...Leo Ramirez March 10, 2013 Chemistry 105 DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is a man-made molecule, synthetized in 1874 but its properties were not discovered until 1939. Its properties were discovered just in time to be used in the second half of World War II. Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discover. After World War II, it was used as an insecticide. DDT is a mixture of related compounds and the major compound is p, p’isomer. Dichlorodiphenyldichoroethylene (DDE) and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) make up the balance and they are also the major metabolites and breakdown products in the environment. In 1962, an American biologist, Rachel Carson, wrote a book that talked about the environmental impacts of DDT for its indiscriminate use in the USA. This led to DDT being banned in the USA in 1972. After being banned in the USA, it was also banned worldwide for agricultural use. The impact was not only to the environment but to humans also. Although there are not many arguments or studies of the impacts on humans, some of the existing studies have found some diseases including reduced fertility, genital birth defects, breast cancer, diabetes, damage to developing brains, chronic liver damage, chronic hepatitis, immune suppression, and cytogenic effects. DDE can block male hormones. In South Africa, it has been used for about 60 years and is still being used to control malaria and it has caused damage in babies...
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...continent besides Antarctica. Peregrine Falcons hunt pigeons, crows, waterfowl, starlings, jays, and other small to medium sized birds. They are also known to hunt for bats and other small mammals (Defenders of Wildlife). They are best known for their spectacular hunting methods in which they catch their prey mid-air. If that is not impressive enough, they do it while plunging at speeds of up to 200 miles per hour, killing or stunning its prey instantly (National Geographic). What is even more impressive than any of this is the fact that the Peregrine Falcon was on the verge of extinction and has made a remarkable comeback. The cause of their brush with extinction was the result of the use of organochlorine pesticides, mainly dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) (The Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group). DDT was first synthesized in 1874. However, its effectiveness as an insecticide was not discovered until 1939. This discovery was made by Dr. Paul Herman Müller of Switzerland. Müller worked as a laboratory technologist at the great dye-manufacturing firm of J.R. Geigy. Müller started working on inventing new insecticides in 1936 and by 1939 had synthesized DDT. After years of perfecting the new compound, he proved its effectiveness in controlling Colorado Potato Beetles on crops. During WWII, he also found it just as effective in destroying lice on war refugees. As testing...
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...populations of the arrau (Podocnemis expansa), which is a communally nesting turtle of the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers in South America, was due to human consumption of eggs and nesting females (Pritchard & Trebbau, 1984). 5 1.4.Pollution Environmental pollution we see on a daily basis are direct results of human actions. There are multiple forms of contamination that can be observed in the ecosystem. City skies are covered in smog, water bodies are full of toxic chemicals from industrial areas and nutrients from farms. All of these pollutants poison the soil, water ways and kill animals and plants. The use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers has caused serious environmental consequences. The famous example is the use of Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) pesticide in the United States during World War II for controlling mosquitoes that carry diseases such as typhus and malaria. As DDT was sprayed on agricultural crops, it entered the water cycle through surface-water runoff to rivers and lakes. DDT then entered the bald eagle food chain through aquatic producers, which were then eaten by fish, which are the main food source for bald eagles. Through bio-magnification process, there was an increase in concentration of DDT consumed by the bald eagle, it affected the hardness of the shells surrounding the eggs they laid, and this resulted in the female eagles crushing the shells when they sat on them (Glassman & Sterling, 2012). 2. Efforts to protect endangered species 2.1...
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...This chapter focuses on the method of controlling juvenile mosquitoes while in life stages (larvae & pupae) which only occur in water. To safely alter our aquatic environments, even temporarily, for the purpose of controlling mosquitoes, requires a good working knowledge of both the target species and larvicides, which include commercial pesticides and natural predators. Products and techniques currently used in Florida are discussed in detail, and the benefits and risks of each are considered. Commercial pesticide information includes summaries and information provided by manufacturers. Minor differences between various formulations of the same or similar active ingredients are detailed so that the competency of each product may be compared. The old days of smothering everything with one pesticide such as waste oil are gone, and mosquito control is rapidly approaching an age of prescription applications where a competent operator will apply one or a combination of larvicides in an environmentally friendly manner under a given set of conditions. Commercial pesticide sections summarize data found in manufacturers’ current product literature and labels. Two of many additional sources of information on mosquito larvicides are: • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/PESTICIDES/HEALTH/MOSQUITOES/LARVICIDES4MOSQUITOES.HTM • Alameda County, California Mosquito Control HTTP://WWW.MOSQUITOES.ORG/BIORAT.HTML The University of Florida published a handbook (Dean...
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...Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulations, 1995 2. Scope of Application 2. Subject to the provisions of sub-regulation (2), these regulations shall apply to an employer or a self employed person who carries out work at a workplace which may expose any person to the intake of an HCS at the workplace. 3. The provisions of regulations 3(1), 6 and 7 shall not apply to: a. a self employed person; or b. a person who visits a workplace as contemplated in subregulation (1). 4. The provisions of these regulations shall not apply in the case where the Lead Regulations and Asbestos Regulations apply . 3. Information and training 1. An employer shall, before any employee is exposed or may be exposed, after consultation with the health and safety committee established for that section of the workplace, ensure that the employee is adequately and comprehensively informed and trained, as well as thereafter informed and trained at intervals as may be recommended by that health and safety committee, with regard to: a. the contents and scope of these regulations; b. the potential source exposure; c. the potential risks to health caused by exposure; d. the potential detrimental effect of exposure on his or her reproductive ability; e. the measures to be taken by the employers to protect an employee against any risk from exposure; ...
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...Impact of Bed Nets on the Incidence of Malaria in Lumi, West Sepik Province Divine Word University Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Extension Department, MADANG By Gideon Waiya Jzeckesonni Resident Health Extension Officer A COMMUNITY DIAGNOSED RESEARCH PROJECT A PROSPECTIVE STUDY MARCH 2008 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EXTENSION DIVINE WORD UNIVERSITY Page | 3 Contents Title Page… ………………………………………………………………………………...........……….3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Map of West Sepik Province……………………………………………………………………………….5 Lateral View of the study site……………………………………………………………………………....6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………....7 Glossary and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….......................8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………....9 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Background……………………………………………………………………………….….....................11 Provincial & District Profile…………………………………………...........................................11 Aims and Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………12 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Study population and sites…………………………………………………………......................12 Data collection tools……………………………………………………………………………....12 Verbal interview questionnaires…………………………………………………………………..13 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….................14-17 Figure 1-Simple & Treatment Failure malaria cases in table…………………………………….14 Figure...
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...GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WASTE PERMITS DIVISION RG-022 Revised 2/05 GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES THIS IS A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE RULES. The rules for classifying and coding industrial wastes and hazardous wastes may be found in 30 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Sections (§§) 335.501-.521 (Subchapter R). Prepared by: I&HW Permits Section, MC 130 Waste Permits Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711-3087 RG-022 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Revised February 2005 i Kathleen Hartnett White, Chairman R. B. “Ralph” Marquez, Commissioner Larry R. Soward, Commissioner Glenn Shankle, Executive Director Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication—that is, not obtained from other sources—is freely granted. The commission would appreciate acknowledgment. Copies of this publication are available for public use through the Texas State Library, other state depository libraries, and the TCEQ Library, in compliance with state depository law. For more information on TCEQ publications call 512/239-0028 or visit our Web site at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications Published and distributed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality PO Box...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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