...Summary The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness was developed in the 1980s by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996). It was based on Leventhal’s research from the prior decade that studied the effect of fear in relation to health related behaviors. The theory has various titles such as the, Self Regulation Theory, Common Sense Model of Illness Representation or Leventhal’s Theory (Hale et al, 2007). For ease of communication it will be referred to as the Common Sense Model (CSM). It’s primary goal and function is to explain how a person processes an illness threat. The CSM is centered on the individual and his or her idea of health and illness. It works under the premise that the individual is “an active problem solver.” CSM also theories an individual’s representation of the illness will be the primary cause of their actions and behavior and the process of illness representation will lead the individual to make common sense health behaviors. (Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996). Self-regulation is the processing of information by a patient regarding their health and the actions that an individual takes to return to a normal state of health. A stimuli such as a symptom of an illness or a diagnosis starts a three-phase feedback cycle of self-regulation. First, the individual constructs a cognitive “representation” of the illness. Secondly, the individual acts and “copes” with the illness. In the third stage, the...
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...Individual Wellness Change Project The client I selected for this project is a 70 year old female. This client resides in a household with her husband, and adult son. Retirement has not equated with rest and relaxation for my client as she also takes care of two of her adult brothers in poor health. Three granddaughters have been the source of joy for her as they’ve grown from precious infants to teenagers. My client also assumes the role of family matriarch for her other nine siblings. With many demands for time and attention, I predicted the needs assessments to direct us towards stress management. The results we received sent out project in another direction. With my initial prediction of the focus needed being on stress management, I had my client complete the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Holmes and Rahe, n.d.) first. In spite of numerous responsibilities and various family members always seeking advice, her score was only a 16. Scores below 150 represent only a slight risk of illness due to stress. The one area where stress does affect my client is in her sleeping habits. Many nights she experiences insomnia while contemplating current family situations, and consequentially suffers from fatigue. My client’s concern over taking care of everyone else leaves little time for her to focus on herself. The remainder of our assessments helped to point out what she already knew about her nutrition and physical activity levels. The results of the LiveWell assessment...
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...DIABETES TEST KIT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1 SECTION A | GROUP 9 IIM RAIPUR Submitted by: Anshoo Saini 15PGP008 Gautham Balaji 15PGP015 Isha Tayal 15PGP018 Koundinya Niggamadda 15PGP026 Piyush Gaurav 15PGP037 Shekhar Suman 15FPM009 Index Industry Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Industry Activities 2 Similar Industries 2 Market Participants 2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 3 PESTEL Analysis 4 Industry Outlook 5 Products & Markets 6 Future Outlook 7 Competitive Landscapes, Success factors and Business Locations 7 Major Companies 8 Strategic Recommendations 10 Industry Analysis Industry Definition This industry develops and produces blood glucose meters and testing supplies that help users monitor blood glucose levels. Most manufacturers also develop other medical devices. Industry Activities * Diabetes market research * Glucose meter monitoring research and development * Glucose meter * Glucose meter accessory Similar Industries * Dental Laboratories * Diagnostic & Medical Laboratories * Dialysis Equipment Manufacturing * Health & Medical Insurance * Hearing Aid Manufacturing * Medical Device Manufacturing * Medical Instrument & Supply Manufacturing * Ophthalmic Instrument Manufacturing * Pacemaker Manufacturing * Robotic Surgery Equipment Manufacturing * Syringes & Injection Needle Manufacturing ...
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...fully developed and their may be some ethical concerns concerning this form of treating disease. In your research consider the following points: 1. What is gene therapy? 2. What are the advantages of gene therapy as opposed to conventional therapy for some disorders? 3. What procedures are used in gene therapy, eg., what is a vector? 4. Are there some types of cells which are more suitable for gene therapy than other types? 5. What are some conditions in humans which could be potentially treated with gene therapy? 6. Are there any conditions in humans which are being successfully treated with gene therapy on a routine basis? 7. Does gene therapy have any practical potential? 8. What is diabetes? How many kinds of diabetes are there and what are the differences between them? 9. Are there any ethical concerns surrounding gene therapy? 10. References of all your research sources are required. There are no marks allocated for Part 1, but you will need the information obtained in Part 1 to answer the questions in Part 2. PART 2 Part 2 is an ‘open book’ examination BUT only original, personal, individual hand written notes will be allowed into the examination to be...
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...I. Introduction Diabetes is on the rise in the United States and the resultant health problems are leading to visits to physicians’ offices and hospitals more than ever before. Diabetic neuropathy, a debilitating nerve disorder which can affect almost any part of the nervous system, occurs in nearly 50 percent of patients with diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is found in 12 percent of insulin dependent diabetics and 32 percent of those who are not, equaling approximately 3 million people in the United States. (Chen et al. 2007) The number of patients with other neuropathies, such as autonomic, proximal, and focal, comprises the other 1 million diabetic neuropathy patients, most of whom suffer in pain from the dysfunction of the nervous system. (Chen et al. 2007) This disorder’s elusive nature is such that it can not only present in any part of the body but it can be completely without symptoms that the average patient would report to their physician. Since the patients themselves are less likely to naturally disclose their suffering through their assumption that their symptoms are not relevant to their diabetic condition, the physician’s role in the diagnosis and recognition of this disorder is even more critical. II. Definition and Types of Diabetic Neuropathy The most common type of diabetic neuropathy is peripheral, considered, more generally, sensorimotor. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs, hands, and arms....
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...important part of the body. If someone has diabetes he/she is more likely to have to foot problems. Diabetes can damage your nerves. This, in turn, may make you less able to feel an injury or pressure on the skin of your foot. You may not notice a foot injury until severe damage or infection develops. This may led to gangrene in the through simple injuries eventually amputation will be the final choice. So a diabetes patient always has to wear specialized footwear that can protect the foot in more sophisticated way. Diabetes changes your body's ability to fight infections. Damage to blood vessels causes because of diabetes results in less blood and oxygen getting to your feet. Because of this, small sores or breaks in the skin may become deeper skin ulcers. The affected limb may need to be amputated when these skin ulcers do not improve, get larger, or go deeper into the skin. Worldwide, 50% of all leg amputations happen to people living with diabetes. In India, an estimated 50,000 amputations are carried out every year due to diabetes related foot problems. By employing reconstructive and corrective footwear, to remove the high pressure points, a large number of such amputations can be prevented. Thus the patient can lead a near normal life, free from complications. WHO predicts that developing countries will bear the brunt of diabetes epidemic in the 21st century. Currently, more than 70% of people with diabetes live in low- and middle income countries. ...
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...Diabetes transition Assessment of current best practice and development of a future work programme to improve transition processes for young people with diabetes. Transition in healthcare is only one part of the evolution from dependent child to independent adult (David, 2001). Submitted by Ruth Gordon, Ruth Gordon Associates Ltd to NHS Diabetes. Supporting, Improving, Caring August 2012 Acknowledgements This project was funded by NHS Diabetes and supported by Gillian Johnson, North East Regional Programme Manager. The expert panel was made up of a group of clinicians and others who provided information, commented on the process and contributed to the views included in this final report. Others have influenced the later stages of the work and will be involved in planning how to take this project forwards. Therefore thanks go to: • Fiona Campbell • Deborah Christie • Chris Cooper • Julie Cropper • Gail Dovey-Pearce • Jane Edmunds • Gavin Eyres • Sue Greenhalgh • Peter Hammond • Gillian Johnson • Susannah Rowles • Carolyn Stephenson • Helen Thornton • Peter Winocour • Alison Woodhead Without the two clinical leads, Peter Hammond from Harrogate and Fiona Campbell from Leeds, this work and report would not have been possible. Contents Executive summary Context Background and rationale Aims of the project Timing of the project Process undertaken for the project Evidence base and policy background Results from the snapshot research Good practice Examples of good practice...
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...Diabetes Among African Americans Diabetes has been affecting the African American community in the United States for a long time. Diabetes is a disease that occurs in people by altering the body’s metabolic process in producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of sugar in our blood stream, and in turn becomes energy. There are two types of diabetes: type 1diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1diabetes, which usually begins during childhood or adolescence, is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by lack of insulin (American Diabetes Association). This occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. Type 2 diabetes which is the most common form of the disease, usually occurs in middle aged adults after the age of forty-five (American Diabetes Association). It’s a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Forty percent of African American boys and forty nine percent of girls will develop diabetes during their lifetimes and therefore face the possibility of severe diabetes-related complications and a life span that is reduced by 4 to 23 years (Institute for Alternative Futures). In 2010, there were 5,547,700 African Americans in the United States with diabetes. African Americans have at least twice the risk of amputations, renal failure, and...
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...DIABETES RISKS There are two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. They have in common that the level of sugar in the blood is abnormally high. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a deficiency of the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels. Basically it means that the body is not producing its own insulin. Type 2 diabetes is when the level of insulin can be low, normal or high. In this case it means that the body is not responding properly to insulin and it becomes partially resistant to the effects of insulin. Some risk factors to be known for causing diabetes are lack of physical activity, excess body fat and low fiber diets, as well as genetics and family history. Also, large amounts consumption of alcohol can substantially increase the risk of diabetes. There are many complications of diabetes and the elevated levels of blood sugar and insulin, which includes heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, blindness, and loss of limbs. Life can be challenging and overwhelming, but there are some things that can be done to decrease our risks for developing diabetes. I personally would start by adopting additional healthy behaviors. First, I need to go and get a fasting done whenever possible to make sure my sugar levels are ok. Second, I would try to lose weight by dieting and getting exercise every day, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator, park at the end of the parking lot instead of looking for the spot nearest the door, replace high...
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...Diabetes Overview Almost everyone knows someone who has diabetes. An estimated 23.6 million people in the United States—7.8 percent of the population—have diabetes, a serious, lifelong condition. Of those, 17.9 million have been diagnosed, and 5.7 million have not yet been diagnosed. In 2007, about 1.6 million people ages 20 or older were diagnosed with diabetes. … Source: 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey estimates of total prevalence-both diagnosed and undiagnosed-were projected to year 2007. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism— the way the body uses digested food for growth and energy. Most of the food people eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body. After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy. For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach. When people eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into the cells. In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body in the urine. Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of...
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...Healthy Eating and Diabetes The foods that we eat can make all the difference in whether we are healthy, or whether we become sick, because, many illnesses can be caused, or be made worse by, the dietary choices that we make. The various types of diabetes--including type 2, the most prevalent--are no exception. Diabetes is an increasingly common, life-threatening illness that currently afflicts more than eight percent of all Americans. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States1. In no other illness does eating a healthy diet play a more important role than in diabetes. With appropriate dietary and lifestyle changes, and medications, diabetes can be controlled--and in the case of type 2, even reversed 2- and a diabetic can live a long, productive life. What is Diabetes? Diabetes mellitus, more commonly called simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases. People afflicted with this disease have high blood sugar, either because their body does not produce enough insulin, or because the body's cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, and it is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. The high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms associated with diabetes: frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Different Types of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes: Also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes, type 1 can strike people of any age, mostly...
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...Critique Nursing Journal Article Kendra Duran Excelsior College Abstract Complications from, and economic costs associated with diabetes are on the rise. The concern is that this global health epidemic is only expected to worsen in the coming decades. One quantitative research study aims to improve patient outcomes specifically related to proper control of blood glucose level, by linking patient outcomes with health literacy and patient trust. A quantitative study consisting of a convenience sample of 102 subjects from two urban health care centers was used. Patient demographics, socioeconomic status, and diabetes related knowledge, and depression were measured. The results of this study are mixed in supporting the hypothesis that lower health literacy directly impacts glycemic control. The 2010 journal article titled, “Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in urban USA population” from Nursing Health and Sciences, hypothesizes a direct relationship between a patient’s overall health literacy and the ability to maintain glycemic control. The study’s intent is to examine questions related to health literacy and a patient’s trust in their healthcare provider to make a connection to how well the subjects managed glycemic control. Questions related to potential depression are also relevant. Author, Josephine M. Mancuso, PhD, ANP-BC from Marquette University, has published articles in the following nursing journals: Journal Of Nursing Care...
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...Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus Submitted by lifenurses on Monday, 4 January 2010 2 Comments Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently raised above the normal range. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two primary forms: type 1, characterized by absolute insufficiency, and the more prevalent type 2, characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (ADA], Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003. Causes for Diabetes Mellitus The cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown, although genetic factors may play a role. Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports glucose into the cell for use as energy and storage as glycogen. It also stimulates protein synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance compromises the body tissues’ access to essential nutrients for fuel and storage. The resulting hyperglycemia can damage many of the...
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...Health Care Services HCA/240 December 1, 2013 Lorie Larson Diabetes is not only a disease, it is a deadly disease. Countless number of people has died from this disease worldwide, and many of which died right here in the United States of America. Learning about diabetes and getting tested early will definitely help with the number of expected cases and death. Being aware of this deadly disease and trends has definitely impacted our society in a good way. In today’s society, the health care systems have highly developed by prolonging life expectancy and quality of life, but prolonging one’s life expectancy has not come cheap for healthcare or easy. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce or respond appropriately to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that the body needs to absorb and use glucose (sugar) as fuel for the body’s cells. Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications (www.Healthypeople.gov ). The 3 common types of diabetes are Type 1 which is the results when the body loses its ability to produce insulin, type 2 which is the results from a combination of resistance to the action of insulin and insufficient insulin production, and the third type of diabetes is Gestational diabetes, a common complication of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can lead to prenatal complications in mother and child and substantially...
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...product was advertised on television and seemed to target a younger crowd. The advertisement showed a young man easily using the device. The young man tested his blood glucose with an AccuCheck monitor and then inserted the test strip into a small device that plugged directly into his smart phone. The man had an application open on his phone that showed the results of his test. This application seemed fairly sophisticated and even kept a record of the users test results. This is a really great, convenient product for those who need to monitor their blood sugar levels. This particular advertisement seemed to market a younger, more electronically savvy generation. Because the older population sixty years plus, have the highest number of diabetes, I think it would be ideal to remarket this product more focused on this generation. A television commercial would still be a great way to target the older generation, but the commercial would need to show an elderly man using his smart phone. Perhaps the commercial can quickly show that the man is not technically savvy, but after being shown how to use the product and the application he could easily do it himself thereafter. While a revised television commercial focusing on the older population is a good way to market this product, I believe that the best way to market this would be to have booths and demonstrations set-up at various pharmacies. These demonstrations can be made while a person is waiting for his or her prescription to...
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