...1 Introduction to Digital Data Transmission 1.1 INTRODUCTION This book is concerned with the transmission of information by electrical means using digital communication techniques. Information may be transmitted from one point to another using either digital or analog communication systems. In a digital communication system, the information is processed so that it can be represented by a sequence of discrete messages as shown in Figure 1–1. The digital source in Figure 1–1 may be the result of sampling and quantizing an analog source such as speech, or it may represent a naturally digital source such as an electronic mail file. In either case, each message is one of a finite set containing q messages. If q = 2, the source is referred to as a binary source, and the two possible digit values are called bits, a contraction for binary digits. Note also that source outputs, whether discrete or analog, are inherently random. If they were not, there would be no need for a communication system. For example, expanding on the case where the digital information results from an analog source, consider a sensor whose output voltage at any given time instant may assume a continuum of values. This waveform may be processed by sampling at appropriately spaced time instants, quantizing these samples, and converting each quantized sample to a binary number (i.e., an analog-to-digital converter). Each sample value is therefore represented by a sequence of 1s and 0s, and the communication system...
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...Digital India Digital India is an initiative by the Government of India and it was launched on July 1, 2015 by Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi. From its very beginning there has been many contrary opinions regarding the usefulness and effectiveness of this initiative. One of the major positive aspect of this programme is that, Government services are made available to citizens electronically and people get all the latest information and benefits of technology. The programme targets at empowering the nation digitally and it also includes plans to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks. Digital India has three core components which includes, the creation of digital infrastructure, delivering services digitally and digital literacy. Thus this helps in bringing e-governance to every individual. Other facilities include Digital Locker, e-education, e-health, e-sign and national scholarship portal.. Thus it will be a boost to industry for both large and small enterprises. It create a lot of jobs and helps the citizens to connect directly with the government. The total investment made for this initiative is equivalent to one-fourth of the national budget and this itself shows the great importance with which the initiative is put forward. Along with all these positive aspects there are also some drawbacks associated with this programme. These includes, the ambiguity regarding the efficiency with which the programme handles the personal data of so many citizens of...
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...Christina Finau Ms. Shevon Matai English 151 31 March 2011 Digital Technology What is Digital Technology? Digital technologies are tools which utilize a discrete method to convey information, such as letters or numbers. Its alternative is analog which utilizes a continuous method to convey information “soyouwanna.com”. According to the 3rd edition of understanding technology pg.2, “Digital technologies permeate our daily lives”. High-definition televisions (HDTV’s) display amazingly clear and colorful images of sports events, reality TV shows, and other popular programs. Electronic coffeemakers, digital alarm clocks, and cell phones quicken and simplify daily routines. Automobile manufacturers use computerized robots to build cars and trucks. Those are just some examples of digital technology, but how does it affect our daily lives? Growing up in a Samoan cultural community, there were not that many technologies around. I mean, back then there was no electric stove. Men and women would prepare food in the umu “An umu is the traditional method used by Samoan’s for cooking food. A fire is built and stones placed on it. When the fire is down to the embers green bananas, breadfruit, taro, fish, and lu’au are placed on the stones. When everything to be cooked has been placed on the umu, it is covered with banana fronds and left to cook “samoasention”. It was really hard and difficult back then. Now technology has provided us with electric stove for baking and cooking. It has...
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...The scope and concept of “Information Society” The term “Information Society” is now being extensively used by many when we talk about the digital world. As the quantum of information is expanding exponentially, we also need to realize how the meaning of an information society is changing. The information needs of the new age society are to be understood and catered to in order to empower the individual as well as the society. The concept has many social, political, technological and legal perspectives. The rapid expansion of technology has only ensured that many more perspectives would be added as look at the term. Internet has become a platform where all individuals can now have a voice their opinions and views, but still the picture of the digital age is far from complete. The development of any technology is affected by the commercial attractiveness it provides to the people who can invest it which presents us with a danger of running into a direction where the concept of “information society” would be governed by commercial and not social needs. A society that organises itself around knowledge in the interest of social control, and the management of innovation and change... (Daniel Bell) A new type of society, where the possession of information (and not material wealth) is the driving force behind its transformation and development […] (and where) human intellectual creativity flourishes. (Yoneji Masuda) Above given, two definitions of “information society” point...
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...Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants Prensky, M. and Harding, Tucker. “Digital natives, digital immigrants.” (2011): 81-86. The terms "digital immigrants" and "digital natives" were popularized and elaborated upon by Dr. Mark Prensky (2001) and judged for their legitimacy and effectiveness by Harding (2010). I find it that the way Dr. Prensky and Harding parted digital immigrants and digital natives into three major groups couldn't have been done any better. Categorizing which each individual falls into based on their active relationship with technology. You're probably thinking digital immigrant means a foreigner from a developing country which is being newly introduced to technology. Wrong! The term “digital immigrant” refers to those born before or about mid 1960’s and who grew up in a pre-computer world regardless of their...
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...The Digital Age Franklin D. Ripley Post University The Digital Age Digital Natives: Rise of the Social Networking Generation, written by Michael D. Myers and David Sundaram, talks about how people that were born as digital natives are changing the workplace as we know it. This article goes into explaining the differences between natives and immigrants and how they use technology to suit their different needs. Digital immigrants are more reluctant to change and are somewhat fixed in their ways. The saying “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks” is used to describe digital immigrants. With the world today revolving around social media, managers and executive level managers are blocking them from their company’s network as a means of safe guarding from hacks and such. What they don’t realize is that the digital natives that work for them, need these sites to function. Digital natives thrive on technology. So much so that it is a lifestyle and it is the basis for their way of working and communicating. Natives are literate, connected, social, and in need of instant gratification. (Myers, M. D., & Sundaram, D) Digital natives use technology as a way of communicating between each other by the use of blogs and texting, whereas immigrants use face to face or email to communicate. Digital Books for Digital Natives written by Cynthia Houston, speaks about how the internet has changed the way we as a society read books. Mainly this article talks about children literature...
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...Marc Prensky Digital Natives Digital Immigrants ©2001 Marc Prensky _____________________________________________________________________________ Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants By Marc Prensky From On the Horizon (NCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001) © 2001 Marc Prensky It is amazing to me how in all the hoopla and debate these days about the decline of education in the US we ignore the most fundamental of its causes. Our students have changed radically. Today’s students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach. Today’s students have not just changed incrementally from those of the past, nor simply changed their slang, clothes, body adornments, or styles, as has happened between generations previously. A really big discontinuity has taken place. One might even call it a “singularity” – an event which changes things so fundamentally that there is absolutely no going back. This so-called “singularity” is the arrival and rapid dissemination of digital technology in the last decades of the 20th century. Today’s students – K through college – represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology. They have spent their entire lives surrounded by and using computers, videogames, digital music players, video cams, cell phones, and all the other toys and tools of the digital age. Today’s average college grads have spent less than 5,000 hours of their lives reading, but over 10,000 hours playing video games (not to mention...
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...Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Marc Prensky displays in "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants," the dilemma with our education system at present day is that, the students have gone through a sweeping change and our educational system wasn’t designed to handle or teach this digitalized generation. Prensky advocates that the digitalization that happened in the last decade of the 20th century could be considered as the remarkable leap in the generation gap. The author also distinguishes the two different generations as “digital natives” and “digital immigrants”. Current generation of students who uses more technology and hence they are native speakers of digital language, and those born before the digital era are termed as digital immigrants. He also goes on to say that due to changes in the way the new generation thinks, their brain might also function differently Digital natives are also used to multi tasking, receiving fast information and parallel processing, they are also more interested in graphic than text, these things are new to digital immigrants thus creating a serious issue when it comes to education according to Prensky. Thus the traditional education method doesn’t tend to meet the needs and wants of the digital natives. Pernsky further goes on to distinguish two types of contents “legacy” which was consider till now as important such as math, reading, writing and logic and “future” content which is more digital and technology oriented. Combining the two content...
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...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...
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...Bandwidth, Modem, and the switch from Analog to Digital all play a vital role in the way we view the internet. We are no longer limited to text based sites and can enjoy multimedia sites that include audio and video. Bandwidth is referred to as circuit capacity. With an increased capacity more information can transmit through the intended channels. It’s like sipping a drink through a coffee stirrer compared to using a straw. Bandwidth determines what types of communication – voice data, graphics, stop-frame video, full-motion video, high-definition video – can be reasonably transmitted over a particular medium (Brown, C. V., DeHayes, D. W., Hoffer, J. A., Martin, E. W., & Perkins, W. C., 2012, p. 65). With increased Bandwidth, we are allowed to see more, hear more, and do more…..faster. Modulator/Demodulator, which is best known as the Modem is not the best solution now that we have Digital Networks. However from 1990 up to now, most people who have had high speed internet have owned a modem. Converting analog data to digital data and just the opposite on the other end has been essential in allowing internet users to transmit data back and forth. The shift of the telephone network from analog to digital is due in part to the increasing volume of data being transmitted over the network (Brown, C. V., DeHayes, D. W., Hoffer, J. A., Martin, E. W., & Perkins, W. C., 2012, p. 64). Everything is being converted to digital, including our devices. Eventually, this conversion...
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...Digital transformation [pic] Summer 2008: Dramatic developments in digital technologies and the diffusion of the Internet protocol as an open and efficient communication standard are wiping out the specialized symbiotic link between content and technology. That’s how Gianvito Lanzolla and Jamie Anderson see the digital world, and here they reveal three trends that companies need to prepare for. Comments In the past, media and technology industries operated through specialized value chains with clearly defined boundaries. Mobile phones were used to make simple voice calls, Walkmans were used to play cassette tapes, and computers existed mainly to crunch data. But new technologies have made it possible to convert different kinds of content – a radio programme, a book, a magazine, a song, a phone call – into digital data; in digital terms, there is little difference between them. At the same time, the Internet and other communication networks based on Internet protocol have made it possible to distribute this digitized content in costeffective and ubiquitous ways. The extent and nature of these changes and their consequent strategic implications remain substantially misunderstood. While some studies have been made, they have mainly had an industry-specific focus, with the consequent limitation of overlooking the systemic effect of ongoing transformations. In order to address this limitation, we researched current transformations in media, telecommunications and technology...
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...Digital Media: A Better Way to Learn Educators and parents have legitimate concerns about the effects of the Digital Age on learning. Digital media has changed dramatically since the development of the Internet and improvement of wireless technology. John Palfrey, Professor of Law and Urs Gasser, Executive Director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society, both employed by the prestigious Harvard Law School, have written about how the world has been reshaped because of this new digital world in Born Digital. They found that this period “is the most rapid period of technological transformation ever, at least, when it comes to information” (3). This transformation of digital media over the last twenty-five years and the introduction of tools like the iPad create a clutter of information that threaten the ability to think deeply and concentrate, which has made the current educational system obsolete and ineffective. This same technology can be utilized to create the school of the future, by improving learning in the Digital Age. Digital natives, ”born after 1980,” do not know the world without the Internet, cell phones, computers, tablets and everything else that networked digital technology has provided (Palfrey 1). They “study, work, write and interact with each other in ways that are very different from the ways” their parents and grandparents grew up. (Palfrey 2). Palfrey and Gasser found that digital natives are comfortable with this new technology and experts...
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...HOW DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY HAS CHANGED THE INDUSTRY 1/25/2011 Communications in Leadership, Professor Maria Asealage William L. Gilliard III Table of Contents Introduction2 Technology Advances in Photography2 Digital Photography Hardware3 Benefits to End Consumers4 Conclusion4 Bibliography5 I. Introduction The following report titled How Digital Photography Has Changed the Industry will cover the technology advances that have revolutionized the photography industry, the various types of hardware that are now used take photographic images in a digital format, and the impact and benefits of these technology advances to the end consumer. The photography industry has evolved from the traditional use of film throughout the 20th century, to an advanced technology of using digital photography in the 21st century that has transformed the medium in which images are taken, processed, stored and cataloged for both personal and professional use. II. Technology Advances in Photography In the early years, traditional photographs were taken by professional photographers using conventional cameras which used film to create the images which were made visible by a technique called photographic processing. This process used chemicals and special processing techniques that professional photographers learn by taken specialized training classes. As technology in photography began to advance the industry, the creation of the old Polaroid instant camera provided end...
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...Digital library development Rapid improvements in information technology have certainly transformed the traditional role of libraries in relation to its daily operation and how it serves its users’ information needs. With increasing number of libraries shifting to automation meant, that up-to-date forms of information technologies and systems are required to store, preserve and disseminate information to users and also it is necessary for libraries to utilize specific collection management system to address users’ demands and need of information and the format of the information required. Having mentioned that, this writing will consider the benefits of having a digital library, why it is necessary to cut back on print library materials and replacing these with electronic resources as eBooks, online dictionaries and encyclopedias and full text journals, also the issues and challenges in relation to digital information and whether this development could work for libraries in the Solomon Islands. Firstly, digital library, electronic library and virtual library are terms that are frequently used to refer to the same thing. Thus in this writing the term digital library will be used when referring to the digitization and utilization of electronic resources in a library. According to Wikipedia.org digital library is defined as, “a library in which collections are in electronic media formats and accessible via computer networks (2014). The Digital Library Federation on the other...
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...The digital divide Jamie R. Harris INF103: Computer Literacy Author Note Instructor: Mathias Fok October 12, 2014 The "digital divide" refers to the fact that certain parts of the population have substantially better opportunities to benefit from the new economy than other parts of the population. Internet and computer use has undoubtedly increased in the United States and the digital divide may be smaller within certain population (Neilson 2006). The digital divide separates those who are information rich on one side from those who are poor, who live in an underdeveloped country, or who reside in a rural area with no Internet access. In 1990, 22% of all homes in the United States had a personal computer. This percentage increased to 63% by 2001, and in 2004, nearly 75% of all Americans had Internet access in their homes. While this is a high number, and growing daily (especially among multiple-computer households) there are still a significant number of people without computers or Internet access, and they are getting left behind in school and in the workplace (Bowles, M.D. 2013). Although the majority of Americans now have access to broadband, too many minorities, non-English speaking populations, and members of low income and rural communities remain disconnected. Addressing this digital divide goes beyond providing access to those without it. America must do more to ensure that those who are disconnected understand the need and value that broadband can bring to...
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