought of justice, causality, quantity, time, number and so on appeared. (YouTube, 2015) Piaget (1936) was the 1st psychologist to make a methodical study of “cognitive development”. His assistance involve a theory of child cognitive growth, comprehensive observational studies of cognition in kids, as well as a sequence of easy but inventive tests to disclose various cognitive capabilities. Previous to Piaget’s task, the ordinary supposition in psychology was that kids are just less knowledgeable thinkers than adults. He (Piaget) explained that young kids think in markedly various ways if evaluated to adults. (YouTube, 2015) As per Piaget, kids are born with a very fundamental mental structure (hereditarily evolved and genetically) on which all following knowledge and learning is based. In several ways, Piaget's Theory is different and useful: o The theory is related to children, in...
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...Guide to Writing a Basic Essay Write the Body Paragraphs In the body of the essay, all the preparation up to this point comes to fruition. The topic you have chosen must now be explained, described, or argued. Each main idea that you wrote down in your diagram or outline will become one of the body paragraphs. If you had three or four main ideas, you will have three or four body paragraphs. Each body paragraph will have the same basic structure. Start by writing down one of your main ideas, in sentence form. If your main idea is "reduces freeway congestion," you might say this: Public transportation reduces freeway congestion. Next, write down each of your supporting points for that main idea, but leave four or five lines in between each point. In the space under each point, write down some elaboration for that point. Elaboration can be further description or explanation or discussion. Supporting Point Commuters appreciate the cost savings of taking public transportation rather than driving. Elaboration Less driving time means less maintenance expense, such as oil changes. Of course, less driving time means savings on gasoline as well. In many cases, these savings amount to more than the cost of riding public transportation. If you wish, include a summary sentence for each paragraph. This is not generally needed, however, and such sentences have a tendency to sound stilted,...
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...After reading about the five major developmental theories, I find as a Christian believer that we can take find something from all of them, but I will elaborate on the first three. Freud’s psychoanalytic therapy deals with the conscious and unconscious mind and says it influences our thoughts and behaviors. (Cherry, 2014) He also believed that our unconscious, having dreams, is significant. (Berger, 2011) I too believe that the unconscious can tell us about our future or help us make a decision. We can use the example of Pharaoh’s dreams that was interpreted by Joseph (Genesis 41). Another example is a dream that came to Joseph, Jesus’ father, had a dream to leave Egypt. I have had dreams that have given me an insight to something that was bothering me or answered a prayer. In Behaviorism, positive reinforcement occurs when a reward, sometimes called a reinforcer, is given for a specific desired behavior. (Fritscher, 2014) For example, we got dessert when we finished our dinner or after you clean up your room you may go visit your friends or watch TV. As Proverbs 22:6 says, “Teach children in a way that fits their needs and when they even grow old, they will not leave the right path. Cognitive therapy (gotQuestions?org, 2014) grew out of Behaviorism. Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to help clients accept themselves in spite of imperfections. (gotQuestions?org, 2014). For example cognitive behavioral therapy takes irrational thoughts and makes them rational. This could be an...
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...Why are developmental and learning theories important when it comes to using technology in teaching? Teachers has to know that every child learns differently, and they maybe on different developmental levels. Teacher must be knowledgeable and be able to apply the three ways that students learn visual, auditory, and or tactile/ kinesthetic. A visual learner needs to see what the teacher is teaching. Auditory needs to hear what the teacher is teaching and tactile / kinesthetic needs to touch what the teacher is teaching. Every teacher needs to know how each of her students learns so she will be able to accommodate those students. Yes, I do feel like it is important for teachers to incorporate a variety of technology to support the diverse learning needs because by accommodating those students is helping them to be successful with their academics, thus providing support technically and giving the students the opportunity to gain knowledge and feedback of understanding of lesson plans. Technology can encourage students to get into peer involvement, sharing ideas, and criticizing other students work also working in groups will provide student with more comprehensive knowledge during class. Teachers can use other avenues to create a meaningful learning experience by sending agenda’s and homework folders home with students. Parents can see what and how their child is doing and what they are learning in the classroom. The teachers can have the parents to initial...
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...and emotional development of the child. Discuss this statement in the context of relevant developmental theory. Explain what is meant by the term sensitive mothering. Explain why sensitive mothering is important in building a positive emotional base. (15) - Give a definition of sensitive mothering (also consider insensitive mothering). - Link this to a positive or non-positive emotional base. Link this explanation to Bowlby’s attachment theory and Ainsworth’s studies. You will need to show an understanding of the internal working model of attachment and how sensitive mothering impacts on the quality of attachment. (25) - Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment, showing evidence of how the ethological studies of Harlow and Lorenz, and his own research with war orphans and evacuees and juvenile delinquents impacted his theory. - Determine the phases of attachment and the development of the internal working model of attachment. - Consider Ainsworth’s research and the types of secure and insecure attachments that resulted from the research. - This needs to be linked back to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Links also need to be made to Erikson’s relevant psychological stages of personality development, emphasising the importance of a supportive social environment. (15) - Consider Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality, especially the first stage, and link to mothering style and the internal...
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...March 2014 ASSIGNMENT NO: 5 NO. OF WORDS: 2070 BIBLIOGRAPHY ENCLOSED: Yes I declare that this work is my own and the work of others is acknowledged by quotation or correct referencing. I declare that this work has not been copied from another student(s) past or present at this or any other educational institution, or from any other source such as the internet. Name: Date: 14th March 2014 Please type the assignment title below: |Sensitive mothering is essential to the social and emotional development of the child. Discuss this statement in the context of relevant developmental theory. | In this essay I am going to explain the concept of ‘sensitive mothering’ and how it is essential to the social and emotional development of each child. I will discuss this statement in the context of relevant developmental theory. I will discuss the concepts of ‘attachment theory’ encompassing ‘internal working model’ (Bowlbey, cited in Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2003, p98) and quality attachment of John Bowlby. I will also link this explanation to the studies of Mary Ainsworth. ‘Sensitive Mothering’ is defined by Ainsworth (1969) as the style of interaction between the primary caregiver, normally the mother or mother figure, and the baby. Sensitive mothering is when someone is consistently responsive both physically and emotionally to her child. This responsiveness provides the child with a ‘secure base’ (Ainsworth, 1969) thus encouraging them to explore the world. (MCI...
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...This essay will cover the impact Sensitive Mothering (Ainsworth in Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2003) has on child development, and its relevance in building a positive connection between mother and child. I will examine Bowlby’s attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988), Ainsworth’s research, Erikson’s psychological stages of personality development (Erikson in Stevens, 1983) and other relevant research to understand the role of sensitive mothering in developing essential emotional and social skills of three to five year olds and adults. Sensitive mothering (Ainsworth in Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2003) refers to the quality of the interactions between a mother/primary carer and a child. A sensitive mother is very connected and responsive to her baby’s signals, interpreting them correctly (Ainsworth in Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2003). Her show an emotional and physical availability for the child, positive communication, cooperation and stimulation of the child (Macleod-Brudenell & Kay, 2008). Insensitive mothering (Ainsworth in Sylva & Lunt, 1989) on the other hand, is characterized by the mother’s tendency to control the baby’s environment (Ainsworth in Sylva & Lunt, 1989). The insensitive mother is self-centred and sees the ways of the baby from her own perspective (Ainsworth in Sylva & Lunt, 1989). She interprets the child’s signals according to her own wishes, defenses or doesn’t respond to them at all (Ainsworth in Sylva & Lunt, 1989). (Ainsworth in Sylva & Lunt, 1989) found that Children...
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...she no longer has a life of her own. We as nurses should remind Susie that she should accept help from the family, remain active in her activities and pay attention to her physical and emotional being. Her parent is still her parent they just need more help in life and they should still be respected. Susie and her family should be given community resources and class information about caring for the elderly and how to handle certain problems that may come up. With the family development theory the nurse will see that this situation there is a change in family roles. Each member in the house will have different roles now the Mrs. Jones is moving in and it will affect Susie the most because she is now responsible for her mother yet her mother shill has more “status” than her and Susie needs to respect her mother. “Knowing a family's composition, interrelationships, and particular life cycle helps nurses predict overall family pattern” (Edelman, 2010, p. 174). With the family structure theory the nurse will see how well Susie will be able to handle this new task in her life and how Susie will work everything into her life. Not only Susie but the entire family and the nurse will be able to assess the strengths of the family and give them assigned roles that they need to do to help the family with this dynamic...
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