...Digital y analógico son, básicamente, los dos métodos utilizados hoy en dia, para el procesamiento electrónico de información. A su vez, por información entendemos todo aquello que tiene significado para nosotros, desde la palabra hasta la música. Hay que tener en cuenta que la información no existe sino en el cambio. El sonido, por ejemplo, no es más que la vibración del aire (o cualquier otro fluido). Una fotografía es también la variación de algo, en este caso de tonalidades a lo largo y ancho de una superficie; una hoja de papel en blanco, por el contrario, no contiene información alguna. Sabiendo esto, es fácil entender que procesar información por medios electrónicos no consiste sino en provocar variaciones dentro de esos medios, que de alguna manera se correspondan con las variaciones originales de aquel medio que contenía la información en su forma primaria. La manera más sencilla de representar la información electrónicamente consiste en hacer variar alguna magnitud eléctrica, como el voltage, en proporción exacta a las variaciones del medio original. Un ejemplo claro de esto es el micrófono. Un micrófono típico tiene una membrana delgada que está acomplada a un fino alambre de cobre enrollado en torno a un a un imán (ver figura). Cuando el micrófono se expone a las ondas sonoras, estas hacen vibrar a la membrana, con lo cual el enrollado de cobre también vibra respecto al imán. Este movimiento relativo del enrollado respeto al imán, induce una corriente eléctrica...
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...crew from Industrial Video Imaging (IVI). You are on your way to film the installation of energy panels at a power generating station in rural West Virginia. The film, which will be approximately one-hour long, will be shown to the Solar Energy Commission, a client with whom your Senior Management will be meeting in three days. On the morning of the installation, you discover that your only camera, a Panatronic-880 digital video camera worth $8000, is missing from your company van, parked outside your motel in Flatrock, WV. Upon inspection, you notice damage to the lock and latch on the van’s back door. While speaking with the Flatrock Police Department, you are asked to go in and fill out an incident report. Since you need to find a camera and get to the installation site, you are caught between competing time pressures; you designate a crew member to stay in Flatrock to complete the police report, but you still must decide what to do about filming the installation. You have time to stop at a local discount store and purchase a small, multipurpose digital video camera for about $700. While this solution would allow you to get to the installation on time and film the process as planned, the small, multipurpose camera might not capture some details that are important information to the Solar Energy Commission (such as the setting of the solar collectors’ tracking arcs and the calibrating of the sensing instruments). The other option is to drive to a larger city, about 60...
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...crew from Industrial Video Imaging (IVI). You are on your way to film the installation of energy panels at a power generating station in rural West Virginia. The film, which will be approximately one-hour long, will be shown to the Solar Energy Commission, a client with whom your Senior Management will be meeting in three days. On the morning of the installation, you discover that your only camera, a Panatronic-880 digital video camera worth $8000, is missing from your company van, parked outside your motel in Flatrock, WV. Upon inspection, you notice damage to the lock and latch on the van’s back door. While speaking with the Flatrock Police Department, you are asked to go in and fill out an incident report. Since you need to find a camera and get to the installation site, you are caught between competing time pressures; you designate a crew member to stay in Flatrock to complete the police report, but you still must decide what to do about filming the installation. You have time to stop at a local discount store and purchase a small, multipurpose digital video camera for about $700. While this solution would allow you to get to the installation on time and film the process as planned, the small, multipurpose camera might not capture some details that are important information to the Solar Energy Commission (such as the setting of the solar collectors’ tracking arcs and the calibrating of the sensing instruments). The other option is to drive to a larger city, about 60...
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... which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0. ADC is used in more occasions than people think. For example, whenever music is transmitted through the radio, the signal is sent in as analog and then through ADC changed into digital. Another example is the use of phones. Voice is analog, so a conversion...
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...sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are among the most critical and power hungry components of medical implant devices for measurements of various electrophysiological signals (DC to a few kHz [2]). Conversion of the low-frequency analog signals does not need high speed, but requires ultra-low-power operation (e.g., in nW...
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...Programming Topic: Analog to Digital Converter using Verilog programming Language By: Kamaalbir Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B28) & Jasmeet Singh (Section: E3901, Roll No: B27) Introduction: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions ("samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Fig 1:Electric Symbol Of an ADC Design (Using Verilog): * The basic module of the adc will have an input, an output and a clock (clk) as part of the port list. * It will also include some user defined parameters (basically different data types). * The main logic for an adc is to convert an analog input signal into a digital one, so we will design logic for quantization and sampling etc. Applications: * The major applications of an adc include Music Recording and Digital Signal Processing. * Analog to Digital converters are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to...
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...the creation of analog-to-digital converters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. There have been advances in the way gatekeeping and content filters are handled. The rise in the technology of books has even been so great that there has been a decrease in the annual sales by 44 million books. With the ascending spiral of technology the world of media will be a great place for the future. Analog media has been used originally for audio recording for media that was analogous for the sound that it was creating. Although, recently Analog media has been used to refer to non-digitized media, such as film, audio, print media, etc. Since technology has advanced and become dependent on computers analog has been translated into digital media so that it is in computer and machine-readable form. It is put into binary digits so that computers may read and comprehend it. This process in which media is translated into computer-readable is called digitization. Communication of media has been transferring from the traditional analog media to the newer aged digital media. This is much more convenient in this new age because people have learned to depend on their computers to do work. When dealing with audio and video an analog-to-digital converter works at an extremely high rate. Digital media is a great advancement in media technology. Technological convergence is the coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in digital environment. It...
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...Analog / Digital Conversion Casey Doolan NTC 362 April 29, 2013 Eddie Horton Analog / Digital Conversion When you start the conversion from analog to digital there are three steps that need to be done to get the ball rolling 1) everything starts with the transmission of the original data, 2) then you have the modulation and 3) then receiver receives the information and they make sure there is no reduction in the quality of the signal. When you have a binary signal, it is made up of binary digits 1 and 0 and if there is no “noise” or “distortion” during the transmission of the information then everything will stay the same. If there is a change in the signal it will be measured by the receiver, encoding will not be necessary because the information that is being transferred will be converted into a binary form. An example of this in voice communications through telephones because when a call is made it is not in any type of binary form, they are analog signals that vary is value and must be converted into digital form so that it can be used in a digital communications system. When you convert a digital signal to an analog signal you must use a converter and in this case the converter is a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). What the DAC does is it accepts the discrete binary value and it will convert them into a continuously varying value of an analog signal. If you don’t monitor the conversion, then the sound quality of the signal might be affected. Examples of...
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...|QUESTION: A1 | |a. | |CLK | |Data Input | |Q0 | |Q1 | |Q2 | | | |0 | |x | |1 | |1 | |0 | | ...
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...Kevin Hall: Analog Vs Digital for Recording Music The research I have done addresses the recording industry's use of analog vs digital hardware to create music. My research has shown that the preferred method depends on many factors, personal & social to create the visions that they hear in their heads. Introduction What are the benefits of digital versus analog in the music recording industry that might be a very touchy question to some, as analog does have a very strong following. However over the past couple of years digital music recording has come into the foreground. In this research some of the questions regarding two different recording techniques will be answered. Literature Review After doing a bit of research, there seems to be very strong arguments for both sides. Some people feel the warmth and tone you get out of analog will never be duplicated. However, some of the newer school musicians feel that with modern technology that same warmth and tone can be achieved through digital means. Either way the music industry as a whole has benefited from both. According to Chiang (2013) “There is no doubt about it, recording to tape adds a certain characteristic to the sound.” And “it’s one of the great attributes of recording to tape. It adds certain fatness to the tracks, makes them feel alive.” However, on the other hand you have younger musicians usually going the route of digital. Like Dotree (2009) says” The untrained ear may not notice the difference...
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...Enel571 Overview of Digital Communications Read “Background and Preview” section in Haykin PP 1-29 – – – – – – – What is digital communications? Short History of Digital Communications Why digital vs analog Impact of DSP technology trend Components of a communication system Common channel types General theme of digital communication engineering Digital comm overview.ppt 1 What is Communications? Physical separation Source of information Intended receiver Voice, text, numerical data Pictures, video Etc. Analog sources of information • Voice, video, are analog continuous time signals • No mapping of analog signal into a discrete alphabet of symbols • Eg. AM, FM etc. Digital sources of information • Text, data files etc. • Source data consists of symbols which are members of a finite discrete set. eg text • Digital source may have originated as an analog signal that was mapped into a discrete set of symbols. eg DVD Digital comm overview.ppt 2 Communications channel Physical separation Source Noise distortion Intended Receiver • Channel is always analog continuous time in nature • Regardless of whether source is analog or digital • Challenge for communications engineer is: – – – that channel resources are limited, power, bandwidth etc. Interference noise in channel Distortion effects Digital comm overview.ppt 3 What is Analog Communications then? Analog source Analog modulator FM, AM...
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...The Digital Evolution of Audio Engineering and the Music Industry Technology is an ever-progressing part of life that never ceases to amaze. In this age of technology, advancement is never ending. What’s considered to be top of the line today could very well be obsolete tomorrow. In the music industry, everything has been flipped upside down. Technology has completely changed the way everything works—for better and for worse. Back before 1975, the world of music was in an age referred to as the “magnetic era.” (Wikipedia, n.d.) The era was named after the most important component in the audio-engineering industry at that time—the tape machine. A tape machine records audio onto magnetic tape, hence the name of the era. (Robjohns, 1997) Back then, a recording studio costed a fortune to create and maintain. To have one, or even work in one was an almost impossible dream. First of all, it was necessary to have a tape machine, which on its own costed about $140,000. (Jr., 1988) On top of that, the magnetic tape costs about $200 for 14 minutes of 24 tracks. The typical amount of tracks used back then was 48, meaning that for 14 minutes of audio, it would cost a about $400 in just tape. (Kagan, 2013) All of the equipment used was analog, which means that they record or process in real time. They record every measurable unit of time, whereas digital audio equipment records in sections. (Elsea, 1996) Below, there is a diagram of what an analog audio signal looks like compared to...
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...DTH vs Digital Cable TV Comparison: Which One is Better? As a consumer, you should choose your service provider wisely which will benefit you in the long run. The cable TV arrived few decades ago and replaced TV Antennaswhen they were used for receiving the television transmission. The cable TV operators offered many channels and the set up includes huge dish shaped antennas that are placed on top of the cable operator’s office or house. Customers were able to get a connection by paying a deposit and a monthly subscription charges. This set up includes the laying of cables through narrow streets and pathways alongside buildings. Any disruption to service due to rain or other reason led to poor signals transmission. Around 90 million television analog signals in India will have to be converted into digital signals in four phases as per the Cable Television Networks (CTN) Amendment Bill 2011. India's four metros - Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata - will replace all analog television networks with digital transmission from July 1, 2012. After this, the target will be 38 cities with a population above 10 lakh each and finally the rest of India. This has led to a rush between multi-system operators (MSOs) and DTH operators, to grab business opportunities and acquire a large subscriber base. With digitization of cable services, cable operators need to carry only digitized signals. An STB for decoding in digital format is required to get these digitized signals. Cable operators...
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...charge from electrons through the flow of holes that leads to current. As in the waterfall analogy, the rate at which the water is falling is similar to the current flow in a circuit. The third important characteristic of electricity is resistance, which refers to the amount of opposition to the flow of electrons. Higher is the value of resistance in electrons flowing. According to OHMS, these three characteristics are related by the equation V=I* R [pic] Analogy of the OHMS law with the water flow model. Analogy vs. Digital Modulation The main aim of analog modulation is to transfer and analog low pass signals. For example, audio signal or television signals over an analog band pass channel, a limited radio frequency band or a cable television network channel. The main aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog band pass channel. For example, over the public switched...
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...The DIGITAL ECONOMY I. Introduction ( Pearlson & Saunders, 2013, Introduction; Tapscott, 2014, Ch. 1) @mtpadam Week 1 1 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Newcastle pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. 1 Educational Objectives for Today • Foundations of the economy • Similarities and differences between analog and digital goods • Understand the basic concepts of the digital economy • A brief overview of the history of IT • Creative destruction and digital disruption | EBUS3050 | The Digital Economy| I. Introduction “These Google guys, they want to be billionaires and rock stars and go to conferences and all that. Let us see if they still want to run the business intwo to three years.” (Bill Gates, Microsoft, 2003) “$100 million is way to much to pay for Microsoft.” (IBM, 1982) Week 1 3 “Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven. I don’t think anybody can talk meaningfully about one without the talking about the others.” (Bill Gates, Microsoft) “By 2005 or so, it will become clear that the Internet’s impact on the economy...
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