Free Essay

Dexmedetomidine Report

In:

Submitted By SONIL
Words 2606
Pages 11
| | Prepared by:
SHRUTI GULATI | | | | | |
DEXELEX

To assess the existing clinical practice of INTENSIVISTS & ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS for the management of sedation and analgesia while taken into consideration “dexmedetomidine”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards RANBAXY Laboratories Limited, Mumbai for selecting me as a summer trainee and giving me an opportunity to work on this project and also for providing a good working ambience for successful completion of this project.
I also thank the MARKETING RESEARCH TEAM for giving me an opportunity to conduct market research for DEXELEX belonging to INTENSIVA division of RANBAXY. I would like to express my special gratitude towards my guide Mr. Shoreb Khanduri, who throughout my project has been teacher and supporter for me showing me the right direction during my project.

I am highly grateful to all summer interns and friends for their support and cooperation, owing to which I have successfully completed and compiled this report

Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my institute NIPER for providing me all kind of support in my summer project placement at RANBAXY Laboratories Limited.

Shruti Gulati

Certificate

This is to certify that the dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of M.B.A. in Pharmaceutical Management of National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is a result of the bonafide research work carried out by Ms. SHRUTI GULATI under my supervision and guidance, no part of this report has been submitted for award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or prizes. The work has also not been published in any journals/Magazines.

Project Guides: Mr. SHOREB KANDURI (Group Brand Manager INTENSIVA DIVISION)
Mr. MALVINDER SINGH (Marketing Research Deptt.)
Mr. S. T. KALAIRAJ (Sr. Manager Marketing Research Deptt.)

ABSTRACT

Table of Contents

* 4-((S)-alpha,2,3-Trimethylbenzyl) imidazole * Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is the S-enantiomer of medetomidine and is chemically described as: (+)-4-(S)-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole monohydrochloride. * Molecular formula : C13H16N2.HCl * Molecular Weight : 236.74 * Introduced 1999 ( Precedex®, Hospira) * Approved for short term sedation by FDA * Selective α2 receptor agonist. (2:1 1620:1) * Provides – Sedation, Anxiolysis, Analgesia * No respiratory depression * Mild antihypertensive effects * Decrease the need for other analgesic medications such as opioids * Rapid redistribution: 6 min * Elimination half-life: 2 h * Protein binding: 94% * Metabolism: biotransformation in liver to inactive metabolites + excreted in urine * No accumulation after infusions 12-24 h * Pharmacokinetics similar in young adults elderly * Intravenous: * Distribution t1/2 = 6 minutes * Elimination t1/2 = 2 hrs * Intramuscular (2ug/kg): * Peak plasma conc 13±18 min (variable) 70% bioavailability * Enteral: * Buccal - 80% bioavailability * Gastric - 16-20% bioavailability * Almost 100% biotransformation * Glucuronidation * Cytochrome P450 mediated * Metabolites all inactive – urinary elimination * Significant t1/2 in hepatic failure (7.5 hr) * <1% excreted as unchanged * No significant effect of renal impairment Ca++
Ca++
Ca++


+
Decrease in influx of Ca++ Decrease in action potential due to hyperpolarization a2A a2AR Go
Gk
K+
K+
K+

Types 1. General anaesthesia 2. Regional anaesthesia 3. Monitored anaesthesia care (MAC)

Anaesthesia Drugs 1. General Anaesthesia Agents : Propofol , Thiopentone, Isoflurane 2. Local Anaesthetic Agents : Bupivacaine, Lignocaine 3. Anaesthetic Adjuncts : Benzodiazepines : Midazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist : Dexmedetomidine, Clonidine Analgesics : Fentanyl, Morphine, Pethidine, NSAIDS
4. Neuro muscular blocking agents : Vecuronium , Pancuronium
5. Sedatives : benzodiazepines , dexmedetomidine
Commonly used sedatives I. Benzodiazepines – Midazolam, Lorazepam,Diazepam II. Anaesthetics- Propofol III. Central alpha agonist-Clonidine,Dexmedetomidine IV. High dose opioid-morphine V. Others-Haloperidol

Research objectives
Primary Objective To assess the existing clinical practice of INTENSIVISTS & ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS for the management of sedation and analgesia while taken into consideration “dexmedetomidine”

Secondary objective :
1. To analyse the existing awareness and knowledge of Dexmedetomidine molecule among various specialists 2. To find out the important parameters to be considered for ICU sedation by Intensivists/anaesthesiologist and the drugs they prefer to manage these parameters

3. To analyse the specific drugs used for sedation by anaesthesiologists for different types of surgeries

4. To find out the role of sedatives during Peri-Operative procedures

Research methodology
Research Plan : Data source : Primary and Secondary research Research approach : Sample size -183 Cities covered-8 Research tools : Questionnaire containing both open ended and closed questions , separate both for Anaesthesiologist and Intensivists
Type of interview : One to One Interviewing Method with Intensivists and Anaesthesiologists
Type of Research : Exploratory research

.

INTENSIVISTS SURVEY
Sample size distribution

Total Doctors covered:102

ICU TYPES

1. On an average, how many patients do you care in the Intensive care unit in a month?

1a)On an average, how many NEW Patients do you care in the Intensive care unit in a month?

\

2. According to you what is the role of sedative agents in Intensive Care Unit?

3. Mention the sedative agents for sedation in ICU and please mention them?

3a) Mention the Anaesthetic agents for sedation in ICU and please mention them?

Hospital wise

City wise analysis

4. Please give the parameters that are considered to be important while using a Sedative drug for ICU sedation

Top of the mind

5. Out of total number of patients to how many patients or on what percentage you use sedative agents in ICU per month

6. Please specify the sedative drugs/ anesthetic agents used for ICU Sedation for the Intubated ICU patients?

Top of mind

6. Please specify the sedative drugs/ anesthetic agents used for ICU Sedation for the Non-Intubated ICU patients?

7. In your clinical practice, do you use analgesic drugs for sedation in ICU?

8. Can you please recall any sedative molecule/brand having an additional analgesic property

Top of mind

8. Could you please mention the average number of patients on whom you use dexmedetomidine for sedation in ICU per month

Hospital wise

7. Kindly mention advantages of Dexmedetomidine molecule when compared to other molecules used for sedation

Top of mind

10.Kindly specify the reasons for not using dexmedetomidine molecule

Top of mind

City wise analysis

Hospital wise analysis

RESEARCH FINDINGS

1. Majority ICUs : ICCU 36% MICU 29% NICU 16% 2. More average no. of patients/month: Govt. hospitals Corporate hospitals Research Institute 3. Role of dexmedetomidine in ICUs : mechanically ventilated patients 4. Parameters considered important for the patients: Vitals Respiratory Depression Haemodynamic stability 5. Anesthetic agent for sedation : Propofol, Sedative agent for sedation : Midazolam 6. Out of total No. of patients,Intensivists are using sedative agents maximum in Research Institute Corporate Hospital Govt. Hospital 7. Out of 1-4 No. of days, Maximum Intensivists are using sedative agents for less than 1 day (66%) followed by 2 ,3 & 4 days and maximum No. of days vary from 10-30 8. For non-intubated patients in ICU, agents used are: Midazolam Fentanyl Not used 9. For intubated patients : Midazolam Propofol Dexmedetomidine 10. 92 % Intensivists are also using analgesic drugs for sedation , most frequently used drugs are Fentanyl Pentazocine Pethidine 11. Sedative molecule having additional analgesic property: no response(26%) dexmedetomidine(25%) Fentanyl Morphine 12. 61 % intensivists said yes for use of dexmedetomidine 13. Dexmedetomidine is used maximum in Research institute Corporate Hospitals Government Hospitals 14. Advantages of Dexmedetomidine molecule compared to other molecules : Effective agent sedative + analgesic Less side effects easy arousibility Concious sedation
Top of the mind advantage: Sedative + Analgesic
Over Propofol: Easy wean off Haemodynamic stability Intrinsic property
Over Fentanyl: No respiratory depression More effective Easy to wean off
Over Midazolam: Short Acting Less Sedation Less cumulation Less respiratory depression
15. Reasons of not using Dexmedetomidine: Unaware Cost Empirical knowledge Availability

ANAESTHESIOLOGISTS SURVEY

The reason for conducting marketing research to anaesthesiologist is the molecule can be positioned to anaesthetists during surgeries as an sedative and analgesic drug.
I have targeted mainly major hospitals in all the cities covering nearly 81 anaesthesiologists in eight cities

Sample distribution among cities

TYPE OF HOSPITALS

1. On an average, how many surgeries do you attend in a month

2. Mention the anaesthetic agents used for different surgeries as per your priorities.

Overall anaesthetic molecules used for sedation

Anaesthetic agents used for sedation in different surgeries

3. Please mention the parameters that you considered most important while using a Sedative drug for surgeries

Top of mind

4. Could you please mention the purpose and benefits of sedative drugs during peri-operative conditions?

5. Do you change sedative agents according to the type of surgery

6. Can you please recall any sedative molecule/brand having an additional analgesic property

7. Do you use Dexmedetomidine in surgeries?

8. Please mention the surgeries, Dexmedetomidine is preferred by you.

Top of Mind

9. Kindly mention advantage of Dexmedetomidine molecule when compared to other molecules used for sedation

Top of mind

10. How Dexmedetomidine can be best used for surgeries

1. Important parameters that anaesthesiologists consider are : Vital parameters (22%) , Respiratory Depression (13%), Haemodynamic Stability(8%) ,Saturation of co2 (7%)
2. Majority of sedative agents are administered through Intravenous and oral route during pre, intra and post surgeries. Dexmedetomidine is administered through intravenous and intraspinal routeMost of the analgesic drugs are administered through Epidural, spinal and intravenous route. Muscle relaxants used through intramuscular route
3. The purpose of a sedative agent in Presurgery- Anxiolysis (56%),Sedation (10%), Amnesia (7%)
Intraoperative – hemodynamic stability (19%), CVS stability, faster recovery Post surgery – sedation (19%) and analgesia(11%)
4 . 39% of the anaesthesiologists recalled dexmedetomidine as molecule having both sedative and analgesic properties followed by fentanyl (16%), clonidine(13%) 5. Surgeries where dexmedetomidine is mostly used are Laproscopy(20%) , pediatric (18%) and knee replacement surgeries(16%) 6. 6. Anaesthesiologist view dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to anaesthetic agent(43%), sedative and analgesic drug (27%), sedative (15%) , analgesic (10%) 7. Reasons for not using dexmedetomidine in surgeries are cost (31%) and availability (24%) 8. Advantages of dexmedetomidine when compared to other molecules are : Easy arousability (20%) , Sedative and Analgesic(19%), Less side effects (18%)

Recommendations

Positioning in ICU rather than OT ICCU (Mechanically ventilated patients) 1. Target the Government Hospitals 2. Change of Perception Propofol dexmedetomidine (anaesthetics) Midazolam dexmedetomidine (sedatives) 4. Availability of Dexmedetomidine vials 5. Reason Unaware (CME) INTENSIVA DIVISION 6. Target as drug of choice for Laproscopy, Pediatric and Endoscopy 7. Anaesthesiologist Peri -operative procedures, PACU

Intensivists questionnaire
Good Morning/Good Afternoon Sir/Ma’am
I, ________ pursuing M.B.A from NIPER. As part of our curriculum we need to do a project in Anesthetic Segment. I would be grateful if you could spare few minutes to participate in it; your cooperation in this regard is highly appreciated. As per the ethics of Market research society of India, your identity will be kept confidential and we will only be sharing summarized results in our presentations. Name | | Qualification | | City / Address | | Years of Experience | | Attached Hospital | | Total Number of Beds in Hospital | | Number of Intensive Care Units | | Name of ICU | MICU / ICCU / NICU | Number of Beds in Intensive Care Unit | | 9. On an average, how many patients do you care in the Intensive care unit in a month?

Parameter | Number of Patients | Total ICU Patients / Month | | New patients/month | | 10. According to you what is the role of sedative agents in Intensive Care Unit? | | 11. Whether you use sedative agents or anesthetic agents for sedation in ICU and please mention them?

No | Anesthetic agent | Sedative agent | 1 | | | 2 | | | 3 | | | 4 | | | 5 | | |

12. Please give the parameters that are considered to be important while using a Sedative drug for ICU sedation

No | Parameters | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 13. -------------------------------------------------
Out of total number of patients to how many patients or on what percentage you use sedative agents in ICU per month ___________________________

14. Generally for what no. of days you use sedative agent in ICU?

<24 hrs | | >48 hrs | | 24-48 hrs | | Maximum days | |

9. Please specify the sedative drugs/ anesthetic agents used for ICU Sedation for the following ICU patients?

Type of patient | Molecules | Intubated patients | | Non-intubated | | 10. In your clinical practice, do you use analgesic drugs for sedation in ICU? Yes (Go to Next Question) | | No (Go to Question 11) | |

11. If yes, kindly tell the dugs you prefer

Drugs | Please specify | Fentanyl | | Sufentanyl | | Morphine | | Any other | |

12. Can you please recall any sedative molecule/brand having an additional analgesic property _____________________________

13. Do you use Dexmedetomidine for sedation in ICU patients?

Yes (Go to Next Question) | | No (Go to Question 14) | |

14. Could you please mention the average number of patients on whom you use dexmedetomidine for sedation in ICU per month
__________________

15. Kindly mention any one advantage of Dexmedetomidine molecule when compared to other molecules used for sedation

Compared with | Advantages | Midazolam(sedative agent) | | Propofol(anesthetic agent) | | Fentanyl(analgesic agent) | | 16. If no, then kindly specify the reasons for not using Dexmedetomidine molecule Reasons | Specify please | Unaware | | Efficacy of molecule | | Side effects | | Empirical knowledge | | Any other | | 17. Could you please mention the dosage pattern of various sedative/anesthetic drugs in ICU sedation Sedative Agents | Dosage | | Loading | Maintenances | | | | | | | | | | Your Opinion Is Valuable To us

Anaesthesiologist questionnaire

Good Morning/Good Afternoon Sir/Ma’am
I ________ pursuing M.B.A from NIPER. As part of our curriculum we need to do a project in Anesthetic Segment. I would be grateful if you could spare few minutes to participate in it; your cooperation in this regard is highly appreciated. Name | | Qualification | | City / Address | | Years of Experiences | | Attached Hospital | | Total Number of Beds in Hospital | |

1. On an average, how many surgeries do you attend in a month?

Total Surgeries / Month | |

2. Please mention the sedative agents and anesthetic agents used for different surgeries as per your priorities. | Type of Surgeries | Sedative agent | Anesthetic agent | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | 3 | | | |

3. Please mention the parameters that you considered most important while using a Sedative drug for surgeries

| Parameters | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | |

4. What are the different modes of administration through which the anesthetic and sedative agents are used during surgeries? Stages | Sedative Agent (Name it) | Anesthetic Agent (Name it) | Mode of administration | Pre Surgery | | | | Induction | | | | Maintenance | | | | Post surgery | | | |

5. Could you please mention the purpose and benefits of sedative drugs during peri-operative conditions?

Different stages | Purpose & Benefits | Pre operative | | Intra operative | | Post operative | |

6. Do you change sedative agents according to the type of surgery Yes (Go to Next Question) | | No (Go to Question 8) | |

7. Can you please recall any sedative molecule/brand having an additional analgesic property ________________________________________

8. Do you use Dexmedetomidine in surgeries?

Yes (Go to Next Question) | | No (Go to Question 15) | |

9. Could you please mention the average number of patients on whom you use dexmedetomidine for sedation during surgeries per month
__________________

10. Please mention the surgeries, Dexmedetomidine is preferred by you. 1. | | 2. | | 3. | | 4. | | 5. | |

11. Kindly mention any one advantage of Dexmedetomidine molecule when compared to other molecules used for sedation

Compared with | Advantage | Midazolam(sedative agent) | | Propofol(anesthetic agent) | | Fentanyl(analgesic agent) | |

12. How Dexmedetomidine can be best used for surgeries? (Please Tick)

Anesthetic agent | | Sedative & Analgesic | | Sedative agent | | Adjuvant to Anesthetic Agent | | Analgesic agent | | | | 13. If no, then kindly specify the reasons for not using Dexmedetomidine molecule (Branching from Q10) Reasons | Specify please | Unawareness of molecule | | Efficacy of molecule | | Side effects | | Empirical knowledge | | Any other (Please mention) | | 14. Does the post operative condition of the patient influence you for selection of anesthetic agent? Yes | | No (Go to Question 15) | | 15. Which of the following side effects you will not like to have in your anesthetic agent? Rank them. Parameters | Most important | Somewhat important | Important | Less important | Least important | Nausea & Vomiting | | | | | | Hallucination | | | | | | Delirium | | | | | | Respiratory depression | | | | | | Late Recovery | | | | | | 16. Could you please mention the dosage pattern of various sedative agents Sedative agents | Loading dose | Maintenance dose | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Your opinion is valuable to Us

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Human Resource Management

...Microsoft Dynamics™ GP Human Resources Sample Reports Copyright Copyright © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the licensee of the software with which this document was provided may make a reasonable number of copies of this document solely for internal use. Trademarks Microsoft and Microsoft Dynamics are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation or its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries. FairCom and c-tree Plus are trademarks of FairCom Corporation and are registered in the United States and other countries. The names of actual companies and products mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered marks - in the United States and/or other countries - of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred...

Words: 5235 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

Data Warehousing

...Web Intelligence • Performing on report analysis with Web Intelligence • Filtering Queries using conditions, prompts etc., • Using Combined Queries and merging dimensions • Displaying data in various formats (Ex: Tables, Charts etc.,) Advanced Reporting: • Calculations, Formulas and variables • Ranking Data, using Alerters to highlight data, Formatting numbers and Dates • Understanding Calculation Contexts • Web Intelligence Functions, Operators and Keywords • Calculating values with Smart Measures Universe Designer: • Designer and Universe Fundamentals • Creating a schema with Tables and Joins • Resolving Join problems in a schema • Defining Classes, Objects, hierarchies, using cascading list of values for hierarchies • Testing the universe • Working with OLAP universes Xcelsius 2008: • Application Overview • Creating and Updating Xcelsius visualizations • Using Xcelsius components ( Chart, Containers, Selectors etc.,) • Exporting Xcelsius visualizations to various applications (Power point, PDF, Flash • Creating templates, Alerts and Dynamic visibility • Using Data Manager ( Creating and configuring connections) • Live Office Connections, Query As A Web Service (QWAAS), XML data Connections Crystal Reports: • Report Design Concepts • Designing Optimized Web Reports • Building queries, Filters and prompts • Sorting, Grouping and Totaling of data • Accessing data sources,Creating and updating OLAP reports Business Objects Enterprise Repository: ...

Words: 462 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

My Documents

...Chapter 9 Writing Short Reports Critical Thinking Questions 1. Discuss the effects of formality and problem length on report makeup as described in the chapter. (LO1) 2. Which of the prefatory pages of reports appear to be related primarily to the length of the report? Which to the need for formality? (LO1) 3. Describe the role and content of a transmittal message. (LO1) 4. Why is a personal style typically used in the transmittal message? (LO1) 5. Explain how to write the executive summary of a report. (LO1) 6. Why does the executive summary include key facts and figures in addition to the analyses and conclusions drawn from them? (LO1) 7. Explain why some routine report problems require little or no introduction. (LO2) 8. Why is the direct order generally used in the shorter reports? When is the indirect order desirable for such reports? (LO2) 9. Describe the organization of the conventional short report. (LO3) 10. What types of problems are written up as letter reports? As email reports? Explain the differences. (LO3) 11. What kinds of information might go into routine operational reports for different kinds of organizations? Why would these organizations need this information regularly? (LO4) 12. Given what you’ve learned about progress reports, suggest an appropriate structure for these reports. What might go into the beginning? What might the middle parts be? What would the conclusion do? (LO4) 13. How might an internal...

Words: 1030 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Functional Organization

...Organizational Structure Paper The Results Companies The results companies was founded by Alan Schein and Robert Rapp as a provider for a dialer-based technology and a telemarketing service. In 1990 these two men founded The Results companies as a small private company. The company continued a strong entrepreneurial business to proactively identify great opportunity, implemented them successfully and responsibly through the years. They experienced significant growth, which increased revenues from around $28 million since 2005 to about $75 million in 2009. Revenue continued to grow in 2010 it reached 81.1 million. They continued to grow so they expanded to 13 locations throughout the United States and around the world in 2011. They have locations in the Philippines (Cebu, Eastwood city, Manila; Pasig city-Alaskaland, Pasig city-Q Plaza, Silver city, Manila. In the United States they have sites in Texas, Florida, two in Virginia, Kansas, Utah, and Illinois. Heredia Costa Rica, and two sites in Mexico.  “The Results Companies exceeds its clients’ expectations by providing a better operational foundation while integrating leading processes and systems to drive top-tier performance and quality.” (The Results Companies, 2011) The Results management team is constantly focused on ensuring their clients are receiving high-quality service, along with concentrating on strategies that will lower costs and improve their performance. “Our relationship management methodology is a systematized...

Words: 796 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Quality

...Curriculum Vitae Of Xavier Cooper NAME : Xavier Cooper Personal Details Surname : Cooper Full Names : Xavier Wilray Emmerald Known As : Xavier Address : 18 Catherine Road : Salsoneville : Port Elizabeth : 6059 Telephone Number - Work : 041 402 8800 Home : 041 481 7519 * Cell : 0820815140 * E-mail : Xavier.Cooper@autocast.co.za Identity Number : 701018 5211 085 Home Language : English Other Languages : Afrikaans Notice Period : 1 Month Educational Profile Education and Training Schooling High School : Bethelsdorp High School Year Completed :1990 Standard Attained :Matric Subjects Passed :English, Afrikaans, Biology, Geograhy, Business Economics, Accounting. Higher Education Institution :Bethelsdorp Technical College Year Completed :1992 Qualification Attained :N2 Certificate Subjects Passed :Mathematics, Engineering Science Engineering Drawings, Toolmakers Theory. N3 Drawings. Other Studies/Courses :PC Upgrade and repair Employment Profile Most Recent Employer ...

Words: 307 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility

................................... P. 6 Reliability .................................................................................................... P. 7 Clarity ......................................................................................................... P. 8 Conclusion .................................................................................................... P. 9 Bibliography .............................................................................................. P. 10 Introduction Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is provides the globally applicable guidelines to business organization that voluntary use to design and ensure the quality of their sustainability reports. GRI framework is helping the organization to measure and report the sustainability report’s three aspects that includes economics, environmental and social performance. This framework can be used in any size, industry or location. (G3 guideline, p2) Bel Group is a global brand which supplies different type of cheese and provide food service. Headquarters of Bel Group is in France. It provides their product to...

Words: 2186 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Eth Team Papper Week 2

...jumping from account to account. At first Mr. Malone did not see a reason to purse an investigation, but Mrs. Cooper decided that there was further investigation needed. Mrs. Cooper looked into the report and realized that something was wrong with the reports and confronted Mr. Bobbitt about the findings. Mr. Bobbitt in the audit committee would take a look and see if the findings that Mrs. Cooper were valid. After finding that the findings were valid she then contact Mr. Farrell and he did an external investigation. After further investigation that the mid-level accounting directors Mr. Normand had confessed to just going along with what Mr. Sullivan had explained to him about the reports because he was afraid to tell anyone and wanted to resign. He was afraid that if he told anyone that he would lose his job and had a family to support. When looking at WorldCom situation it was good that the internal auditor committee took charge of the situation when it was brought to them. That was very ethical and then to have the external auditors take over to review the matter was the right step. Now the fact that you had an accountant that your CFO making false reports and switching money around is not very ethical. Not only did your CFO bring another person into the fraudulent reports, but now an external investigation has to be done and reported. There will be hefty fines and jail time for people in the company that went along with unethical behavior. The accounting activity was...

Words: 349 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Manhunt

...posted a manifesto on his social network page and on February 3, 2013 it all began! His first 2 victims had been shot and killed and there were more deaths to follow. Dorner was after any and all law enforcement and anyone involved with them and LAPD had no idea what else was in store. The manhunt lasted for a little over a week and authorities had no idea where he was or what his next move could have been. Somehow, they caught up with him finally and it all ended with a cabin on fire and Dorner allegedly dead. ABC 7 was not subjective, they reported the information they had, and the reporters did not seem to make subjective comments in the first report. Some information I found odd to be reported was the preschool Dorner attended. Has the reports continued, it started to seem like all the stations were being subjective in their reports. Fox 11 news was the most subjective; the reporters shared how terrible they thought the events were and hoped for Dorner’s capture. In both stations the information that was omitted or never spoken of in detail was how good of a person everyone knew Christopher Dorner as. There were people who wanted to share their experiences with him and who have known him for years and never thought of him as a killer, but apparently none of that mattered at this point. NBC 4 was the most objective, there were no opinions, and they reported the information they had. All news stations seemed to omit any good information on the suspect, but at that point they were...

Words: 1257 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Sources

...Grading system and reporting Name: Institution: Course: Lecturer: Date: Question 1 Advantages of letter grading system • Concise and convenient • Grades are easily averaged • Easy to predict future achievements of students Disadvantages • Proportion of students achieved each grade varies from teacher to teacher • Does not indicate student’s specific strength and weaknesses in learning • Are a combination of achievement, effort, work habits and good behavior Advantages of pass-fail system I. Encourages students to explore new areas even those that they are not fully prepared for II. Permits students to focus on aspects of the course that relate directly to their major field of study. III. Enables students to select their learning experience by removing fear of lower grades Disadvantages I. Offers less information about the performance II. Gives no indication of level of learning hence difficult to predict future performance III. Efforts are directed towards passing rather than achieving higher grades Advantages of standard based system a) Are concise and convenient as they cover broad perspectives b) Provide good compromise of the other grading methods hence the fairest Disadvantages a) It is not goal specific b) Does not indicate strength and weaknesses of students c) Difficult to estimate improvement over short time Advantages of checklist i. Detailed analysis of strength and weaknesses ii. Reminds students, teachers and parents of the objectives...

Words: 353 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Circuit Design

...Laboratory Report Format 1. Title Page: The following is an example of the proper lab report title page format. Of course, you must substitute information pertinent to the specific lab and course. The title page will be a single, whole page. Laboratory Exercise #1 Verification of Ohm's Law by Fred Derf Lab Partner: Jonathan Dough EETH 1811 Electronic Circuit Technology Lecture Section 001 Lab Section 101 Performed on: February 31, 1994 Submitted on: March 1, 1994 To: Dr. Pepper 2. Objective(s) Describe in formal language (third person impersonal) the objective(s) of the lab. State the rules or theories to be investigated in the lab. Rule of thumb: someone else, using the same knowledge you have, should be able to complete the task given this information alone. In some cases, lab objectives may be given to you. You should expand these supplied objectives whenever appropriate. List all components (including values) and major equipment required to perform the exercise. Be sure to include make, model, and serial numbers of all equipment used. This listing should not include items such as meter leads or jumper wires, which are required for the use of the laboratory equipment. By listing the equipment itself it is implied that the necessary meter leads or other connecting apparatus is included. Provide all detailed schematics which, when implemented, will produce the results desired. Do not include developmental schematics here. Computer drawn schematics are preferable...

Words: 772 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Financial Management

...Business Objective – ‘Global Finance Reports’ Operating Guide [pic] Support Team Last Updated on 04-Dec-2011 Table of Contents Objective 3 How to get access to the ‘Secured Finance Folder’ in BO 3 Folder Structure in BO for Global Finance Reports 3 Reports repository 3 BO Support Team 3 Annexure 3 Search Key option in BO 3 Additional Filter option in Bo 3 Enlarge screen with new window and show/hide tool bar 3 How to Change Parameters in BO 3 How to Select Input controls in BO 3 Report Layout Options 3 Objective Considering the complexities in our process, Finance teams always demand reports consolidated from combination of several Companies/Servers. Baan has limitations to generate reports from multiple companies/servers combination. Creating a global universe in BO connecting various company/server (Baan 4, Baan5) will enable us to create much needed consolidated reports at MEP code level. Global universe will also connect to FDSS for using Global mappings like Global Accounts, Bus Org, Global Cost centers, Global Product Lines.. Etc. Using Baan data and Global mappings, reports with Global dimensions can be produced dynamically. Business Objects will be used as the common reporting tool for Finance Reporting. BO will be used to produce dynamic reports from Baan similar to OLS formats. This will be a great help for the site Finance teams to effectively monitor their Month end numbers...

Words: 1016 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Information System Breakdown Response Procedures

...telephone system; - fax machine; - photocopy machine; - printers (associated with photocopy machine); - scanner (associated with photocopy machine). 1.0 Reporting ICT Breakdown 1.1 Whenever there is breakdown encountered to any of the ICT in the office, the staff in charge shall complete the ICT Breakdown Report which to include clearly the ICT Name, Model No./ Serial No., Location, Breakdown Date and Time, Nature of Breakdown and refer by faxing/ handing over as soon as possible to the following personnel authorised to attend to the breakdown. 1. Refer to IT Technician for breakdown of, - computer hardware; - computer software; - computer network (wireless/ local area network (LAN)); - internet system; - email system; 1.1.2 Refer to Admin Manager for breakdown of, - PABX system/ telephone system; - fax machine; - photocopy machine; - printers (associated with photocopy machine); - scanner (associated with photocopy machine). 2.0 Investigation of Cause and Rectification 2.1 For any breakdown report for items 1.1.1 as soon as received from ICT user, the IT Technician shall attend to the reported breakdown within 30 minutes from the time of receiving such reporting and investigate the cause of breakdown and provide rectification if the spare...

Words: 827 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Business

...Internship Report Format 1. Title Page One original title page, prepared in the same format as the Sample Internship title is given at the end. Page submitted with the original signatures of Program coordinator. The date on the title page will depend on the semester you will receive your degree. 2. Acknowledgements If you wish, you may include a page with a brief note of dedication or acknowledgment of help received from particular persons. 3. Table of Contents The contents page should clearly and accurately index the page numbers of the various sections of the dissertation. Spelling of headings should be accurate (an aspect often missed by students). 4. A Brief Executive Summary of the Internship Executive summary must be included in your internship report. It contains (a) state the problem or problems that you worked on or page summary of the company/institution; (b) brief description your activities; (c) summarize the findings.  Limit it to 350 words in length. It should be 1.5 spaced, using only one side of the paper, and should be within the internship report margin requirements and Its pages should be assigned a place in the small Roman number sequence for the preliminary pages, but the numbers should not be displayed on the executive summary pages themselves. 5. Main body of report The first page of either an introduction or a first chapter should be numbered “1” in Arabic numerals. Main body of report should be divided into two parts. 1. Part-I:...

Words: 1281 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Write a Report

...A Guide to Report Writing September 2008 CONTENTS Page 1. 2 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 PREPARATION ................................................................................................................................2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................2 PURPOSE ..............................................................................................................................2 PLANNING ..............................................................................................................................2 RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................2 CONTENTS OF A REPORT ............................................................................................................3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................3 TITLE PAGE ...........................................................................................................................3 CONTENTS PAGE ...................................................................................................................3 THE SUMMARY ....

Words: 4543 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Critically Examine the Role of “Relevance and Reliability” in the Conceptual Framework.

...Topic – Critically examine the role of “Relevance and Reliability” in the conceptual framework. Conceptual framework can be described as ‘a set of interrelated concepts which define the nature, subject, purpose and broad content of general-purpose financial reports’ (Carnegie, et. al. 2008). The conceptual framework is made up of four qualitative characteristics: relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability (Hoggett, et. al. 2009). These qualitative characteristics allow the general-purpose financial reports to be constructed for interpretation by a particular user(s) so they may make informed decisions about certain aspects of their organisation. Although all four qualitative characteristics are important in the accounting processes, this essay will focus on the role of relevance and reliability in the conceptual framework. When general-purpose financial reports are constructed, the information used, among other things, must be relevant. Hogget, et. al. (2009) defines relevance as a quality of financial information that influences economic decisions by helping users to form predictions, to confirm or correct past evaluations and to assess the rendering of accountability by preparers. For all information to be used accurately and appropriately, the information used must be relevant to the task it is used for. The relevance of information is affected by its nature and materiality. In some cases, the nature of information alone is sufficient to determine its relevance...

Words: 1059 - Pages: 5