...1960s Diary Entries Clarence McKinney HIS/135 November 25, 2012 Jennifer Landers 1960s Diary Entries Dear Diary, Today is August 17, 1965 and has been the first day in a week that I could write. The past six days here in Watts have been almost unbearable for me. I take pen in hand to record the events of this past week to have a written account of the horrific things I have witnessed. The Civil Right Act that was passed last year had given me as well as others the hope that the United States was finally on its way to racial equality, but the condition of Watts has not changed for the better. There is high unemployment, substandard housing, and inadequate schools in this district. This has lowered the self-esteem and raised the tempers of the people here. Last Wednesday on the 11th I opened my store as usual at 8am and set about my daily routine. The day progressed normally until I had to leave the store for a bite to eat. As I walked toward the diner I noticed a group of people across the street gathered around something. I could not see what it was as I was still several yards away. As I came closer I realized that a highway patrolman had pulled a car over to the side of the street. My curiosity peaked and I stopped to see what would happen. A white patrolman had a young black motorist on the sidewalk and was administering a sobriety test. I could hear words bantered back and forth between some of the onlookers and the patrolman. Tensions escalated when the patrolman...
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...1960 Diary Entries HIS/135 Rachel Pearson 09/21/13 Cynthia Krutsinger Witness to the assassination of Malcolm X Malcolm X was a Muslim that became one of the greatest men that influential African Americans. Malcolm X was a victim of racism before he was even born. A White supremacist broke out his parents windows. When Malcolm was in junior high he was the only black student in the entire school. One afternoon, on February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by the Nation of Islam minutes before he was about to address a rally in Harlem, New York. The questions surrounding about his death of this puzzling and fearless man still troubles us. The Files of Malcolm X, reveals The Smoking Guns in the FBI reports, which was dated for February 22, 1965, the files declares that Malcolm X had 10 gun shots penetrating to the chest, his thigh and ankle, also there were 4 bullets pleats into his chest and thigh. When his autopsy was done, they found 1 gun noticed as a millimeter slug, 1 - 45 caliber slugs, with numerous shotgun shots, that were all around and about in his body, torn through the heart of Malcolm X. I will say that Malcolm X was a very brave and stand up type of guy that did a lot to make blacks feel more connected to African American heritage. He stood up for African Americans and spoke out words and things that they were too afraid to say. He educated them on how to stand up for themselves and their rights as how to carry themselves as black men. He was so...
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...1960s Diary Entries Lashanda Sanford HIS/135 Karen Rogers 1960s Diary Entries African-American student enrolling in Ole Miss October 1, 1962 The history of America has been far from fair for minorities and we have not been treated equally. We have fought very hard for our rights and many people have lost their lives trying to gain equality for all races. I had always dreamed about going to Ole Miss and after the Supreme Court ruled in James Meredith’s favor in September, my dream finally came true. I never thought that I would have a fair chance at education and I am excited to have the opportunity to be enrolling at such a great university. I will be the first person in my family that is going to attend college and for that, I am grateful. Times have not always been easy especially facing segregation and racial discrimination. James Meredith constantly applied to enroll at Ole Miss but each and every time he was turned down because of the color of his skin. So he did what he had to do and got the NAACP involved and the Supreme Court finally decided to rule in his favor. That moment was very important to me and my family members. Our ancestors were not allowed to learn or attend college simply because of their race, but we now have a chance to make history and make a change! I will be the first to admit that when I heard about the integration of the schools and colleges I did not think...
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...1960's Diary Entries Witness to the assassination of Malcolm X HIS 135 Dear Diary, I am one of many to witness the assassination of Malcolm X. On February 21, 1965 today we have lost a legacy. Malcolm X was a strong speaker, and was moved by many African Americans. He did so much to make us feel connected with our African American heritage. He would say the words that we would think but were scared to say. Malcolm X lost his life by the Nation of Islam; everyone is surrounded by questions of this fearless man’s death. The files The Files of Malcolm X, reveals The Smoking Guns in the FBI reports, which was dated for February 22, 1965, the files declares that Malcolm X had 10 gun shots penetrating to the chest, his thigh and ankle, also there were 4 bullets pleats into his chest and thigh. When his autopsy was done, they found 1 gun being noticed as a millimeter slug, 1 - 45 caliber slugs, with numerous shotgun shots, that were all around and about in his body, torn through the heart of Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. When Malcolm was in prison, he got religious, he wanted to change his criminal past, and became a member in the Nation of Islam. After Malcolm was released he started to preach on street corners. I have to say that Malcolm X was a very brave young man and stand up type of guy that did a lot to make blacks feel more connected to African American heritage. He stood up for African Americans and spoke out words and things that they were too afraid...
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...The 1960’s Diary Entries An African American participant in one of the Selma marches in 1965 And An American soldier fighting during the Tet Offensive 1968 Entries by: Ashley M. Johnson Journal Entre “Our March to Montgomery” Journal Entre- March 6, 1965: Tomorrow is the day we start our march to the State Capitol in Montgomery. Everyone has been directed to a group with an appointed group leader, to help guide us on our 54 mile journey. (According to History.com Staff (2010) I have to admit I am a little scared and excited all at the same time, many white people don’t want us to have the rights to vote and I wonder if we can make this journey safely. Journal Entre- March 7, 1965: This day started with much determination, excitement, fear, and courage. I found it a little settling to see that there were not just blacks lining up to march, but whites too. I then thought at that moment that we could actual accomplish the long journey we had ahead of us, as one. Over the next few hours when we approached the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, I saw the mist of my true fears come out. (Hagler-Geard (2015) White officials attempted to stop our march, most of us started to pray, although our attempts failed, we seem to have angered them more. Shots were fired, at first I thought they were shooting us, but after the clouds of heavy smoke filled my sight and lungs, I became disoriented and confused. (The Harris-Perry (2015) website) I was seeing brutal acts of violence all around...
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...greed and getting into other nation’s business, instead of taking care of our own nation. I, as a voter, voted for the politicians who I trust that will honor to serve my nation, state, and city. They are like palm trees, first they grow straight when elected, then they start bending towards the other side, and their palms (hands) are always open, and last their nuts at when their on top. I know I am the oldest in my class, and during my days I was considered the Baby Boomers. People born in the 1950s and early 1960s are Baby Boomers, named because there were so many of us. As we started having children in the 1970s, this was a group who tore away from the traditions of the 50s and 60s, but later found out that they were the first generation to have less than their parents. The children of the Baby Boomers born primarily early 60s to late 70s are called Generation X. If you were born in the 80s you are Generation Y. In today’s society people born in the 1950s and 1960s are so different from those who were born in the 1980s who are the Generation Y, because of how they interact with others. During my days and till now it is more verbal, today’s its more non-verbal, however my generation still...
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...How far was the effectiveness of the civil rights movement in the 1960s limited by Internal divisions? Firstly mention the successes of the 1960s * Greensboro Sit-ins 1960, This protest was very effective; it successfully desegregated the Woolworths store by the end of 1960 and all of Woolworths by 1961. By the end of 1962, 700k people protested and 810 southern towns desegregated something which helped to start the erosion of the Jim Crow Laws. But, the foundations for divisions were set, SNCC accused the SCLC of keeping donations and they were displeased with Kings top-down leadership. NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall called SNCC a ‘group of crazy coloured’. Although this didn’t affect this campaign, the co-operation was unsustainable and could be seen as the beginning of the end. * Freedom rides 1961, This again was successful in the respect that Supreme Court rulings MORGAN V VIRGINIA 1946 and BOYNTON V VIRGINIA 1960 were upheld, but divisions remained, CORE insisted that the SCLC said that CORE originated the freedom rides, cracks were beginning to widen. * The failure at Albany also helped with the radicalisation of SNCC and CORE, people started to question the effectiveness of peaceful protest. Talk about how when there is collaboration there is usually success, e.g. March on Washington which helped the 1964 Civil rights act go through. Tangible successes (dejure) * Civil Rights Act 1964 outlawed racial discrimination in employment and all forms of segregation...
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...Many controversial issues came up rapidly. The rebellion and violence afflicted the youth of America. The effect was especially bad because of the time period in which they had developed. By the middle 1950s, most of the youth’s parents had jobs that paid well. And they were very satisfied with their lives. They educated their children with what were known as "middle class" ethics. These contained a knowledge in God, hard work, and service to their country. Eventually, much of the youth in America began to question these beliefs. They felt that their parents' values were not enough to help them with the social hardships of the 1960s. They rebelled by against their prior ways by letting their hair grow long, and wearing odd clothing. Their anger was strongly communicated through music. Rock-and-roll music had become very prominent in America in the 1960s. Many people did not approve of it because they thought it was too sexual and demeaning, and they found the words inappropriate and harmful. The beatles came out with a protest song called “Revolution”. A revolution defined is, a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.” This song was mainly about revolting against the social order of our society. They wanted to “change the world” as they state in their song. This reflects the concerns of the society at the time because if the rebel and start a revolution, they can not let the government control everything they do. Therefore the fear of control...
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...LONDON: THE SWINGING CITY Before Affluence and After Austerity SLIDE: London smog 1953 In the mid-1960s, London was the place to be. ‘Fifteen years earlier, few would have predicted that London would soon play host to the most swinging ball of the century’ (Sandbrook, 2006b)[i] In fact Hardy Amies had had a similar opinion when reflecting on the legacy of the Festival of Britain in 1951; nothing in it signalled the onslaught of the Swinging Sixties, making particular reference to the Britishness of design in the shape of Mary Quant and her artistic contemporaries which would have enormous further global impact (Banham & Hillier 1976)[ii]. In retrospect it is understandable; the gloomy and restrictive situation of the country locked in the interminable shackle of debt from which it seemed almost impossible to free itself, gave absolutely no hint at the transformation to come. Historical descriptions of Britain in the 1950s are invariably depressing (Akhtar & Humphries, 2001; Marr, 2007; Kynaston 2008; Sandbrook, 2006ab; Tarrant, 1990; White, 2008)[iii]. The word that tends to sum up these accounts is ‘grey’. Cyril Connolly, the writer and critic wrote in 1947 after the worst winter since records began followed by the worst flooding, that the British people had been reduced to ‘a neuter class …with [ ] drab clothes … - a careworn people … in their shabby raincoats, under a sky permanently dull and lowering like a metal dish-cover.’ (Gardiner, 1999:35)[iv] SLIDE: London...
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...Mary Quant: A woman who completed women and the youth culture During the 1960s, although Great Britain was referred as the empire on which the sun never sets, the nation itself was too busy in replicating and imitating culture and arts of France. Even the young nation, United States had the victory of seizing hegemony right after World War 2, which hurt the Great Britain’s pride. Not only the nation itself but also the people of Great Britain desperately wanted something “British-like,” something of their own. Furthermore, the social issues for wanting individualism, having a will to express their own selves, and second wave of feminism, more liberated life styles for women, erupted across the Western countries. New definitions of youth and femininity were epitomized through fashion typically created by Mary Quant, a British fashion designer. She had not only helped translating a generation of women, but also helped the failing British fashion industry into a thriving commercialism. Mary Quant was born in London, 1934. She studied illustration at Goldsmith College of Art and met her future husband, Alexander Plunket Greene and a former solicitor, Archie Mcnair. When she failed to become an art teacher, she teamed up with her husband and Mcnair to open up a boutique called Bazaar in Kings Road, London. In the beginning, she planned to buy clothes from the private wholesalers and sell it as retail items at her boutique, but with the limited designs, which...
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...Abstract There is no doubt that as the American society has advanced technologically, economically, and politically over the decades that the positive and negative effects have trickled down into family structures. As time has passed, parenting rolls have changed and these altered rolls have led to an advanced but weaker society. It has been documented in the history books that the 1960s was one decade full of turmoil and change. During those times the United States was a country that was suffering from social, racial, and gender intolerance that sparked events that would transform this nation and propel it into the future. Women in the 60s were paid salaries well below that of men in every occupation. As time and our civilization have progressed, minority groups and women have both been granted equal rights with the rest of the American citizens. Changes to the family structures have been changed in light of equal rights. Over the past forty years notable changes include changes in women and men roles, increases in divorce rates, and the effects the role reversals have had on the children. Over a century ago more than two-thirds of household consisted of an employed husband, while the wives stayed home with the children. (Mintz, 2012). We all are aware that has changed. Women with children are more likely to work a fulltime job as well as her husband. Studies show that in 2010 there were more American women employed than men. (Castelloe, 2011). In addition, slightly...
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...Was permissive legislation in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s a response to social change or did it create it? In 1959, six years before becoming Labour’s Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins said that ‘the state should not impinge excessively on peoples private lives and personal morality’. Permissiveness is routed in this idea of a new relationship between society and the individual, representing ‘striking changes in public and private morals’. According to Andrews, social change began in 1956 with a ‘class initiative’, caused by rapidly growing affluence. The affluence of the 1950s is proven by the proportion of homeowners in England and Wales rising from 31% to 44% between 1951-60, representing vast economic growth. Many politicians, particularly those on the Left, believed that ‘the affluent society was directly responsible for the permissive society’. Rising affluence occurred amid the re-emergence of Conservative values in the post-World War Two period, with Brown claiming that ‘the 1950s were about perfecting Victorian values’. The conservatism of the 1950s gave the 1960s a cause for rebellion, creating the unique conditions for permissive legislation to be passed. This paper will focus on acts passed between 1967-1970, including the Abortion, NHS (Family Planning) and the Sexual Offences Acts of 1967, the Divorce Reform Acts (1969), and in 1970 the Matrimonial Property Act. These permissive acts symbolised the breakdown of Victorian and Christian morals, particularly surrounding...
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...women and their difficulties as there were basic rights which were being denied and discriminated against in the workplace during 1960 through 1980. As a setback that women faced in the 1960s and the early 1980s were that men realized what women were trying to do as much as they could, but men wanted to keep fully qualified women out of their workplace. During the early the 1960s, many changes were put in place to help women get to the top in a sense it would be fair to say that women as individuals have always been viewed as the underdog to a man especially in the workplace. Rex 1978 “stated that in the 1970’s women were heavily discriminated against when it came to what jobs they received and would the pay be equal to a what a man is paid”. Changes for women has progressed over time however in the 1960’s and 1970’s certain jobs like construction and policing made it hard for a woman to strive equally as a man in these types of fields during this time frame there were several activist that attempted to take a stand. Prophet Gail Cook addressed the issue of women being treated equally in the work field it is important to understand that changes that have been made to equal the playing field when it comes to a woman being treated equally to a man Sawhney stated that women have been denied basic rights and this has been occurring since before the 1960’s Changes that was effective and helped to succeed by more jobs being offered it opened up room for women to start applying for...
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...A. What made the 50s a golden era for children and teenagers were because there was stale separation rate, a low number of women in the workforce, a high birth rate, increase family income, and the development of child-centered suburbs. Regardless, as the years continue ahead the splendid time of secured pre-adulthood and youngster of the 1950s created what Mintz calls the "youthqauke "of the 1960s. Divorces rates began to double and women started to reappear in the workforce, especially the individuals who were housewives in the 1950s. The worry about "prepared" childhood introduced a period of endeavors at more prominent institutional control, especially in school. The call for expanded testing and institutionalization of the school educational...
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...The Sixties was a decade known to be unconventional and a crucial time in our history. It was a decade where there were various political and social issues, which also affected people’s values and the media. It was a crucial decade where people felt the need to express their values like never before. During this time Rock and Roll blew up, and hippies wanted to promote peace and love like never before. Culturally, the sixties was a time of major change for young and middle-aged citizens as sex, drugs and rock and roll became as much a trend, and way of, as a phrase. Teens sought to redefine the world in their own ways, rebelling against what they felt were restrictive, oppressive, social norms passed down from older generations. Drugs of various sorts, were a tool used to propel that rebellion. I’d stress the War in Vietnam, and the activism that spread across the country. I’d tie it to today’s Millenial generation and their political power and engagement being higher than has been seen since the sixties. John F Kennedy was popular, modern and impactful as President. He was cool and made the political landscape appealing to a younger generation; much of the same can be said of former President Barack Obama. Vietnam had been occupied by the French. In 1945, Ho Chi minh, a communist leader, declared North Vietnam an independent communist nation. The Domino Theory was the idea that if South Vietnam fell to the Communist North, then the rest of Southeast Asia would also fall...
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